Unit 3 Flashcards
who us the the father of communism
Karl Marx
who is Karl Marx
philosopher, best known as a revolutionary communist, whose written works inspired the foundation f the many communist regimes in the 20th century
is the communism pf today the same that Marx wanted
no
when was marx alive for
1818-1883
where was marx born
Trier, in the german Rhineland
how was Karl Marx allowed to pursue his dream of a lawyer if he was a jew in the time of Prussia’s anti-jew laws
although his family was Jewish they converted to christianity so that his father could pursue his career as a lawyer in the face of Prussia’s anti-Jewish laws
what did marx write his PhD thesis on
Wrote PhD thesis in Philosophy in 1841
why did the Prussian government ban the newspaper that karl marx was an editor of
1842— became editor of a liberal democratic newspaper for which he wrote increasingly radical editorials on social and economic issues
the newspaper was banned by the Prussian government in 1843
who influenced marx
Young Marx was strongly influenced by the philosophy of Georg Hegel and by a radical group called Young Hegelians
who were the young hegelians
the Young Hegelians used Hegel’s ideas to build their own philosophical, political and socio-economic theories
in Germany, Hegelians (like Marx) argued that God had been invented by humans as a projection of their own ideals
why did marx leave Germany
his ideas got him into trouble
did marx grow up privileged
no, he and his family were poor
what were marx’s last years like
suffered from illness and depression
How did Marx work with the NY Tribunal
he contributed articles and editorials from 1851-1862
what are the main philosophical works of karl marx
The main philosophical works of Karl Marx are of interest are Communist Manifesto and Das Kapital
what are marx’s ideas
- humans thought is determined by social and economic forced, particularly those related to the means of production
- the clash of historical forces leads to changed in society
- all history was the history of class struggles
- under capitalism the struggle between the working class and the business class would end in a new society, a communist one
- removal of private property, which causes humans to work only for themselves, not for the good of others
- all contents of our consciousness are determined by our economic needs —> each social class has its own science and its own philosophy
marxism is the antithesis of capitalism, what does this mean
an economic system based on the private ownership of the means of production and distribution of goods, characterized by a few competitive marked and motivation by profit
how can marxism be described
Marxism is the system of socialism of which the dominant features is public feature is public ownership of the means of production, distribution and exchange
what does marxism say about struggle
struggle, rather than peaceful growth, is the engine of progress; strife is the father of all things, and social conflict is the core of historical process
what does marxism say about social order and the production of economic goods
the social order in every society is the production of economic goods
what is produced, how it is produced, and how it is exchanged determine the difference in people’s wealth, power and social status
what are the 3 social classes in capitalist societies according to marx
the proletariat
the bourgeoisie
the petite bourgeoisie
who are the proletariate
people that are payed for their work/labour, they add value to the products
who are the bourgeoisie
those who “own the means of production” and buy labour power fro the proletariat, thus exploiting the proletariat
the bourgeoisie may be further subdivided into the wealthy bourgeoisie and the petite bourgeoisie
who are the petite bourgeoisie
those who employ labour, but may also work themselves. These may be small proprietors, land-holding peasants, or trade workers
what does marx say abut struggle
Everything is struggle and conflict
conflict is the source of humanity and history
give examples of struggles according to marx
religion vs government rich vs poor right vs fish oppressors vs oppressed proletariat vs bourgeoisie (exploiters)
how does change come about according to marx
Struggle and conflict bring about change
what is alienated labour
the worker under capitalism suffers from four types of alienated labour
from the product, which as soon as it is created is taken away from its producer
in productivity (work) which is experienced as a torment
from species-being, for humans produce blindly and not in accordance with their truly human powers
from other human beings, where the relation of exchange replaced the satisfaction of mutual needs (basically when the people need something from you, not you)
what does marx say about morality
“morality” is part of the superstructure and as such a justification of the economic elite
what does marx say about freedom
freedom results in both political freedom and freedom from crime`
what does marx say about truth
truth is verified by success (achievement) in history
what does industrial revolution mean
term usually applied to the social and economic changes that mark the transition from a stable agricultural and commercial society to a modern industrial society relying on complex machinery rather than tools
how did the industrial revolution change how society was depended on other things
It created a specialized and interdependent economic life and made the urban worker more completely dependent on the will of the employer than the rural order had been
what were the economic changes associated with the industrial revolution
As economic activities in many communities moved from agriculture to manufacturings, productions shifted from its traditional locations in the home and the small workshop to factories
Large portions of the population relocated from the countryside to the towns and cities where manufacturing centres were found
The overall amount of goods and services produced expanded dramatically, and the proportions of capital invested per worker grew
New groups of investors, businesspeople and managers took financial risks and reaped great rewards
could the existing system keep up with the industrial revolution
no
were people able to afford more exotic goods like cotton cloth and china?
yes, these people were the middle class
what did traders realize about making a higher profit during the industrial revolution
traders realized that if they could produce goods in greater quantity at a cheaper price, they could find more consumers and make a higher profit
what is the multiplier effect
Refers to the cycle of consumer demand, investment and innovations that drove the Industrial Revolution
how does the multiplier cycle work
Cycle works as follows: increased consumer demand prompts entrepreneurs to invest in machines to speed up production, and thereby increase profit
faster production in one area of manufacturing prompts investment in another area
give an example of the multiplier effect
faster methods of spinning cotton requires faster methods of weaving cloth
Profit from increase production used to invest further innovations and inventions
how did the multiplier effect drive the revolution
Multiplier effect caused Industrial Revolution to gather momentum and prompt new technologies
what was the largest industry during the industrial revolution
The cotton industry became the largest single employer of industrial labour, and cotton cloth became the most valued commodity in Britain’s export trade
In the realm of technical innovations and in the number of people employed, the combination of coal, iron and steam had an even greater multiplier effect than the cotton industry
when did the industrial revolution’s impact become most visible
Impact would become visible in the 1830s and 1840s with the introduction of steam locomotion and the boom in railroad constructions
was britain leading the industrial revolution?
yes Britain was producing 2/3 of the world’s coal, one half of its iron and one half of its cotton cloth
what did the industrial revolution do to population
The Industrial Revolution brought with it an increase in population and urbanization, as well as new social classes
wat were the living conditions like in the industrial revolution
The bad living conditions in the towns can be traced to lack of good brick, the absence of building codes, and the lack of machinery for public sanitation
how did factory owners treat the workers during the industrial revolution
the factory owners’ tendency to regard labourers as commodities and not as a group of human beings
did a new working class come from the IR
yes
who was the new class of workers in the IR
the new class of industrial workers include all the men, women and children labouring in the textile mills, pottery works and mines
what was the life of workers in the IR
wages were low, hours were long and working conditions unpleasant and dangerous
women and children regardless of where they worked, had the most exploit working condition and the lowest of pay
was child labour a thing during the IR
yes, Children were often small enough to fit in narrow spaces, and so they were forced to
where did people go to find jobs during the IR
they flooded from the countryside to the city
how was the city divided
exclusive neighbourhoods were build for the wealthy bourgeoisie, while the working poor was forced to live in the ghettos
what was the living conditions like for the IR workers
the poor were forced to tolerate intrusions even at the most intimate times
people were used for work and home being in the sea place and it was normal for parents and children to work together
working day ranged from 12-16 hours
as many as 8-10 people would share one room, families and single people of both gender would sleep together
houses were built in rows or in squares with a common courtyard, in which there might be a water tap and a common toilet
there was little access to fresh air and little provision for lease water or removal of refuse, including human waste
when production was in demand, workers would work extremely hard for long hours
when the marled was slow, they worked at a more leisurely pace
employers imposed fines and penalties for lateness, for interruptions in work and for absenteeism
did living conditions ever get better during the IR
yes increase in standard of living eventually resulted from urbanization
was society more or less unified with the IR
industrial and urban development made society more diverse and less unified
what were the 4 classes in the IR
upper, middle, lower middle, working
what was included in the upper class
bankers industrial leaders, large scale commerce
what was included in the middle class
businesses, professionals, merchants, doctors and lawyers
what was included in the lower middle class
independent shopkeepers and small traders
about how much the did the working class make up of the population
about 8-% of population
what made up the working class
many were peasants and hired hands (especially Eastern Europe)
less unified and homogenous compared to middle classes
within the working class, where did the highly skilled workers sit
at the very top, made up about 15% of the pop.
who was included in the semi-skilled workers
carpentry, bricklaying, successful factory workers
who were considered the unskilled workers
Unskilled workers and domestic servants were at the bottom
how did family change during the IR
romantic love most important reason for marriage by 1850 after 1850 the work of most wives increasingly distinct and separate from their husbands middle-class women begin to organize and resist their second-class status to husbands child rearing more child-cantered with wife dominating the home domain
how did politics change during the IR
the introduction of liberalism in the 18th century meant a new age on British politics, which continued through the IR
what were the 2 most influencial political leaders of the late IR
Gladstone (Liberal) and Disraeli (Conservative) were two of the most influential political leaders of the late Industrial Revolution
what did the two political parties advocate
Both advocated reform of social structure; as a result, some of the more productive governments came to power
what was the general views of liberalism
Emphasized rationalism, importance of individual happiness (individualism)
Role of state is to protect the freedom and rights of the individual
Believed that human rights would be lost if government intervened
Generally, reflected views of middle class
what was the general views of the conservatives
Believed in value of traditional life
More government necessary to control society and preserve general order
Generally had a less optimistic view of human nature than liberals
Reflected views of landed upperclass
what was the government like in the IR (what style did they lead with)
Laissez faire would optimize economic growth (also known as free market)
Held a very pessimistic view of the possibilities for improvement in the living standards of the poor
what and who is associated with utilitarianism
Jeremy Bentham (1748-1832) agree with Adam Smith’s argument that it was best to free individuals to pursue their own self-interest
what is the “New Poor Law”
drafted in 1834, which was based on the pleasure pain calculation called the “less eligibility principle.”
what did people have to do to receive poor relife
an individual had to enter a workhouse and in order to discourage people from going on relief, conditions in the workhouse were designed to be worse than the conditions outside
what were the workhouses seen as
Protesters saw workhouse as prisons and named them “Bastilles”
they remained until 1909
how much of the population was dependent on the New Poor Law
About 5 percent of the population
how did people think the impact of the legislation could be calculated
Thought that the impact of legislation could be calculated by a simple formula called “principle of utility”
what was the “principle of utility
This principle states that laws should be designed to create “the greatest happiness of the greatest times”
If real conflicts arose, the government would intervene and create an artificial measure of social utility
what was the Factory Act of 1833
prohibited the employment of children under nine and placed limits on working hours of those between the ages of 9 and 18
what was the factory act of 1847
limited children to 10 hour day. This limit became the standard working day for adults in textile mills
what was the Mines Act of 1842
prohibited the employment of women and of children under 10 years of age, in underground mines.
What was the Public Health Act of 1848 and who helped to draft it
With the conditions workers had to endure and the outbreak of killer diseases, Edwin Chadwick helped draft the Public Health Act of 1848, which included a General Board of Health to overseas conditions
how did the new social legislations redefine the government’s role in social policy
It established new ways of investigating social problems and created a body of professional civil servants
how did the social legislation influence the present
ministry of labour
who can work and how long
You have the right to be protected at your jobs and stuff
what are the 2 theoretical approaches in government
Laissez-Faire and socialism
what is a Laissez-Faire government
Government intervention interfered with the production of wealth
Letting owners of business set working conditions without interference
“leave to do”, “let people do as they please”
who created the “free market”theory of economics (in Laissez-Faire government)
adam smith
what are the 3 natural laws of economics in the “Free market”
Law of self-interest
Law of competition
Supply and demand
what did Thomas Malthus say about laissez-faire governmnet
population increases more rapidly than the food supply
Wars and epidemics are necessary controls of population
what did David Ricardo say about the laissez-faire government
permanent underclass would always be poor wages would be forced down as jobs increased the poor would always remain poor and wages will remain low unless the population changes and there is less of them
what is the socialism approach to government
Utilitarianism is the main ideas– limited government intervention
people should judge things based ion their usefulness, sacrifices made for the greater good
who is the father os utilitarianism
jeremy bentham
what did Jeremy Bentham say about the government
Government should try to promote the greatest good for the greatest number of people
what did john stuart mill say about the government (socialism)
Questioned unregulated capitalism
Help ordinary working class with policies that would lead to a more equal division of profits
questioned the system, he believed in things like collectivization (working together to promote the greater good), believed in rights of women (to vote)
who was Robert Owen
tried to create utopian society, socialist thinker
what are the basic points of socialism
Factors of production are owned by the public and operate for the welfare of all
Optimistic view of human nature and progress
examples are LCBO and Hydro One
attempts to offset the negative effects of the industrial revolution
wealth is put in the hand of the people instead of the hands of the few
Marxism
when did the Communist Manifesto come to the public
1848
what did marxists believe about society
Argued that human societies have always been divided into warring classes.
The wealthy control the means of producing goods while the poor perform back-breaking labour under terrible conditions
what were the two main classes in the marxist vocabulary
the bourgeoisie (middle class, employers, "haves") Proletariats (lower class, worker, "have nots"
what did marx think would happen in the future
Marx believed that the capitalist society would eventually destroy itself: Factories would drive small artisans out of business, leaving a small number of manufacturers to control all wealth. Large proletariat would revolt, seize the factories and mills from capitalists, and produce what society needed
idea of tearing the master’s house down with the tools of the master
Workers, sharing in profits, would bring about economic equality for all people.
After a period of cooperative living and education, the government would wither away as a classless society developed
BASICALL COMMUNISM
What is communism’s main points
produce what society needs instead of what society wants
ideas were crushed after a short period by the government/rich people
what are 2 opposing ways of society
capitalism and socialism
what is included in capitalism
Individuals and businesses own property and the means of production
Progress results when individuals follow their own self interest
Businesses follow their own self-interest by competing for consumer’s money
Consumers compete to buy the beset goods at lowest prices. This competition shapes the market by affecting what businesses are able to sell
Government shouldn’t interfere in the economy b/c competition creates efficiency in business
idea that there has to be competition
what are the main ideas of socialism
The community or state should own property and the means of production
Progress results when a community of producers cooperate for the good of all
Believe capitalist employers take advantage of workers. Community must act to protect workers
Capitalism creates unfair distribution of wealth and material goods (better to distribute goods according to each person’s need)
An unequal distribution of wealth and material goods is unfair… Distribute to need
who are Luddites
English textile artisans who protested against the newly-developed, labour-saving machinery from 1811 to 1817.
why were luddites against technology
new machines made it possible to replace the artisans with less-skilled, low-wage labourers, leaving them without work
who were the luddites named after
named after Ned Ludd
allegedly a youth who had smashed two stocking frames
King Ludd (like Robin Hood) lived in Sherwood Forest
what did the parliament do in response to the luddites
Parliament made “machine breaking” (ie. industrial sabotage) a capital crime
these people would go around and smash technology, who were against technology
what was the purpose of labour unions
Used to press for economic and political reforms that impacted the working class in the workplace = labour associations
Unions speak for all workers in a particular trade
collective bargaining, negotiations etc
Process starts with skilled workers
management would struggle to replace such skilled workers if they up and quit
what is the Combination Act (1800)
Combination Act (1800) denied right of workers to form a union (repealed in 1824)
did the british unions win the right to stake peacefully
yes, By 1875 British unions had won the right to strike and picket peacefully, and had built a union membership close to 1 million people
but governments were threatened by the disruption of social order
what did king Henry VI of England do to increase votes
King Henry VI of England established in 1432 that only male owners of property were entitled to vote in a county
what was the reform act 1832
extended voting rights to adult males who rented propertied land of a certain value, so allowing 1 in 7 males had the vote
what was the reform act 1867
extended the franchise to men in urban areas who met a property qualification
what was the Representation of the People Act 1884
addressed imbalances between the boroughs and the countryside; this brought the voting population to 5,500,000, although 40% of males were still disenfranchised because of the property qualification
what was the Representation of the People Act (1918)
women could vote
what was the Factory Act of 1833
Prohibited the employment of children under 9 and placed limits on the working hours of those between the ages of 9 and 18
Effective – inspectors check
what was Mines Act of 1842
Prohibited the employment of women, and of children under 10 in underground mines
what was the Public Health Act of 1848
Responding to cholera outbreak
High rates of mortality in cities
Created a general board of health to oversee conditions
who led the Reform Movement
William Wilberforce
what is the reform movement
Abolition of Slavery, Abolished slavery in the West Indies – 1807, Abolished slavery in the British Empire – 1833
what are the arguments for the reason they ended slavery
Against morality or against the economic threat?
this is continuously argued today, did they end it to save their economy because slavery was free labour and gave some people and advantage economically, or for moral reasons?
when did the US civil war end
1865
when did Puerto Rico ends slavery
in 1873
when did Spain abolished slavery in Cuba
1886
when did Brazil freed enslaved population
in 1888
who was a big voice for women’s equality
John Stuart Mill
Campaign against wife-beating and the failure of the courts to take appropriate action
1869, “The Subjection of Women”
Needed freedom to achieve happiness
Improvement in female literacy rates
Begin movement for women’s rights
he believed in perfect equality for women
when did the International Council for Women starte
1888
did women earn high wages as a domestic or in industrial work
industrial
about how much did women make in comparison to males
earned 1/3 of male counterparts
who wrote the The Communist Manifesto
was written by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels
what was the Communist manifesto seen as
seen as a form of extreme or “radical” socialism and a clear response to the plight of the industrial worker in Europe in the 19th century
who was Queen Victoria
Queen Victoria was monarch of the UK of Great Britain and Ireland from 20 June 1837 until her death. From May 1876, she used the additional title of Empress of India
how many children did Queen Vic have
9
how was the victoria age characterized
Characterized by rapid change and developments in nearly every sphere (medicine, science, technology and population)
overtime how did the changes in Britain portray the country to the rest of the world (during the victorian era)
Overtime these changes showed Britain as a confident and optimistic country leading to an economic boom, but eventual gave way to uncertainty and doubt regarding Britain’s place in the world
what do we associate the victorian age with in the modern day
Today we associate Victorian Age with Protestant work ethic, family values, religious observation and institutional faith
what were families like during the victorian age
Mostly during the 19th century, families were large and patriarchal
Encouraged hard work, respectability, social defence and conformity
Men = work-centred, leisure time with work-mates at pubs, worked until death, control all money, wife-beating
Women = private (home) sphere, worked in factories paid less than men (second breadwinner), leave employment after birth of first child, prostitute
what was middle class life like in the victorian age
Reformers pressured men and women into traditional riles (breadwinner and homemaker)
Encourage moral behaviour
Arranged marriages
Dinner unprepared? Fire out? — women were primary victims of family violence
what is Code Napoleon
stripped women of all legal capacity (article 213)
what was the life like for children in the victorian age
child labour issues
contributed to family income
sent to live and work with farmer, master-crafter, or merchant
as machines grew larger, employers needed larger number of women and children
ma infants cared for by grandmothers
birthrate increases with earlier marriage and lower infant mortality rates
increased sexual activities amount unmarried = high illegitimacy (before were celibate)
the 19th century was considered the “new order” of what
puritan control and repression
what is the “shadow side” during the victorian age
The “shadow side” of this public denial was private indulgence in a secret world of Victorian prostitution and pornography
The “naughty nineties”
Ignorance, embarrassment and fear
Women “lie back, and think of England”
what did Queen Victoria write in her journals`
Queen Victoria herself wrote extensively inter journals about her love-making
she had 9 children… they weren’t brought by a stork
It is also said that she presented her husband with painted nudes of men and worn through their marriage
what were prostitues called in the mid nineteenth century
“gay” women
what were pimps called in the mid nineteenth century
“fancy men”
how did women indicate their businesses in society
THEY TUCKED PARTS OF THEIR SKIRS UP TO INDICATE THEIR BUSINESS
why did women and children turn to prostitution
to survive
were prostitutes rootless social outcasts?
no, poor, yet independent, working woman, aged 18-22
previously held low wage jobs, primarily as domestic (maids)
few supposed illegitimate children
health as generally superior to other working women
higher standard of living than others of similar class
they had money, clothing and could afford their own rooms
it offered young women more independence
what did Dr. William Acton say about women and sex
“the majority of women (happily for them) are no very much troubled with sexual feelings of any kind”—
what was the thought about sex and women
In proper middle-class and upper-class circles, women were not supposed to have sexual conduct before marriage— a hand around the waist, a small kiss, and a fervent pressing of the hand was probably the accepted limit in most cases For middle and upper-class men, premarital sex would have been with servants and prostitutes, since “nice girls” didn't go beyond the small kiss or squeeze of the hand
what were women expected to be in the 19th century
expected to be weak and helpless
a “fragile delicate flower incapable; e of making decisions beyond selecting the menu and enduring her many children were taught moral value”
did marriage allow for independent legal status
no
she had no right to any money (earned or inherited)
she could not make a will/buy property
could not claim her children
she had to move with him wherever he went
did men keep mistresses?
Victorian men kept mistresses, but they still expected their wives and mistresses to be faithful whatever their own “indiscretions”
if a woman took a lover it was not made public
if it did become public, she wold be cut by society
but men could amble along to one of heir gentleman’s clubs and always find a warm welcome
who is James Miranda Barry
1812 Female born James Miranda Barry graduated from the Medical School of Edinburgh University as a doctor. Barry went on to serve as an army surgeon working overseas. Barry lived as a man but was found to be female-bodied upon his death in 1865
what was significant about the year 1835 (reference to the LGBT)
1835 The last two men to be executed in Britain for buggery, James Pratt and John Smith , were arrested on August 29 at a house in Southwark after being observed having sex; they were hanged on November 27
when was the penalty for buggery abolished
1861 The death penalty for buggery was abolished. A total of 8921 men had been prosecuted since 1806 for sodomy with 404 sentenced to death and 56 executed
when was marriage defined as being between man and women
1866
what happened in 1871 (LGBT)
fanny and stella
what happened in 1889 (LGBT)
The Cleveland Street scandal occurred, when a homosexual male brothel was raided by police after they discovered telegraph boys had been working there as rent boys. A number of aristocratic clients were discovered
why is Oscar Wilde significant
was gay, a poet, debated if he is famous for his work or for his being gay
what were the 2 main factors in the rise of nation state
nationalism and imperialism
By 1871, what was significant about germany and italy
By 1871 the process of consolidation and unification had created modern Germany and Italy, altering the balance of power
Was there a struggle between states for land? If so, where?
The struggle between states for land and wealth occurred primarily outside Europe through imperialism
how did europeans expand their nations territory
The process of expanding a nation’s territory through the acquisition of colonies and dependencies
what is the ideology of nationalism
The ideology of nationalism linked the individuals identity with the state, connecting his/her sense of pride, prestige and power with the internal and external strength of the nation.
what did the success of a nation depend on
Success of a nation did not depend upon national sentiment, but political leaders had to be able to harness the power of the people’s pride in the state in pursuit of national objectives
what is Risorgimento
movement for Italian unification
when did Risorgimento happen
struggle for unification (1848-1871)
what did the Risorgimento excersize
exercise in realpolitik
what is realpolitik
politics based on realities & material needs rather than ideals and morals
Who were two key leaders in the Risorgimento
Mazzini & Garibaldi (the two Giuseppe’s)
who was Mazzini and what was his goal
Mazzini: romantic revolutionary
Nationalism- wanted to be a democracy and a republic
needed to be achieved through popular insurrection.
Founded the Young Italy society.
Who was Garibaldi and what was his goal/what did he do
Garibaldi: secret societies.
Garibaldi led the “Red Shirts” in defence of the Roman Republic
What was significant about rome and italy in 1871
Rome becomes capital of a fully united Italy
how did the unification of germany happen
The unification of Germany came not from nationalism, but realpolitik
in 1815, the German confederation brings what together
1815: The German confederation brings together 39 states including Prussia and Austria
what is significant about 1834 in germany
1834: Zollervein (customs union) brought together northern German states into closer economic union
Who was Count Otto von Bismarck
(1815-1898)
Big, powerful figure
Was the agent of unification
What did Denmark do in 1864 that made Germany upset
1864: Denmark laid claim to 2 German speaking principalities.
German nationalists wanted action
Who won the war that den mar and Germany caused
Bismarck & Prussian army easily won war
how did Bismarck go further and and make germany angrier after the war
Bismarck went further → reorganizing German confederation, universal male suffrage
What ended the German-Austrian conflict
Peace of Prague ended German-Austrian conflict
What happened in 1866 between Bismarck and Austria
1866 Bismarck defeated Emperor Franz Josef in Austria
For how long did Bismarck have control of Germany
1871-1890
Why was the Constitution of 1871 in Bismarck’s Germany significant
symbolic democracy
what is Reichstag
German Parliament
who elected the Reichstag
elected by universal male suffrage, but had little power
What did bismarck attempt to limit
Bismarck attempted to limit the Church that was his main opposition
what policy did bismarck try to enforce
Adopted a national secular policy of Kulturkempf
what is Kulturkempf
idea that government and politics of the people would have a more secular beliefs through nationalism
why was Kulturkempf unsuccessful
unsuccessful b/c of strength of church
When Kulturkempf failed, what did Bismarck then focus on
Bismarck then focused on socialists
what did Bismarck attempt to do to socialists
He tried to undercut socialists by advancing social legislation
Who dismissed Bismarck
Kaiser Wilhelm (1859-1941) dismissed Bismarck
what did Kaiser Wilhelm decide to do to unite people
Chose to unite through militant nationalism
What did the Franco-Prussian war start over
Originated in dispute over succession to the Spanish throne
What was the dispute that started the Franco-Prussian war
Queen Isabella abdicated in 1868 → revolution in Spain→ crown went to Prince Leopold of Hohenzollern (relative of Wilhelm I of Prussia)
What alliance terrified France
New alliance between Germany & Spain terrified France
What techniques did Germany use to overwhelm France
1870 War: German techniques & use of rail to move troops
What did the 1870 war with germany lead to
Collapse of Second Empire. Alsace & Lorraine ceded to Germany.
Where was peace held after the 1870 war with Germany
Peace held in Hall of Mirrors in Versailles, former seat of Louis XIV.
What empire joined with Hungary
Austrian Empire
Why did the Austrian Empire join with Hungary
wanted to show their strength (aka powder keg)
What could be considered a precursor to WW1
the joining of Austria and Hungary
Who led France during 1870
Louis Napoleon Bonaparte
what did Louis Napoleon Bonaparte do while in government
balanced autocracy and democracy— one of the only republics
how did Louis Napoleon Bonaparte’s rule come to end
1870 – Prussia (Franco-Prussian War) brought Napoleon III’s 2nd Empire to an end
Louis Napoleon Bonaparte ruled in a few ways, what were they
President (1848-1852) – Emperor (1852-1870) – as France prospered the citizens seemed to live with the Emperor’s “new democracy” (post 1851)
who redesigned Paris to be a gem in all of Europe
Baron Georges Hausmann in 1853
What were the two prominent traits of Czarist Russia;
Reform & Depression
what was the government like under Czarist Russia
Needed economic reform but tried to maintain conservative autocratic rule of Romanovs
who led Czarist Russia
Czar Alexander II (1855-1881w
what did Czar Alexander II (1855-1881 attempt to do while in rule
attempted reform- emancipation of 22.5 million serfs in 1861.
Yet peasants still trapped in poverty
By 1863, why did Czar Alexander return to repression as a way of rule
By 1863, Czar Alexander returned to repression following criticism of his reform attempts
When was Czar Alexander assassinated
1881 Alexander assassinated
did oppression continue after Czar’s assassination
oppression of people continued until 1917
who succeeded Alexander
Czar Nicholas II succeeds him → the last Russian Czar
when does the revolution begin in russia
Revolution in Russia begins in 1905 (right after loosing war with japan)
how long did Czar Nicholas II rule
czar from 1894-1917
what did Czar Nicholas II do while in power
rapid industrial development & political repression= potential for explosion
Who was Vladimir Lenin
one of the founders of the Bolshevik Party →Argued for a revolution of the masses led by the elite (russia)
what led to Nicholas II creating a duma (parliament)
On Jan 22, 1905 troops killed several hundred peaceful demonstrators which led to mass strikes.
This forced Nicholas II to create a Duma or parliament. This settled Russia uneasily until WWI, and finally the Russian Revolution of 1917
When did Britain go into upheaval
1867-1894
what were the two opposing sides of Britain’s upheaval
Disraeli vs. Gladstone
What was Disraeli’s goals
innovative conservative Prime Minister, helped build the modern Conservative Party.
Made it the party of imperialism & linked it to a program of social reform
What was Gladstone’s goals
Liberal leader— ‘Peace, Retrenchment & Reform
who won the first political campaign in 1879 (IN BRITAIN)
Gladstone went on the first political campaign in 1879.
In 1880 Gladstone won a majority
What were the 4 main social changes in Europe in the late 1800’s
Society in Modern Europe & the Rise of a Dominant Middle Class
Technology & Society- 2nd Industrial Revolution (1880-1939)
The Evolving Role of Women
Union Communities and Trade Unionism
What is Society in Modern Europe & the Rise of a Dominant Middle Class
Industrialization accelerated past 1850… population grew, the economy grew, standard of living improved.
As a result of shift in political, economic, & social reforms European society changed from an elitist society to a mass culture with a large middle class.
Middle class size grew → poor class also grew.
Middle class came to dominate morality of society → became hallmark of Victorian Age (1837-1901)
Pop Culture stemmed from the middle class:
leisure time was new, newspapers, holidays, railways, free time
what is Technology & Society- 2nd Industrial Revolution (1880-1939)
New breakthroughs in production and labour. Telephone, electric lights, automobile, steam & rail, bikes, streetcars, subways… science played a bigger role.
Machine-made goods pushed programs forward & left many people behind that did not adapt
who were the leaders in technology during the second industrial revolution
Germany, US, Britain & Japan were leaders in technological innovation.
what was The Evolving Role of Women
Women increasingly dissatisfied with subordinate role. Also “equality & egalitarianism & vote” – not extended to women.
Feminist Movements across Europe: confronted inequality in church, state, home- everywhere the vote was an obvious symbol of inequality.
Suffragette movements grew in countries → the battle was only beginning
what was Union Communities and Trade Unionism
Laws biased toward gender & social class. Working class was growing and wanted to improve their wages & conditions. Idea of unionization grew— trade unions put pressure on employers through strikes & picketing
What were the reasons for the first world war
MAIN: Militarism, Alliances, Imperialism, Nationalism
Nationalism & Origins of WWI: aggressive nationalism made people willing to fight & die for their country… and made Europe unstable… particularly in the Balkans.
Austrian Archduke Franz Ferdinand & wife assassinated on June 28, 1914… led to full blown war
why was Louis Napoleon Bonaparte rule different than previous rulers
No longer a monarchy, but a republic
what is a republic
A state in which supreme power is held by the people or its elected representatives and not by a monarch
when did Louis Napoleon Bonaparte rule as emperor
Ruled as president from 1848-1852
Ruled as emperor as Napoleon III from 1852-1870 during the time of prosperity in which Paris was restored as the diplomatic and cultural capital Europe
Ended in disaster
How did Louis Napoleon Bonaparte III improve the lives of the people
relaxed controls on the press,
allowed freer debate in legislative assembly,
made ministers more responsible to elected representatives,
reduced the influence of the church on education
made schools more accessible to females and
legalized trade unions and the right to strike
What is a Credit Mobilier
an investment trust in which citizens deposited savings, which in turn financed industrial development
Done in france during the time of Louis Napoleon Bonaparte III
How was the economy during Louis Napoleon Bonaparte III’s rule
The economy was prosperous, as the boom in railroad construction had a multiplier effect that stimulated French industries and generated employment
when did romanticism occur
1790-1850
what was the thoughts about individual rights during the romantic era
“individual rights” are dangerous efforts at selfishness —> the community is more important
where did romanticism happen
Mostly in Northern Europe, especially in Britain and Germany
what was romanticism a response to
a reaction against classism
what are the 9 characteristics of romanticism
Celebration of the Common Man
- Celebration of the Individual
- Glorification of Nature
- Science can be Dangerous
- Glorification of Rural Life/the Past
- Revival of Past Styles
- Reverence (regard) for Imagination
- Emotion and Passion
- Exoticism
what is celebration of the common man
the artist apart from society
the artist as social critic/revolutionary
the artist as genius
what is celebrating of the individual
individuals have unique, endless potential
common man can be heroic
downtrodden, misunderstood and outcasts were often depicted
what is glorification of nature
peaceful, restorative qualities (an escape from industrialization and the dehumanization it creates)
awesome, powerful, horrifying aspects of nature
indifferent to the fate of humans
overwhelming power of nature (basically nature does what it wants)
what is science is dangerous
Leads to a lack of emotion— too much reason!
can be destructive and dehumanizing (ex: industrial revolution and associated conditions)
science often leads to isolation
destruction of the natural environment
what is glorification of past life styles/rural life
emphasis on a “simpler life”
past was better
rural life = peace and tranquility, uncorrupted by science and technology
what is revival of past styles
gothic and romanesque revival
“Neo-gothic” architectural style
medical ruins were a favourite theme for art and poetry
what is regard for imagination
ghosts, fairies, which, demons were common subjects
interested in the occult/supernatural
the romantics rejected materialism in pursuit of spiritual self-awareness
they yearned for the unknown and the unknowable
what is emotion and passion
emotion is the essence of man, and therefore, life
man is passionate; emotion overcomes reason
what is exoticism
sexy “other” (foreigner)
a sense of escape from reality
adventure and the unknown
what types of novels did the romantic era give
Gothic Novel Jane Eyre— Charlotte Bronte 1847 Historical Novel Les Miserables— Victor Hugo (1862) Science Fiction Novel Frankenstein— Mary Shelley (1817) Novel of Purpose (meaning) Hugh Trevar— Thomas Helcroft (1794) Other Romantic Writers Grimm’s Gary Tales
what were the political implications of the romantic era
Romanticism could reinforce the greatest themes of political liberalism or political conservatism
Contributed to growing nationalist movements
the concepts of the Volk (people) as an entity (not individuals)
the uniqueness of cultures was emphasized
after 1870, where was there an increase of colonialism
after 1870 and even more dramatically after 1885, there was a remarkable increase in the European acquisition of colonial territories in the South Pacific, Asia and Africa
in 1870 about how much of Africa had been colonized
in 1870, about 10% of Africa had been colonized
in 1895 about how much of africa was colonized
by 1895 approx. 90% had come under European control
what s new imperialism
after 1870 European powers began to rely more on colonization of formal empire, than on informal economic ties
this period is called “New Imperialism”
when did most colonization happen
from 1870-1914, major European powers joined the race to acquire colonies and exert their influences over indigenous people
was china colonized by the europeans?
china was not formally occupied by a European power but essentially lost control of trade within its own borders as a result of the Opium Wars
the British, French, Germans, Russians and Americans controlled the majority of the trade in china
was japans colonized by europe
in 1868 Japan initiated its own program of industrial development and political reform
japan managed to preserve its autonomy, but also by 1892, has become an imperial power of its own
between 1880 and 1900, how much of earth was colonized
within 20 years, from 1880-1900, every corner of the Earth, from the highest mountains in the Himalayas to the most remote Pacific Island and Antarctica, came to be claimed by one or other European power
who saw the most colonization
Africa saw the most dramatic colonization
what was the “scramble for africa”
it was divided up as if it had been a cake split between greedy European leaders
this was called the “Scramble for Africa”
what was the key political event in the race was the colonization in Africa
Berlin conference of 1884-1885
what happened in the Berlin conference
Bismarck called together reps. of 15 nations to deal with rival colonial claims in Africa
ignoring the rights of existing African Kingdoms and peoples all together, European powers claimed the right to acquire inland territories by expansion from existing coastal possessions
to avoid dominance by a single state or war between rival colonial powers, the Conference agreed that possession involved more that a “paper partition” based on claims made over a map; they agreed that possession should involve effective occupation of the last and control over the people
what was the Boer War of 1899-1802
discovery of diamond and gold deposited in South Africa made the region important strategically and economically and the ongoing conflict between the British and the Boers led to the Boer War of 1899-1902
what are boers
boers were the descendants of the Dutch setters in South Africa
what were the caused of imperialism
Unequal Power Relations
Nationalism and Geopolitics
not a matter of politics alone
Others would argue that the primary motive for empire was economic
how was Unequal Power Relations a cause of imperialism
the level of success of a dominant power has largely been attributes to its level of technological advancement
those with more advanced military tech. and methods of production have tended to dominate
the “new imperialism” o the late 19th century was another example of the consequences of unequal power
how was Nationalism and Geopolitics a cause of imperialism
according to Eurocentric view, the primary motive of colonization was political
governments encouraged by the emerging sense of nationalism and the chauvinism of a mass electorate, enhanced their power and prestige by possessing colonies
colonies provided them with “bargaining chips” at the tables of international conferences
colonies often also carried geopolitical significance
it was important because they were placed on the map
for example; Britain established control in Egypt in order to preserve control of the Suez Canal, which was vital to maintaining a quick trade route to India
If it was not a matter of politics alone that caused imperialism, what did
proponents of empire claimed that the superiority of industrial civilization gave Europeans the right to take over territories
what were the economic reasons for imperialism
Hobson and Lenin argue that the colonies were acquired as fields for investment, as the urging of capitalists with surplus wealth
these investors, some of whom owned popular newspapers and had an influence on politicians, promoted imperialism to get the state to acquire territories and protect their overseas investments
Lenin predicted that competition for colonies would eventually lead to war and revolution
what was the legacy of imperialism
mainly economic
the shift from commercial capitalism to industrial capitalism created greater difference in wealth, and it transformed relations between the colonizers and the colonized
under industrial capitalism and its doctrine of laissez faire, the restraint of the colonial empires came under attack, and the new idea of free trade became the orthodox economic doctrine
under imposed conditions of free trade, Indian handloom weavers could not compete in price with British manufacturers of cotton cloth, so India became an importer of cotton textile and an exporter of raw cotton
under free trade, a form of nominally predominant and colonies in Asia, Africa and the Americas became dependent source of raw materials as well as markets for manufactured goods
prior to the development of the dependant relationship of imperialism, how did people farm
prior to the development of the dependant relationship of imperialism, most of the people in the non-western world were involved in subsistence agriculture— farming primarily for themselves
how did imperialism influence agriculture
imperialist powers succeeded in forcing Native people to change to producing agriculture for export
Today, this term is also referred to as”cash crops.” The agricultural products are grown primarily for exporting purposes. Products such as banana, pineapple, coffee or sugar canes are grown to be exported to developed countries’ consumption. The Imperialist powers need their colonies to supply raw materials to support the growth of industrial European cities
how did cash crops help the economy
the transformation of local production from a subsistence economy to an export economy had various effects
how did cash cops create a dependency colony
as more and more land was used to grow cash crops, for exports, these territories would become increasingly dependent on imports of both food and manufactured goods
created a dependency colony
mass produced foods from Europe were far cheaper and other better quality than locally produced goods
how were the conditions for the african people that were colonized
Africans found their lives changed against their will but also came to endure working and living conditions worse than it was prior to Western intervention
the process of converting Africans into labourers in a cash economy was extremely brutal
they often had to work far from home and brutal punishment was inflicted upon them for failure to meet the required quotas
adolescent boys were punished by mutilation, including the cutting off of ears or hands
failure of particular villagers to meet quotas resulted in raise on their home villages, where women were raped, children and elderly beaten and houses destroyed
what was the economic impact of imperialism
the economic impact of imperialism had had a far reaching consequences
the global economic relationship established during this period have shaped the modern world system and some would argue, are the foundation of poverty in developing nations in the 21st century
what is indentured labour
the most extensively organized system of immigrant labour was the trade of indentured labourers from India and China
a contract to work for a specific period of time, usually 5 years
most meant that would work to send money back home to their families
though it was technically voluntary contract labor system, it was considered by many to be a new system of slavery
what were the conditions like to indentured labourers
at the end of the length sea voyage the labourers faced conditions that were bad. There were inadequate food, no health care with extremely demanding physical work
when they had a conflict with their employers, they faced a legal system and a police force ready to enforce their employer’s conditions
these labourers would have to earn money to buy their return passage
consequently, indentured though intended to be temporary, often became a permanent migration into a new home
what was the Indian national Congress
founded in 1885, INC was one of the earliest conical nationalist political parties
the modernization of agriculture and the extension of railroads had changed patterns of landholding and had converged some areas to the productions of export crops
these reforms has also increased the peasant’s indebtedness and their vulnerability to famines that struck in the 1870s and 1880s
some Indian nationalist charged the British connections acted as an economic drain on the resources of India
British officials viewed them as unrepresentative trouble makers until more radical voiced and popular protests began to change the race of Indian nationalism
why was the Russian-Japanese war of 1904-1905 significant
the victory of japan over Russia in the Russo-Japanese War of 1904-1905 was remarkable in 2 ways
not only had a non-western power defeated a major European power in war, but the conflict had been fought using the full arsenal of modern military technology
the Russian interest were deflected from Asia to Europe and added to the build of diplomatic tension that lead to the Russian Revlon in 1905
the most stunning change occurring in China: The Revolution on 1911 brought down the Manchu dynasty and proclaimed a new republic based on the principles of nationalism, socialism and democracy
where do leaders of nationalist movement in the colonies tended to be from
Western-educated elite
What preconditions existed in Britain that launched the Industrial Revolution? Which of these conditions had the greatest impact? Explain
capital system in agriculture
-land was privately owned
“moral economy”
-believe that the first fruits of the season belonged to the community
-therefore farmers could not make money on other people’s hunger, he could not inflate prices or there would be a riot!
steam engine
incomes were high
In a diagram, illustrate the concept of the multiplier effect by showing the cause-and-effect relationship between mechanical inventions and change in the early Industrial Revolution
Demand of new and exotic goods-> workers buying new and exotic goods (tea and sugar)-> people needed to sell those goods-> people needed to transport those goods-> people needed to package those goods-> etc
Today’s nuclear family is a product of the forces of industrialization and urbanization in the late eighteenth century and early nineteenth. Explain why you agree or disagree with this statement
I agree with the statements because the luxuries that many nuclear families enjoy come directly from urbanization and industrialization
Describe the fears of the English working class in the form of a list of grievances that would address their fundamental concerns
being abused and exploited
no security of a job
no say in their working conditions hours of work, etc
very replaceable
How did the Industrial revolution change people’s expectations of the government? Consider the working class, the middle/merchant class and the aristocracy
people became more accustomed to good time and were less accepting to hard times, so it was the governments duty to make sure good times were consistent
government was expected to make social change when the people demanded it
better working conditions, etc
restrictions on who could work (like children)
Explain what the term “romanticism” means as it applies to art, music and literature
Characterized by a highly imaginative and emotional treatment of life. Artists explored the subconscious of society through their art—not the most realistic paintings (in terms of the subjects).
Music was able to have more sounds, as the IR allowed for much more instruments.
Literature tried to convert intense emotional experiences through their words. Work appealed to the senses, not the intellect.
what is the difference between a nation and a state
A nation can be defined as group of people who are bound together into a single body, through history, customs, value, language, culture, tradition, art and religion. A state can be defined as a patch of land with a sovereign government
write a clear definition of the term nation state
a sovereign state whose citizens or subjects are relatively homogeneous in factors such as language or common descent
How did the situations in Russia and Austria in the late 19th century differ from those in most other Western European countries?
they were falling behind other countries and were not united
Explain why many believe the seeds of WW1 were planted in the last 19th century by listing, in order of importance, 4 important causes of the war
spread of industrialization, economic competition between European states, national rivalry and imperial ambition of diplomatic alliances in anticipation of war
What were the advantages for the European powers in the so-called “scramble for Africa?”
Where these primarily economic rather than cultural or political advantages? Explain.
The advantages were resources, slaves and landmass. The advantages were primarily economic, as the more slaves and resources they had, the more money they could make
What does the Berlin Conference of 1884-1885 tell you about European views and attitudes toward Africa and African peoples in the 19th century?
The Europeans did not care for the people of Africa and Asia, they just wanted their resources and their labour. They did not care that they already had entire kingdoms, they just wanted to spread
Where there any benefits of formal imperialism for colonized peoples? Explain with both African and Asian examples
For both places, the people were given new technology and able to obtain traditions, culture, food and clothing, ways of war, government and more from the Europeans. This can be seen as a benefit or a hinderance depending on what side you are on
Describe the legacy of emancipation in 2 areas of the world
The British West Indies— even though the slaver were now free, the racial discrimination still existed. The black people were deemed to have poor working skills, and employers imported labourers from India instead of hiring the black people.
Latin America— became independent, peter off than other places (seems like it)
How did the intellectual movements in Europe during the 18th century and early 19th contribute to the goals and ideas expressed by Simon Bolivar? Why did his hopes for a United Latin America fail?
Bolivar wanted a united Latin America, he was taken with Utilitarianism, wanted the abolishment of slavery and such.
This failed because all the different influences in Latin America made it virtually impossible for them to decide to work together and have one in charge.
What did the Indian National Congress and the Pan-African movement have in common? Refer to factors such as leadership, goals and political platform, grievances and the nature of success or failure of each movement
They both existed to further the involvement of their people in politics and such, they were both seen as minuscule and not taken seriously at first
