Unit 1 from Review Flashcards
Why did the Holy Roman Empire fail (1250-1493)
couldn’t control its own subjects let alone expertise leadership over others
What ruled the word during the medieval times
feudalism, superstition and the plague
What was the accepted answer t any questions regarding existence and such
Christianity provided really simple answers to many difficult questions; Why did this happen? God willed it. This was the accepted answer.
What was the hierarchy in the medieval times
King (appointed for protection and to handle territory)—Lords (appointed to protect both lord and king)— Knights (appointed to work the land)
What was another name for the plague
Black Death
Where did the black death begin
Asia– it spread due to increasing trade and travel
What was the social impact of the plague
Social impact in many cases was panic, to wild debauchery as the end neared
Was the church affected during the plague
Church suffered from loss of they flock to death and disillusionment
How many people died in Europe during the black death
It is argued that 1/3 people died in Europe
Did people start to see their value during the black death
much of the work force was dying, people started to see their value as the King needed the taxes (positive of the black death)
What did people blame the black death on
Blame ranged from God to Jews to lepers
Did people in the medieval times have an interest in the body
Medieval interest in the human body was minimal. The internal organs were not differentiated (the body was seen as one organ)
Why did people not think very independently in the medieval times
Medieval people lived in an environment of fear and insecurity that limited their awareness and potential for independent thinking
Challenged by; bandits, viking raids, plague, famine, anarchy… man was feeble, God was great
Describe Gothic Architecture
The Gothic interpretation of this point of view was a monument that seems to dwarf the man who enters it, for space, light, structure and the plastic effects of the masonry are organized to produce a visionary scale
Describe the philosophy of the middle ages
Built on theology
New ideas we quashed
Who was Duns Scotus
Duns Scotus (“Dunce”— the dunce cap, he proved everything through the bible)
Who was William of Ockham
‘Okham’s Razor’
“the principle that facts should be interpreted with a minimum of explanatory causes”… separates reason from fait… opening the door to science (the simplest answer is probably to right one)
Was the middle ages a period of witchcraft
yes
What was the punishment of crimes int he middle ages
Punishment of crimes: Hanging, mutilation, torture, amputation
Who was in charge of historiography
Historiography was dictated by males, often priests or monks
What was the language in the middle ages
Latin was the language, only these people did historiography, so you hope what you were reading things that were honest
Did churches rule the people in the middle ages
yes
What was the 15th century considered
15th century considered the transition period– Western Europe broke free of Muslim blockades
Was the renaissance a “rebirth” for everyone
no, it didn’t happen to everyone
When did the renaissance happen
Period from the early 1300’s to roughly 1600
What was significant about the renaissance
there was a renewed interest in history literature and art
Especially in ancient greek and Rome
It pushed Europe to modernity
What does renaissance mean
rebirth
Did the renaissance boost Europes economy
yes, it helped to recover it
Was the renaissance more intellectual or physical
The Renaissance as an “intellectual” reality, not as a “physical” one
Remember, not a lot of people were literate and could think
What does it mean to be a renaissance man
‘independence of mind’
A Person who mastered all areas of art and thought… becoming a “complete man”
Leonardo da Vinci was labeled as this, this was not a common title at all
What did renaissance men believe
“Man’s fate could be controlled and improved”
What is baroque art
The work that distinguishes the Baroque period is stylistically complex, even contradictory. In general, however, the tries to invoke emotional states by appealing to the senses, often in dramatic ways underlines its manifestation
Some of the qualities most frequently associated with Baroque are grandeur, sensuous richness, drama, vitality, movement, tension, emotional exuberant, and a tendency to blur distinctions between the various art
How was baroque art different than the art of the middle ages
Much art prior to this, served the purpose of serving GOD, here the art and music drifted away from that and towards the human experience
Art used to me (in the medieval time) 2D, now it moved to 3D
What was the centre of the renaissance
florence
What is humanism
As a whole, Humanism;
Emphasized the value of the Greek and Latin classic for their own sake, rather than for their relevance to Christianity
Collection and translation of classical manuscripts
Inspired by Plato (Aristotle inspired medieval scholarship)
Centred around education
Attempted to develop the character and intelligence of pupils by a general literary study of the ancient classics
Who was Salutati and what did he believe
Salutati (he came up with humanism, he was a philosopher of the time)
Man is responsible for his good or bad deeds
God does not control a man’s will or mortality
It is better to benefit others by living an active public life than to live as a monk, which does not benefit anyone other than the monk
Rejected medieval view of humanity (that we are all inherently evil) and focused on the goodness of mankind
How was status determined in the middle ages
it was inherited
What is the plague
Rat, rodent and flea disease
What were other causes of death during the middle ages
fire, natural disasters, FAMINE, human causes as well– wars and violence were common
What were the fears of the people
God and quick punishment
What were the 3 shields against the above
Religion, community and government
What were the 3 purposes of religion
Providence (gods justice), salvation (grace given by the church) and community
What is meant by providence
God was seen as the reason for good and bad in the everyday life
What is meant by salvation
Given by the church– this mad them so powerful
What 2 words can the changing views be summed up into
Renaissance and Scientific Revolution
What were the aspect of the medieval worldview
1– divine plan (world was a product of god’s power)
2– hierarchy (ascending orders of classes)
3– Dualism (spirit and matter… adopted by Christianity)
4– Allegory (literary example to find higher moral meaning)
5– Providence (no accidents, do something bad = god punishes)
6– Theology (all things have purpose)
Who did the Renaissance affect
The higher classes– everyone was affected by the reformation
Describe Malthusian Equilibrium
Simply put; as population increases, more demand for resources= more degradation of resources = more deaths = population equalization
How were fortresses and firearms different from the middle ages and the renaissance
Middle ages– armoured knights and stone castles. Lords with strong castles had a great power advantage
Renaissance– The invention of gunpowder. A castle was now vulnerable… the answer was a star shaped castle
What were the ambition of the state int he renaissance
Raise money, make war, feed the courts and do justice
What did the court not worry about during the renaissance
social welfare, health, etc
What was justice like during the renaissance
justice was haphazard. Honour both caused and glorified violence. Without well established police forces it was often difficult to catch criminals. Horrific torture and punishments were the answer
What was revolutionary about the renaissance art
The Invention of Linear Perspective: Seeing Far into Space
- with depth and the ‘vanishing point’ realism became a dominant art form in the Renaissance. . Leonardo da Vinci worked on various techniques, many mastered by painters like Raphael
What was significant about the printing press
Books went from rare to common, and expensive to cheap. It promoted languages, fostered news and propaganda, encouraged literacy & scholarship, lowered barriers… yet was still mostly only males that could read & write
Who created the movable type
Johann Guttenberg (1397-1468)
Who were the medici family
a dynasty of merchant princes– they claimed royalty even though they were a banker family (very successful)
Who played a major role in the renaissance
Pope Julius II and Pope Leo X played a major role. Roman Renaissance collapsed under Clement VII and never recovered
Who is Baldassare Castiglione
The Courtier As Idealist: In 1514 Baldassare Castiglione wrote his Book of the Courtier. A book that studied the skills and values of a good courtier
Who is Machiavelli
Wrote The Prince, dedicated to the Medici Pope Leo X. He stepped away from honour and religion. He asks: Is it better that a prince be loved or feared? (He votes fear). Should a prince keep his word? (Only when it benefits him)
How did the renaissance spread
Spread to areas that belonged to Church of Rome…. Other areas such as Russia (Orthodox) were not affected. It spread because of travel to Italy, movement of artists out of Italy
Who was Desiderius Erasmus
Erasmus had a huge influence. Because of print, he became Euope’s first public intellectual… translated New Testament of Bible from Greek to Latin…. Had vast correspondence bringing together educated people
Who was Thomas More
Thomas More, wrote Utopia, eutopia (good place) and outopia (no place)
Where did problems of the church stem from
problems in the Christian church stemmed from the shifting tastes of believers, and the evolving habits of Christian institutions. The Papacy was much like the modern state… taxing, waging wars… and like many leaders broke treaties and tried to gain advantage
What did the problems lead to
the reformation
What was the pre-formation
grew in the fertile ground of religious feeling. One ingredient was anti-clericalism. Clergy was often criticized for idleness, wealth, hypocritical self indulgence and sex.
- Another ingredient was the movement toward spiritual experiences that did not require the clergy. For Erasmus, believed in a self informed interpretation of the sacred text.
What launched the reformation
Pope Leo launched a sale of indulgences, aimed at funding the new St. Peter’s Cathedral. Indulgences were basically buying a pass to salvation. The indulgences set of the Reformation. In 1517 Luther posted his famous 95 theses- debating points. 1520 the pope issued a bull (papal order), excommunicating Luther if he did not submit… he had support, burned bull. Emperor of Germany, Charles V asked Luther to submit… he said: “Here I stand, I cannot do otherwise”…
- What Luther started no one could control. Led to Protestantism… Protestantism stripped away medieval heritage: monks, nuns, pilgrimages, indulgences & papal governance.
What was the counter-reformation
The Church Responds
- 1540s, under Paul III, the Council of Trent produced a papal victory. Against the Reformation Catholics deployed almost all the arts: architecture, sculpture, painting, music, etc. They developed the Baroque style
Did catholicsm and Protestantism did have things in common
Both Catholicsm and Protestantism did have things in common. Both looked to moral reform
Give example of other people before luther that opposed the church
John Wycliffe (1320-1384 Jan Hus (c. 1369- 1415) Desiderius Erasmus (1466 -1536)
How does england become protestant
Henry VIII became king in 1509 as a devout Catholic
Needed male heir – had a daughter (Mary) with wife Catherine of Aragon – by 1527 worried they wouldn’t produce an heir – tried for an annulment but pope turned him down (didn’t want to offend Catherine’s powerful nephew, HRE Charles V)
1529: Reformation Parliament: he calls Parliament and has it pass a set of laws that ended the pope’s power in England
Elizabeth I set up the Anglican Church as a state church and the only one to be legal in England
What was the peasants revolt
Peasants’ Revolt – religious freedom doesn’t= end to serfdom— but this isn’t what Luther meant at all so he took the side of the princes
What was the Edict of Worms
Edict of Worms: Holy Roman Emperor declared Luther an outlaw and a heretic – Luther didn’t recant
What was significant about spain during this time
They sponsored Christopher Columbus
What time period is considered the Age of Absolutism
1600-1715
What was the outcome of the 30 years war
End of the Thirty Years’ War- change in way countries dealt with one another
What was significant about the Treaty of Westphalia
Treaty of Westphalia (1648)- acceptance of national sovereignty. Gov’t not concerned with the people within its own country.
England and France led revolution in what during the 1600
Mid 1600s England & France dominant powers, led revolutions in science, philosophy, politics
What was significant about Galileo and his discoveries
1633- Galileo and science faced off against the church. The church declared the idea of a heliocentric universe heretical- told Galileo not to teach or defend it… tortured him
What happened during the scientific revolution
Trial of Galileo was a symptom of divide between church and science. The 1700s would usher in a time of scientific revolution which would change how Europeans saw themselves and the universe.
- medieval scientists believed that the earth was the centre of the universe.
What did Copernicus say
- put forward the idea that the sun was the centre of the universe (heliocentric universe). Further said earth rotated on axis every 24 hours.
What did Galileo say
- supported Copernicus’ ideas of heliocentric universe, used a telescope to discover planets, moons to back theories. Galileo up against the Catholic Church.
What did Johannes Kepler say
- sought to prove Galileo correct- 1. elliptical orbit of planets, 2. orbit speed increases as closer to the sun, 3. size of a planet’s orbit is proportional to the objects mass.
What did Isaac Newton say
- Three Laws of Motion: 1) if no force acts upon an object it will stay at rest. 2) every change of motion is directly proportional to the force that caused the change & inversely proportional to the objects mass. 3) Every action force, there is an equal reaction force in the opposite reaction.
What did William Harvey discover
There were many different organs int he body, it was not just one system– the heart was not the only significant part of the body
What is the scientific method
For centuries it was believed that “truths” were from studying the Bible… led to a new period of systematic skepticism, experimentation, and reasoning based on observation.
What did francis bacon say
Francis Bacon- stressed the importance of direct observation in ascertaining the truth
significance of rene descartes
Rene Descartes- application of methods and reasoning used in mathematics to the field of philosophy. Unlike other scientists believed that senses could be fooled… for Descartes the truth lay in the detached reasoning of the individual mind. Descartes argued that God for example could not be observed, but it was the mind, intelligence & reason proved God’s existence.
Hobbes and Locke were an example of what
Reformation challenged the authority of the papacy & the Roman Catholic Church. Scientific Revolution was also causing people to challenge political legitimacy. Claiming to rule by divine right was losing legitimacy
Significance about hobbes
Hobbes- wrote the book Leviathan- began with life in a state of nature (before societies, laws, etc). Believed that humans were inherently selfish & aggressive… left to own resources world would be in chaos & conflict. Therefore citizens needed to have law and ultimately follow a sovereign to avoid chaos.
Significance of locke
Locke- he thought that people would cooperate… government would enforce laws, people would surrender freedom to live in a society. This is referred to as a “social contract”. People make a social contract amongst themselves to establish a government to preserve rights
Define absolutism
claimed to rule by divine right. Biggest challenge for monarchs was the nobility. Monarchs created standing
Absolutism vs Constitutionalism.
armies. Louis XIV of France exemplified the absolutist belief that the monarchy personifies the state.
What were the foundations of absolutism
Louis XIV did not create absolutism, he inherited it. Cardinal Richelieu reflected increasing secularization… loyal to French state… laid the basis for French absolutism. To centralize power, he alienated the nobility.
- When Louis XIII & Richelieu died, Jules Mazarin and the child king Louis XIV took over.
- Mazarin tried to raise taxes to stabilize economy, revolt from French people… the time known as the Fronde left an imprint on the young king as he was often mistreated during this time. Made him think that absolutism was critical to maintain peace and stability
What was Louis XIV
AKA THE SUN KING
Reigned from 1643-1715… brought France to the pinnacle of its power.. creating a centralized nation-state and a new sense of French nationhood. New spirit of culture & nationhood, became known as “Sun King”.
What did Louis XIV create
created a standing army, centralized government. Created the Court of State, Court of Finances and Court of Dispatches. Developed a bureaucracy to insure his powers. Also, tried to strip power of papacy, but annulled… yet he did gain control of power over the Catholic Church
What is Colbert’s Economic Reforms
- financial genius, believed in mercantilism… colonization of New France was encouraged. Role of the colonies was to benefit France
What is The Palace of Versailles
- built a monument to the power of Louis XIV. Took 20 year to complete. Versailles became the centre of French power, and enhanced Louis’ role as embodiment of French state
What was Life at Versailles like
- routines of life were structured to increase power, and make nobility compete for favour of the King
What was important about The Wars of Louis XIV
- 4 major wars, with end being 1713 Peace of Utrecht, Louis had reduced French state to impoverished nation
What was The Legacy of Louis XIV
- brought huge power & misery for much of French population.
Who was Peter the Great
Peter the Great
- some see Peter I as a great man that modernized Russia, others saw the costs as too high. Peter did take Russia down the road toward Westernization.
- Reign began in 1682, at age of 10, became first czar of Russia
What was the Westernization of Russia
- sent men to Europe to learn about Western ways. Went himself incognito as Peter Mikhailov… also saw need to maintain ties with Eastern Europe and Asia. Encouraged people to learn many languages. Had westerners, including Isaac Newton, come to work in Russia.
How did Peter Secure Power
- like other European monarchs, Peter had trouble raising funds to accomplish everything he wanted to do. Taxed the masses heavily… A group known as the streltsy tried to depose Peter to maintain Russian traditions and religion, but they were uncovered and Peter killed 1000 streltsy
What was the Legacy of peter the great
he changed traditions and allows for the advancement of russia
What type of ruling did england have in the 17th century (same time as Peter the great)
England ruled by Constitutional Monarchy
Describe the Reign of James I
- son of Mary Queen of Scots… inherited throne when his cousin Elizabeth I died in 1603 without children. Was in constant conflict with Parliament
What happened with Charles I and English Civil War
- In 1629 Charles I suspended Parliament, but wars drained money and he was forced to recall in 1640. After disputes with Parliament, Charles I was charged with treason and beheaded in 1649
What was the glorious revolution
James II fled after William of Orange, the Dutch Monarch took the thrown after being asked by the English to depose James II.
What was the Economic Change in 17th Century England
- with the increase and ease of transportation methods in England, local economies became regional, then developed into a national economy
Describe the Social Classes & Cultural Units of 17th century England
- composed of many distinct social classes. Little inter-mingling, and each had its own set of values and culture.
Describe family life in 17th century England
Family Life
- often consisted of whole family living under one roof… grandparents, uncle, aunts, etc… male head was in charge of the house, the rest were not considered free. Live-in servants were common in all but poor houses.
Describe the impact of death in 17th century England
Deaths: Life’s Constant Companion
- In the 17th Century death was the centre of all family life. There were diseases, worms, diarrhea,
lack of milk… lack of personal hygiene, poor medical resources… filthy towns… huge impact on society and family.
What was the driving force behind European expansion
The driving force behind European expansion was a hunger for new markets and sources of raw materials to feed the emerging capitalist economy.
Did people travel much after the fall of the roman empire
After the fall of the Roman Empire, few people traveled more than 50 km… Medieval Europe was self-sufficient for the most part
What happened as a result of the first Crusade
With the launch of the First Crusade in 1906, Europeans began a venture that would lead them to the four corners of the earth… The Crusades may have failed to recapture the Holy Land but they led to an insatiable demand for goods from the Middle & Far East. Thus, exploration multiplied.
What is the age-old question
The age old question: Did Columbus discover American or did the people living in the Americas find him?
What was the medieval view of explorers
A Medieval View
- little was known about the world at this time. There were the ideas of Ptolemy (100-178 CE)… but most of the first explorers expected to find the classical beasts of ancient mythology
What was actually happening during the medieval times
There were many civilizations that were strong throughout the world: China, Ottomans, Muscovy, the Aztecs in the Americas, many in Africa including the Songhay, Mali & Mwene Mutapa empires
Who set out to explore the world
the Europeans
What was the rise of capitalism
originally lending money was considered breaking church law… land considered only true form of wealth. That changed with the wealthy banking families- The Medicis of Florence, and the Fuggers of Augsberg.
- the idea of using money to make money emerged. Capitalism: labour, capital & raw materials came to dominate trade. Capitalists searched for raw materials rather than simply trading goods.
Why did the Europeans venture out
European came to desire spices, herbs and other material from the East, places such as India. This became difficult with the Turkish conquest of Constantinople in 1453… Ottomans looked to control & regulate trade… caused West to search elsewhere for goods
Why was the discovery of wind systems if the Atlantic good
Exploration spread… especially when wind systems if the Atlantic were discovered. Favourable sailing conditions in the Atlantic made it easier for Euro exploration than the countries that faced the rougher Pacific like Japan.
How did religion drive exploration as well
religion also motivated exploration. With split of Christendom after Luther’s 1517 95 Theses, and the threat of Islam to the East… explorers looked to expand their religious beliefs. Many colonies also became places for people such as Mennonites and Puritans to practice their religion free from persecution
who led the way to discovering the americas
Portuguese and Spanish led the way discovering the Americas, the route to the Pacific and circumnavigating the globe
what was the trial of columbus
Columbus settled in what is now Haiti and Dominican Republic… despite sailing genius failed as a governor. Tried to spread Euro ideals and religion. He was sent back to Spain in chains to be put on trial… he was eventually exonerated.
what was China like in the 16th century and did they want trade with the europeans
China in the 16th Century was a highly developed, centralized, bureaucratic state Europeans attempted to establish trade relations with the East. China was less interested in the West.
Wat was significant about the interaction with japan and europe
Japan was unstable in early 1500s making European expansion easier than in China. They tried to convert Japanese to Christianity. In 1600 the shogun Tokugawa Ieyasu united Japan, made Tokyo the capital… brought peace and order. Also expelled all Europeans in Japan… crucified thousands of Native converts. This was the beginning of Japan’s seclusion policy. Japan would remain isolated for the next 250 years
What is significant about slavery and the europeans
Slavery did exist in Africa prior to Europeans. Europeans came in with idea such a religion justifying slavery as they baptized boatloads of puzzled Africans claiming they were being brought closer to Jesus.
- The legacy of slavery is seen in many of the problems there today. Many areas were depopulated, little was given in return, civil wars were started, and exploitation was the norm
What was the evolving europeans world system
a capitalist world economy developed out of European trade. There were other large economies such as Russia and Asia… with Europe choosing the path of capitalism.
- Slaves, tenants, serfs… worked the land for the upper classes
Why were Spain and Portugal big rivals
Wanted raw materials & all important access through to Pacific.
What happened when europeans came in contact with other people
very quickly conquered, exploited and overtook the native populations.
What trade companies were developed
East India Company(1600) for trade with India - United East India Company- trade with Malaya & Indonesia.
- French East India Co., Dutch United West India Co.
What was the purpose of the trade companies
they were government initiatives that exploited overseas markets.
- Even small countries such as the Netherlands were able to develop large empires. The Dutch were to play a prominent role in various areas of the world.
Was influence spread throughout the world by Europe ?
yes, influence was spread throughout the world during this time period. Also a two way street… info and cultures came back to Europe as well
