Unit 3 Flashcards
problem of induction
Assuming the uniformity of nature.
natures laws dont change
the uniformity of nature is based on past sense data collection which is based on the past sense data collection and so on and so forth
hasty generalization
using a too small sample size to justify. the sample size is disproportionally small
whAT is David Hume a skeptic ABOUT
problem of induction
analogy
cause and effect
accident
assuming wrongly that outliers should fall under the general rule
equivocation
the conclusion depends on a word different meanings being treated
false analogy
the two things being compared are to dissimilar to be compaired
slippety slope
one thing causes another, which causes another and so on and so forth
argument of anecdote
generalized based on family memebres
privileging smaller % based on the fact that you know them
post hoc ergo proptor hoc
conslusion doesnt follow
overlooking the posibility of coincidence
superstition
cum hoc ergo proptr hoc
with this and because of this
overlooking the possibility of reverse causation
yyeeet
wheselers
qualifying or over qualifying on some way in order not to be wrong.
saying ‘up to’ as much as etc
it gets you out of a claim
downplayers
making a clam appear less than what it is
Hyperbole
over exageration
leaded questions
questions that assume the answer in the question
fallacious appeal to authority
using a person who is popular to gather someones appeal, not necessarily knowledgeable in a certain area
Genetic falacy
you believe in x because you were born in x
straw man falacy
the principle of charity
immediately characterizing an argument and interpreting in the worst way
false dillema
establishing a false either or scenario
line drawing falacy
a type of false dilemma establishing a line that is not there
fallacious appeal to emotion
an appeal to emotion
ex. using sad photos to trigger donations
argument ad homenim
argument against he person not the idea
naturalistic fallacies
because something is natural it must be right
shrooms are natural man
Cognitive bias
brain does naturally
belief bias
when you notice that someone believes what you believe you assume they got there with your reasoning
conformation bias
only let evidence that confirms your point enter your brain
Why is Hume skeptic of cause and effect
Because we observe causes and effects. but we can never observe the link in between them
5 kinds of inductive arguments
generalization statistical reasoning cumulative support argument by analogy Inference to best explanation
generalization
An inductive generalization is an argument that uses. evidence about a limited number of things of a certain. type to make a claim about all or most things of that type. In the example above, a general conclusion about most.
statistical reasoning
Statistical reasoning is the way people reason with statistical ideas and make sense of statistical information. Statistical reasoning may involve connecting one concept to another (e.g., center and spread) or may combine ideas about data and chance.
cumulative support
An argument gaining in force by increase of evidence and of reasons as it advances, each new point having additional testimony for the conclusion.
argument by analogy
Argument from analogy is a special type of inductive argument, whereby perceived similarities are used as a basis to infer some further similarity that has yet to be observed
Inference to best explanation
Abductive reasoning (also called abduction, deductive inference, or retroduction) is a form of logical inference which starts with an observation then seeks to find the simplest and most likely explanation.
effect of informal fallacy on an arghument
not necessarily false and not necessarily weak.
