Unit 3 Flashcards
who us the the father of communism
Karl Marx
who is Karl Marx
philosopher, best known as a revolutionary communist, whose written works inspired the foundation f the many communist regimes in the 20th century
is the communism pf today the same that Marx wanted
no
when was marx alive for
1818-1883
where was marx born
Trier, in the german Rhineland
how was Karl Marx allowed to pursue his dream of a lawyer if he was a jew in the time of Prussia’s anti-jew laws
although his family was Jewish they converted to christianity so that his father could pursue his career as a lawyer in the face of Prussia’s anti-Jewish laws
what did marx write his PhD thesis on
Wrote PhD thesis in Philosophy in 1841
why did the Prussian government ban the newspaper that karl marx was an editor of
1842— became editor of a liberal democratic newspaper for which he wrote increasingly radical editorials on social and economic issues
the newspaper was banned by the Prussian government in 1843
who influenced marx
Young Marx was strongly influenced by the philosophy of Georg Hegel and by a radical group called Young Hegelians
who were the young hegelians
the Young Hegelians used Hegel’s ideas to build their own philosophical, political and socio-economic theories
in Germany, Hegelians (like Marx) argued that God had been invented by humans as a projection of their own ideals
why did marx leave Germany
his ideas got him into trouble
did marx grow up privileged
no, he and his family were poor
what were marx’s last years like
suffered from illness and depression
How did Marx work with the NY Tribunal
he contributed articles and editorials from 1851-1862
what are the main philosophical works of karl marx
The main philosophical works of Karl Marx are of interest are Communist Manifesto and Das Kapital
what are marx’s ideas
- humans thought is determined by social and economic forced, particularly those related to the means of production
- the clash of historical forces leads to changed in society
- all history was the history of class struggles
- under capitalism the struggle between the working class and the business class would end in a new society, a communist one
- removal of private property, which causes humans to work only for themselves, not for the good of others
- all contents of our consciousness are determined by our economic needs —> each social class has its own science and its own philosophy
marxism is the antithesis of capitalism, what does this mean
an economic system based on the private ownership of the means of production and distribution of goods, characterized by a few competitive marked and motivation by profit
how can marxism be described
Marxism is the system of socialism of which the dominant features is public feature is public ownership of the means of production, distribution and exchange
what does marxism say about struggle
struggle, rather than peaceful growth, is the engine of progress; strife is the father of all things, and social conflict is the core of historical process
what does marxism say about social order and the production of economic goods
the social order in every society is the production of economic goods
what is produced, how it is produced, and how it is exchanged determine the difference in people’s wealth, power and social status
what are the 3 social classes in capitalist societies according to marx
the proletariat
the bourgeoisie
the petite bourgeoisie
who are the proletariate
people that are payed for their work/labour, they add value to the products
who are the bourgeoisie
those who “own the means of production” and buy labour power fro the proletariat, thus exploiting the proletariat
the bourgeoisie may be further subdivided into the wealthy bourgeoisie and the petite bourgeoisie
who are the petite bourgeoisie
those who employ labour, but may also work themselves. These may be small proprietors, land-holding peasants, or trade workers
what does marx say abut struggle
Everything is struggle and conflict
conflict is the source of humanity and history
give examples of struggles according to marx
religion vs government rich vs poor right vs fish oppressors vs oppressed proletariat vs bourgeoisie (exploiters)
how does change come about according to marx
Struggle and conflict bring about change
what is alienated labour
the worker under capitalism suffers from four types of alienated labour
from the product, which as soon as it is created is taken away from its producer
in productivity (work) which is experienced as a torment
from species-being, for humans produce blindly and not in accordance with their truly human powers
from other human beings, where the relation of exchange replaced the satisfaction of mutual needs (basically when the people need something from you, not you)
what does marx say about morality
“morality” is part of the superstructure and as such a justification of the economic elite
what does marx say about freedom
freedom results in both political freedom and freedom from crime`
what does marx say about truth
truth is verified by success (achievement) in history
what does industrial revolution mean
term usually applied to the social and economic changes that mark the transition from a stable agricultural and commercial society to a modern industrial society relying on complex machinery rather than tools
how did the industrial revolution change how society was depended on other things
It created a specialized and interdependent economic life and made the urban worker more completely dependent on the will of the employer than the rural order had been
what were the economic changes associated with the industrial revolution
As economic activities in many communities moved from agriculture to manufacturings, productions shifted from its traditional locations in the home and the small workshop to factories
Large portions of the population relocated from the countryside to the towns and cities where manufacturing centres were found
The overall amount of goods and services produced expanded dramatically, and the proportions of capital invested per worker grew
New groups of investors, businesspeople and managers took financial risks and reaped great rewards
could the existing system keep up with the industrial revolution
no
were people able to afford more exotic goods like cotton cloth and china?
yes, these people were the middle class
what did traders realize about making a higher profit during the industrial revolution
traders realized that if they could produce goods in greater quantity at a cheaper price, they could find more consumers and make a higher profit
what is the multiplier effect
Refers to the cycle of consumer demand, investment and innovations that drove the Industrial Revolution
how does the multiplier cycle work
Cycle works as follows: increased consumer demand prompts entrepreneurs to invest in machines to speed up production, and thereby increase profit
faster production in one area of manufacturing prompts investment in another area
give an example of the multiplier effect
faster methods of spinning cotton requires faster methods of weaving cloth
Profit from increase production used to invest further innovations and inventions
how did the multiplier effect drive the revolution
Multiplier effect caused Industrial Revolution to gather momentum and prompt new technologies
what was the largest industry during the industrial revolution
The cotton industry became the largest single employer of industrial labour, and cotton cloth became the most valued commodity in Britain’s export trade
In the realm of technical innovations and in the number of people employed, the combination of coal, iron and steam had an even greater multiplier effect than the cotton industry
when did the industrial revolution’s impact become most visible
Impact would become visible in the 1830s and 1840s with the introduction of steam locomotion and the boom in railroad constructions
was britain leading the industrial revolution?
yes Britain was producing 2/3 of the world’s coal, one half of its iron and one half of its cotton cloth
what did the industrial revolution do to population
The Industrial Revolution brought with it an increase in population and urbanization, as well as new social classes
wat were the living conditions like in the industrial revolution
The bad living conditions in the towns can be traced to lack of good brick, the absence of building codes, and the lack of machinery for public sanitation
how did factory owners treat the workers during the industrial revolution
the factory owners’ tendency to regard labourers as commodities and not as a group of human beings
did a new working class come from the IR
yes
who was the new class of workers in the IR
the new class of industrial workers include all the men, women and children labouring in the textile mills, pottery works and mines
what was the life of workers in the IR
wages were low, hours were long and working conditions unpleasant and dangerous
women and children regardless of where they worked, had the most exploit working condition and the lowest of pay
was child labour a thing during the IR
yes, Children were often small enough to fit in narrow spaces, and so they were forced to
where did people go to find jobs during the IR
they flooded from the countryside to the city
how was the city divided
exclusive neighbourhoods were build for the wealthy bourgeoisie, while the working poor was forced to live in the ghettos
what was the living conditions like for the IR workers
the poor were forced to tolerate intrusions even at the most intimate times
people were used for work and home being in the sea place and it was normal for parents and children to work together
working day ranged from 12-16 hours
as many as 8-10 people would share one room, families and single people of both gender would sleep together
houses were built in rows or in squares with a common courtyard, in which there might be a water tap and a common toilet
there was little access to fresh air and little provision for lease water or removal of refuse, including human waste
when production was in demand, workers would work extremely hard for long hours
when the marled was slow, they worked at a more leisurely pace
employers imposed fines and penalties for lateness, for interruptions in work and for absenteeism
did living conditions ever get better during the IR
yes increase in standard of living eventually resulted from urbanization
was society more or less unified with the IR
industrial and urban development made society more diverse and less unified
what were the 4 classes in the IR
upper, middle, lower middle, working
what was included in the upper class
bankers industrial leaders, large scale commerce
what was included in the middle class
businesses, professionals, merchants, doctors and lawyers
what was included in the lower middle class
independent shopkeepers and small traders
about how much the did the working class make up of the population
about 8-% of population
what made up the working class
many were peasants and hired hands (especially Eastern Europe)
less unified and homogenous compared to middle classes
within the working class, where did the highly skilled workers sit
at the very top, made up about 15% of the pop.
who was included in the semi-skilled workers
carpentry, bricklaying, successful factory workers
who were considered the unskilled workers
Unskilled workers and domestic servants were at the bottom
how did family change during the IR
romantic love most important reason for marriage by 1850 after 1850 the work of most wives increasingly distinct and separate from their husbands middle-class women begin to organize and resist their second-class status to husbands child rearing more child-cantered with wife dominating the home domain
how did politics change during the IR
the introduction of liberalism in the 18th century meant a new age on British politics, which continued through the IR
what were the 2 most influencial political leaders of the late IR
Gladstone (Liberal) and Disraeli (Conservative) were two of the most influential political leaders of the late Industrial Revolution
what did the two political parties advocate
Both advocated reform of social structure; as a result, some of the more productive governments came to power
what was the general views of liberalism
Emphasized rationalism, importance of individual happiness (individualism)
Role of state is to protect the freedom and rights of the individual
Believed that human rights would be lost if government intervened
Generally, reflected views of middle class
what was the general views of the conservatives
Believed in value of traditional life
More government necessary to control society and preserve general order
Generally had a less optimistic view of human nature than liberals
Reflected views of landed upperclass
what was the government like in the IR (what style did they lead with)
Laissez faire would optimize economic growth (also known as free market)
Held a very pessimistic view of the possibilities for improvement in the living standards of the poor
what and who is associated with utilitarianism
Jeremy Bentham (1748-1832) agree with Adam Smith’s argument that it was best to free individuals to pursue their own self-interest
what is the “New Poor Law”
drafted in 1834, which was based on the pleasure pain calculation called the “less eligibility principle.”
what did people have to do to receive poor relife
an individual had to enter a workhouse and in order to discourage people from going on relief, conditions in the workhouse were designed to be worse than the conditions outside
what were the workhouses seen as
Protesters saw workhouse as prisons and named them “Bastilles”
they remained until 1909
how much of the population was dependent on the New Poor Law
About 5 percent of the population
how did people think the impact of the legislation could be calculated
Thought that the impact of legislation could be calculated by a simple formula called “principle of utility”
what was the “principle of utility
This principle states that laws should be designed to create “the greatest happiness of the greatest times”
If real conflicts arose, the government would intervene and create an artificial measure of social utility
what was the Factory Act of 1833
prohibited the employment of children under nine and placed limits on working hours of those between the ages of 9 and 18
what was the factory act of 1847
limited children to 10 hour day. This limit became the standard working day for adults in textile mills
what was the Mines Act of 1842
prohibited the employment of women and of children under 10 years of age, in underground mines.
What was the Public Health Act of 1848 and who helped to draft it
With the conditions workers had to endure and the outbreak of killer diseases, Edwin Chadwick helped draft the Public Health Act of 1848, which included a General Board of Health to overseas conditions
how did the new social legislations redefine the government’s role in social policy
It established new ways of investigating social problems and created a body of professional civil servants
how did the social legislation influence the present
ministry of labour
who can work and how long
You have the right to be protected at your jobs and stuff
what are the 2 theoretical approaches in government
Laissez-Faire and socialism
what is a Laissez-Faire government
Government intervention interfered with the production of wealth
Letting owners of business set working conditions without interference
“leave to do”, “let people do as they please”
who created the “free market”theory of economics (in Laissez-Faire government)
adam smith
what are the 3 natural laws of economics in the “Free market”
Law of self-interest
Law of competition
Supply and demand
what did Thomas Malthus say about laissez-faire governmnet
population increases more rapidly than the food supply
Wars and epidemics are necessary controls of population
what did David Ricardo say about the laissez-faire government
permanent underclass would always be poor wages would be forced down as jobs increased the poor would always remain poor and wages will remain low unless the population changes and there is less of them
what is the socialism approach to government
Utilitarianism is the main ideas– limited government intervention
people should judge things based ion their usefulness, sacrifices made for the greater good
who is the father os utilitarianism
jeremy bentham
what did Jeremy Bentham say about the government
Government should try to promote the greatest good for the greatest number of people
what did john stuart mill say about the government (socialism)
Questioned unregulated capitalism
Help ordinary working class with policies that would lead to a more equal division of profits
questioned the system, he believed in things like collectivization (working together to promote the greater good), believed in rights of women (to vote)
who was Robert Owen
tried to create utopian society, socialist thinker
what are the basic points of socialism
Factors of production are owned by the public and operate for the welfare of all
Optimistic view of human nature and progress
examples are LCBO and Hydro One
attempts to offset the negative effects of the industrial revolution
wealth is put in the hand of the people instead of the hands of the few
Marxism
when did the Communist Manifesto come to the public
1848
what did marxists believe about society
Argued that human societies have always been divided into warring classes.
The wealthy control the means of producing goods while the poor perform back-breaking labour under terrible conditions
what were the two main classes in the marxist vocabulary
the bourgeoisie (middle class, employers, "haves") Proletariats (lower class, worker, "have nots"
what did marx think would happen in the future
Marx believed that the capitalist society would eventually destroy itself: Factories would drive small artisans out of business, leaving a small number of manufacturers to control all wealth. Large proletariat would revolt, seize the factories and mills from capitalists, and produce what society needed
idea of tearing the master’s house down with the tools of the master
Workers, sharing in profits, would bring about economic equality for all people.
After a period of cooperative living and education, the government would wither away as a classless society developed
BASICALL COMMUNISM
What is communism’s main points
produce what society needs instead of what society wants
ideas were crushed after a short period by the government/rich people
what are 2 opposing ways of society
capitalism and socialism
what is included in capitalism
Individuals and businesses own property and the means of production
Progress results when individuals follow their own self interest
Businesses follow their own self-interest by competing for consumer’s money
Consumers compete to buy the beset goods at lowest prices. This competition shapes the market by affecting what businesses are able to sell
Government shouldn’t interfere in the economy b/c competition creates efficiency in business
idea that there has to be competition
what are the main ideas of socialism
The community or state should own property and the means of production
Progress results when a community of producers cooperate for the good of all
Believe capitalist employers take advantage of workers. Community must act to protect workers
Capitalism creates unfair distribution of wealth and material goods (better to distribute goods according to each person’s need)
An unequal distribution of wealth and material goods is unfair… Distribute to need
who are Luddites
English textile artisans who protested against the newly-developed, labour-saving machinery from 1811 to 1817.
why were luddites against technology
new machines made it possible to replace the artisans with less-skilled, low-wage labourers, leaving them without work
who were the luddites named after
named after Ned Ludd
allegedly a youth who had smashed two stocking frames
King Ludd (like Robin Hood) lived in Sherwood Forest
what did the parliament do in response to the luddites
Parliament made “machine breaking” (ie. industrial sabotage) a capital crime
these people would go around and smash technology, who were against technology
what was the purpose of labour unions
Used to press for economic and political reforms that impacted the working class in the workplace = labour associations
Unions speak for all workers in a particular trade
collective bargaining, negotiations etc
Process starts with skilled workers
management would struggle to replace such skilled workers if they up and quit
what is the Combination Act (1800)
Combination Act (1800) denied right of workers to form a union (repealed in 1824)
did the british unions win the right to stake peacefully
yes, By 1875 British unions had won the right to strike and picket peacefully, and had built a union membership close to 1 million people
but governments were threatened by the disruption of social order
what did king Henry VI of England do to increase votes
King Henry VI of England established in 1432 that only male owners of property were entitled to vote in a county
what was the reform act 1832
extended voting rights to adult males who rented propertied land of a certain value, so allowing 1 in 7 males had the vote
what was the reform act 1867
extended the franchise to men in urban areas who met a property qualification
what was the Representation of the People Act 1884
addressed imbalances between the boroughs and the countryside; this brought the voting population to 5,500,000, although 40% of males were still disenfranchised because of the property qualification
what was the Representation of the People Act (1918)
women could vote
what was the Factory Act of 1833
Prohibited the employment of children under 9 and placed limits on the working hours of those between the ages of 9 and 18
Effective – inspectors check
what was Mines Act of 1842
Prohibited the employment of women, and of children under 10 in underground mines
what was the Public Health Act of 1848
Responding to cholera outbreak
High rates of mortality in cities
Created a general board of health to oversee conditions
who led the Reform Movement
William Wilberforce
what is the reform movement
Abolition of Slavery, Abolished slavery in the West Indies – 1807, Abolished slavery in the British Empire – 1833
