Unit 1 from Review Flashcards
Why did the Holy Roman Empire fail (1250-1493)
couldn’t control its own subjects let alone expertise leadership over others
What ruled the word during the medieval times
feudalism, superstition and the plague
What was the accepted answer t any questions regarding existence and such
Christianity provided really simple answers to many difficult questions; Why did this happen? God willed it. This was the accepted answer.
What was the hierarchy in the medieval times
King (appointed for protection and to handle territory)—Lords (appointed to protect both lord and king)— Knights (appointed to work the land)
What was another name for the plague
Black Death
Where did the black death begin
Asia– it spread due to increasing trade and travel
What was the social impact of the plague
Social impact in many cases was panic, to wild debauchery as the end neared
Was the church affected during the plague
Church suffered from loss of they flock to death and disillusionment
How many people died in Europe during the black death
It is argued that 1/3 people died in Europe
Did people start to see their value during the black death
much of the work force was dying, people started to see their value as the King needed the taxes (positive of the black death)
What did people blame the black death on
Blame ranged from God to Jews to lepers
Did people in the medieval times have an interest in the body
Medieval interest in the human body was minimal. The internal organs were not differentiated (the body was seen as one organ)
Why did people not think very independently in the medieval times
Medieval people lived in an environment of fear and insecurity that limited their awareness and potential for independent thinking
Challenged by; bandits, viking raids, plague, famine, anarchy… man was feeble, God was great
Describe Gothic Architecture
The Gothic interpretation of this point of view was a monument that seems to dwarf the man who enters it, for space, light, structure and the plastic effects of the masonry are organized to produce a visionary scale
Describe the philosophy of the middle ages
Built on theology
New ideas we quashed
Who was Duns Scotus
Duns Scotus (“Dunce”— the dunce cap, he proved everything through the bible)
Who was William of Ockham
‘Okham’s Razor’
“the principle that facts should be interpreted with a minimum of explanatory causes”… separates reason from fait… opening the door to science (the simplest answer is probably to right one)
Was the middle ages a period of witchcraft
yes
What was the punishment of crimes int he middle ages
Punishment of crimes: Hanging, mutilation, torture, amputation
Who was in charge of historiography
Historiography was dictated by males, often priests or monks
What was the language in the middle ages
Latin was the language, only these people did historiography, so you hope what you were reading things that were honest
Did churches rule the people in the middle ages
yes
What was the 15th century considered
15th century considered the transition period– Western Europe broke free of Muslim blockades
Was the renaissance a “rebirth” for everyone
no, it didn’t happen to everyone
When did the renaissance happen
Period from the early 1300’s to roughly 1600
What was significant about the renaissance
there was a renewed interest in history literature and art
Especially in ancient greek and Rome
It pushed Europe to modernity
What does renaissance mean
rebirth
Did the renaissance boost Europes economy
yes, it helped to recover it
Was the renaissance more intellectual or physical
The Renaissance as an “intellectual” reality, not as a “physical” one
Remember, not a lot of people were literate and could think
What does it mean to be a renaissance man
‘independence of mind’
A Person who mastered all areas of art and thought… becoming a “complete man”
Leonardo da Vinci was labeled as this, this was not a common title at all
What did renaissance men believe
“Man’s fate could be controlled and improved”
What is baroque art
The work that distinguishes the Baroque period is stylistically complex, even contradictory. In general, however, the tries to invoke emotional states by appealing to the senses, often in dramatic ways underlines its manifestation
Some of the qualities most frequently associated with Baroque are grandeur, sensuous richness, drama, vitality, movement, tension, emotional exuberant, and a tendency to blur distinctions between the various art
How was baroque art different than the art of the middle ages
Much art prior to this, served the purpose of serving GOD, here the art and music drifted away from that and towards the human experience
Art used to me (in the medieval time) 2D, now it moved to 3D
What was the centre of the renaissance
florence
What is humanism
As a whole, Humanism;
Emphasized the value of the Greek and Latin classic for their own sake, rather than for their relevance to Christianity
Collection and translation of classical manuscripts
Inspired by Plato (Aristotle inspired medieval scholarship)
Centred around education
Attempted to develop the character and intelligence of pupils by a general literary study of the ancient classics
Who was Salutati and what did he believe
Salutati (he came up with humanism, he was a philosopher of the time)
Man is responsible for his good or bad deeds
God does not control a man’s will or mortality
It is better to benefit others by living an active public life than to live as a monk, which does not benefit anyone other than the monk
Rejected medieval view of humanity (that we are all inherently evil) and focused on the goodness of mankind
How was status determined in the middle ages
it was inherited
What is the plague
Rat, rodent and flea disease
What were other causes of death during the middle ages
fire, natural disasters, FAMINE, human causes as well– wars and violence were common
What were the fears of the people
God and quick punishment
What were the 3 shields against the above
Religion, community and government
What were the 3 purposes of religion
Providence (gods justice), salvation (grace given by the church) and community
What is meant by providence
God was seen as the reason for good and bad in the everyday life
What is meant by salvation
Given by the church– this mad them so powerful
What 2 words can the changing views be summed up into
Renaissance and Scientific Revolution
What were the aspect of the medieval worldview
1– divine plan (world was a product of god’s power)
2– hierarchy (ascending orders of classes)
3– Dualism (spirit and matter… adopted by Christianity)
4– Allegory (literary example to find higher moral meaning)
5– Providence (no accidents, do something bad = god punishes)
6– Theology (all things have purpose)
Who did the Renaissance affect
The higher classes– everyone was affected by the reformation
Describe Malthusian Equilibrium
Simply put; as population increases, more demand for resources= more degradation of resources = more deaths = population equalization
How were fortresses and firearms different from the middle ages and the renaissance
Middle ages– armoured knights and stone castles. Lords with strong castles had a great power advantage
Renaissance– The invention of gunpowder. A castle was now vulnerable… the answer was a star shaped castle
What were the ambition of the state int he renaissance
Raise money, make war, feed the courts and do justice
What did the court not worry about during the renaissance
social welfare, health, etc
What was justice like during the renaissance
justice was haphazard. Honour both caused and glorified violence. Without well established police forces it was often difficult to catch criminals. Horrific torture and punishments were the answer
What was revolutionary about the renaissance art
The Invention of Linear Perspective: Seeing Far into Space
- with depth and the ‘vanishing point’ realism became a dominant art form in the Renaissance. . Leonardo da Vinci worked on various techniques, many mastered by painters like Raphael
