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CfE Higher Biology > Unit 3 - All > Flashcards

Unit 3 - All Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is meant by sustainable food production?

A

Growing food without degrading natural resources on which agriculture depends

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2
Q

How can we improve crop production with limited area for crop growing?

A
  • growing higher yielding cultivars
  • protecting crops from weeds and pests
  • using fertilisers
  • identifying and reducing the limiting factors of photosynthesis
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3
Q

Why is farming livestock less efficient than farming crops?

A

Energy is lost at each tropic level

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4
Q

What is an action spectrum?

A

Shows the rate of photosynthesis at different wavelengths of light

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5
Q

What is an absorption spectrum?

A

Shows which wavelengths of light have been absorbed by the plant

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6
Q

Which wavelengths of light are absorbed by chlorophyll?

A

Blue (and red)

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7
Q

Which wavelengths of light are absorbed by the carotenoids

A

Green

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8
Q

What is the advantage of having the carotenoids pigments

A

It extends the range of wavelengths of light that can be absorbed by plants

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9
Q

What are he three fates of light when it strikes a leaf?

A

Absorbed, reflected and transmitted

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10
Q

Decline what happens in photolysis

A

Light energy excites electrons which are passed into the electron transport chain to generate ATP
Some of this energy is used to split water into hydrogen which is picked up by NADP and oxygen which is released

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11
Q

Describe what happens in the Calvin cycle

A

Carbon dioxide combines to RuBP to form intermediates by the enzyme RuBisCO. Intermediates (3-phosphoglycerate) accept hydrogen from NADPH and is phosphorylated by ATP to form G3P.
G3P molecules are either converted into glucose or can be used to regenerate RuBP

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12
Q

Which enzyme is responsible for fixing carbon dioxide to RuBP?

A

RuBisCO

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13
Q

Which coenzyme combines with hydrogen and takes it to the Calvin cycle?

A

NADP

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14
Q

What is food security?

A

Having access to food of sufficient quality and quantity

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15
Q

What happens to the glucose made by photosynthesis?

A

Either used in respiration, used to synthesis starch, used to synthesise cellulose or used in other biosynthetic pathways

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16
Q

What is meant by net assimilation?

A

The overall increase in biomass made by the plant

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17
Q

What is meant by productivity?

A

Rate at which plants generate new biomass

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18
Q

What is meant by economic yield?

A

Mass of desired product

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19
Q

What is. Meant by biological yield?

A

Total plant biomass produced (includes unneeded parts)

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20
Q

How is harvest index calculated?

A

Dry mass of economic yield/ dry mass of biological yield

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21
Q

The purpose of replicating treatments in field trials is to?

A

Take into account he variability within the plants being grown

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22
Q

What is the purpose of careful selection of treatments in a field trial?

A

To ensure valid comparisons can be made

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23
Q

What is the purpose of randomising treatments in a field trial?

A

To eliminate a bias when measuring the effects of the treatments

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24
Q

Which characteristics may plant breeders try to select for?

A

Improved yield
Improved resistance to pests or disease
Ability to thrive in particular environments

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25
Q

What is meant by discrete variation?

A

Fits into discrete categories

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26
Q

What type of inheritance causes discrete variation?

A

Single gene inheritance

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27
Q

What is continuous variation?

A

Wide range of characteristics

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28
Q

What type of inheritance causes continuous variation?

A

Polygenic inheritance

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29
Q

What is a test cross?

A

Used to identify organisms with unknown genotypes

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30
Q

How is a test cross conducted?

A

Cross unknown individual with homozygous recessive individual

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31
Q

What is inbreeding?

A

Crossing related individuals

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32
Q

What is outbreeding?

A

Crossing unrelated individuals

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33
Q

Why can inbreeding be harmful?

A

Can lead to inbreeding depression

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34
Q

What is inbreeding depression?

A

A build up of homozygous recessive deleterious alleles that can cause reduced yield and vigour

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35
Q

Why is inbreeding depression less likely to occur in plants?

A

Years of natural selection has eliminated deleterious alleles

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36
Q

What is an F1 hybrid?

A

Produced by a cross between two genetically dissimilar parents who have desired traits

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37
Q

Why can an F1 hybrid be useful?

A

Shows hybrid vigour - increased yield, fertility or other beneficial characteristics

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38
Q

How can offspring showing the desired f1 traits be maintained?

A

Back cross with parents or maintain and continue to breed original parents

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39
Q

Why is the F2 generation produced by cross breeding often not useful?

A

Shows genetic variability so not all offspring will show desired traits

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40
Q

Why can the F2 generation produced by cross breeding sometimes be useful?

A

Introduces new variation

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41
Q

How could breeders create organisms with particular alleles without doing test crossing?

A

Genomic sequencing

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42
Q

How could breeders create organisms with particular alleles without breeding?

A

Genetics transformation technology

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43
Q

What is meant by monoculture?

A

Growing a crop with only one species, increases chance of pest or disease outbreaks

44
Q

What are characteristics of a perennial weed?

A

Long life cycles, storage organs, vegetative reproduction

45
Q

What are characteristics of annual weeds?

A

Short life cycles, rapid growth, long term seed viability, high seed output

46
Q

What is a fungicide?

A

Kills fungi

47
Q

What is a herbicide?

A

Kills weeds

48
Q

What is an insecticide?

A

Kills insects

49
Q

What is the difference between systemic and selective herbicides?

A

Systemic are taken into plant tissues and passed around the plant destroying all parts of the weed, selective only affect plants with broad leaves as they are only absorbed through the leaves

50
Q

When would you use a selective herbicide?

A

On grass crops where only weeds with broad leaves are affected

51
Q

When would a systemic herbicide be useful?

A

If the weed has underground storage organs that could regrow if left behind

52
Q

What are some examples of cultural methods for crop protection?

A

Growing a cover crop
Ploughing
Removal of alternative hosts
Crop rotation

53
Q

What would be the characteristics of an ideal pesticide?

A

Specific to host, short lived, safe

54
Q

What is bio accumulation ?

A

When the pesticide remains in tissues over time and builds up faster than it can be removed

55
Q

What is bio magnification?

A

When the concentration of pesticide increases at each trophic level in a food chain and can reach toxic levels near the top

56
Q

What is biological control?

A

Use of a natural predator, parasite or disease to control pest species

57
Q

What are the risks associated with organisms used for biological control?

A

Control agent could escape into the wider environment and become invasive, reduce biodiversity or eliminate other species

58
Q

What is integrated pest management ?

A

Use of biological control, cultural control and chemical control

59
Q

What are the costs of providing good animal welfare

A

Financial cost of providing high quality food and protection from predators, lower yield per unit area. Results in food that are more costly for consumers

60
Q

What are the benefits or providing good animal welfare?

A

Higher value and quality of product, healthier animals (Lower risk of disease spreading), increased reproductive success

61
Q

What are some indicators of poor animal welfare?

A

Misdirected behaviour, stereotypy, failure of reproductive or parental behaviour, altered levels of activity

62
Q

How can poor animal welfare be overcome?

A

Enriching an animals environment, providing company, toys, stimulation

63
Q

What is the term which describes the study of animal behaviour?

A

Ethology

64
Q

What is the name given to a list of animal behaviours?

A

Ethogram

65
Q

What is a preference test?

A

Providing an animal a choice of conditions and observing which it prefers by spending most time in or being attracted to

66
Q

What is symbiosis?

A

Co-evolved relationship between members of two different species

67
Q

What are the two types of symbiosis?

A

Parasitism and mutualism

68
Q

What is parasitism?

A

When the parasite benefits by gaining energy or resources and the host is harmed

69
Q

What is a parasite?

A

An organism which gains energy from the host at the hosts expense

70
Q

What is meant by mutualism?

A

When both species benefit from e relationship

71
Q

What is a vector?

A

Carries a parasite from host to host

72
Q

Why might parasitical life cycles involve the use of a secondary host?

A

Allows them to survive until back in contact with primary host

73
Q

What is an example of mutualism?

A

Cellulose digesting bacteria living in guts of cows - cows get benefits of sugars produced by breakdown of cellulose and bacteria get warmth and a secure habitat

74
Q

What evidence is there that chloroplasts and mitochondria have arisen from symbiosis?

A

Contain ribosomes of similar size to that of prokaryotes, contain DNA similar to prokaryotes, similar size to prokaryotes

75
Q

What is meant by social hierarchy?

A

Grouping of individuals within a species dependant of their social position

76
Q

Why can a social hierarchy be beneficial?

A

Means that aggression is ritualised, keeps real fighting to a minimum, ensures fittest individuals survive to pass on genes, leads to experienced leadership

77
Q

What are the advantages of cooperative hunting?

A

Larger kills than when hunting alone
Individuals gain more energy than if hunting individually
Subordinates benefit from share of kill as well as dominant individuals

78
Q

What are the benefits of social defence?

A

Increased protection, more chance of seeing predators

79
Q

What is meant by altruism?

A

When the donor is harmed by the behaviour but the recipient benefits

80
Q

What is meant by reciprocal altruism?

A

When the altruistic act is returned to the donor in future

81
Q

What is meant by kin selection?

A

Providing resources or protection to related individuals- donor gains indirectly through survival of offspring who have some shared genes with donor

82
Q

Why do social insects provide resources to their queen?

A

Queen is related to all members of hive so workers benefit indirectly through queen passing on genes she shares with workers

83
Q

What is a keystone species?

A

A species which plays a vital role for the survival of other species in an ecosystem (eg bees as pollinators)

84
Q

Why do primates have long periods of parental care?

A

To allow for offspring to learn complex social behaviours

85
Q

What methods are used in social groups to reduce conflict?

A

Ritualistic display
Appeasement behaviours
Forming alliances

86
Q

What is meant by ritualistic display?

A

Making self look bigger and more threatening (eg baring teeth, raising heckles, banging chest)

87
Q

What is meant by appeasement behaviours?

A

Reverse of great display to show submission. Includes behaviours like grooming, submissive facial expressions, certain body postures, sexual presentation

88
Q

Which factors can influence the social structures of primate groups?

A

Ecological niche, resource distribution and taxonomic group

89
Q

What is meant by an alliance in social behaviour?

A

Relationships formed between individuals which increase social status, maintained by grooming

90
Q

How can alliances in social behaviour benefit organisms?

A

Increases social status of individuals which can lead to increased access to food or mates

91
Q

What happens to biodiversity after an extinction event and why?

A

Gradually increases, as survivors undergo speciation and adaptation

92
Q

Give some examples of human activities which are contributing to current extinction events?

A 
Over exploitation (overfishing, hunting)
Habitat degradation 
Introduction of invasive species 
Pollution
Greenhouse effect leading to global warming and climate change
93
Q

What are measurable components of biodiversity?

A

Genetic diversity, species diversity, ecosystem diversity

94
Q

What is species diversity?

A

The species richness (number of different species)

The relative abundance (proportion of each species present)

95
Q

How can having a dominant species affect species diversity?

A

Dominant species reduces relative abundance of other species which lowers species diversity

96
Q

What is genetic diversity?

A

Number and frequency of alleles present in a population

97
Q

What is ecosystem diversity?

A

Number of distinct ecosystems in an area

98
Q

What is the bottleneck effect?

A

When a large percentage of population is lost leading to reduced genetic diversity of survivors
Can lead to inbreeding depression

99
Q

Which factors can affect biodiversity on an island?

A

Size of island

Distance from mainland

100
Q

Why is a high edge to interior ratio a problem in habitat fragments?

A

Forces edge species into interior to compete for resources which can lead to extinction of interior species

101
Q

Why are habitat corridors used?

A

To join habitat fragments allowing members to colonise an area and to mate

102
Q

What is meant by an introduced species?

A

Foreign species moved intentionally or accidentally into a new area

103
Q

What is meant by a naturalised species?

A

Foreign species who are able to survive and reproduce in their new habitat

104
Q

What is meant by an invasive species?

A

Foreign species who reproduce rapidly and outcompete with native species

105
Q

What factors allow introduced species to become invasive?

A

Free of their usual competitors, predators, pests and parasites so can outcompete native species

106
Q

What is meant by over Exploitation?

A

Removing organisms from the environment faster than they can be replaced by reproduction

CfE Higher Biology (14 decks)

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