Unit 1 from notes

Question 1

What happened in Early Middle Ages: 500 – 1050 CE

Answer 1

Small independent kingdoms spring up in Italy, Gaul, Spain, Germany and Britain.
These kingdoms become united by the Roman Catholic Church

Question 2

What happened in High Middle Ages: 1000 – 1300 CE

Answer 2

Europe faces challenges and changes to the established order of society. Fights over land and power – rise of conflict between Church and State. Feudalism is in place

Question 3

What happened in Late Middle Ages: 1300 -1500 CE

Answer 3

Famine, Plague, War, and innovations occur

Question 4

who were The Carolingians

Answer 4

Rulers during the high middle ages

Question 5

Who was Charles Martel (the carolingians) what did he do

Answer 5

“the hammer”, an aristocrat, became leader of the Frankish Kingdom of Francia. He fought other rivals and by 732 took control of Southern Gaul.
• By taking over some land owned by the Church, Martel began some religious reforms. He and other clergy wanted to restore the ideals of the strict life of the Church

Question 6

Who was Pepin the Short and what did he do

Answer 6

After Martel’s death his son, Pepin the Short, took over and got rid of church officials that were involved in politics, thus eliminated a source of political opposition.
• Pepin sought to be King and called on the Pope for help. He called on the Pope to rule that the person with the power should have the title of King.
• With Pepin’s ascent to the throne he establish the Church as “the maker of Kings”. Then he established the “Carolingian” Dynasty, after his father, as protectors of the papacy.

Question 7

How did the Charlemagne rule end

Answer 7

After Charlemagne’s death his son Louis the Pious took over in 814, but the dynasty fell apart because he did not leave a successor after his own death in 840. There were civil wars and finally the empire was split into three. Eventually other invaders – such as the Vikings overtook it

Question 8

What did Saint mean

Answer 8

Originally, ‘Saint’ meant ‘Christian’, but by 200s CE, ‘Saint’ meant ‘Christian martyr’ – those who sacrificed themselves for the faith

Question 9

What is PRIMOGENITURE

Answer 9

the eldest son inherited everything– this system was followed for a portion of middle ages

Question 10

What is feudalism

Answer 10

Feudalism is the system in which a property (land) is granted by a Lord to a Vassal in return for military and other services

Question 11

What is excommunication

Answer 11

Being exiled from the church… worse than death

Question 12

What is the Magna Carta

Answer 12

“Great Charter” – 1215 C.E.
• Listed rights of nobles and the king’s responsibilities and privileges in governing
• Could not set new taxes without consulting Great Council (made
up of Lords and clergy)
• King had to obey laws like subjects did
• Rights of common people and church recognized
• Rights granted to nobles were extended to all citizens over time

Question 13

During the renaissance, what improved to help exploration

Answer 13

Astrolabe, and improved magnetic compass

Mapping (cartography) improves, Shipbuilding

Question 14

What is The Florin

Answer 14

Gold coin— so pure that it becomes a standard currency throughout all of Europe (instead of trading goods, they began to trade this)

Question 15

Who was Savonarola

Answer 15

— a monk who opposed the way of living of the people in Florence, he thought that the people were straying too far from true religion
Concern over spiritual issues for Florentine citizens leads to “Bonfire of the Vanities”
Call for Florentines to burn excessive material goods like cosmetics, “immoral” paintings, playing cards, etc
Later excommunicated and executed in 1498

Question 16

Who was Pope Leo X

Answer 16

born Giovanni di Lorenzo de’ Medici
Pope from 1513 to his death in 1521.
He is known for granting indulgences for those who donated to reconstruct St. Peter’s Basilica and his challenging of Martin Luther’s 95 Theses.
He was the second son of Lorenzo de’ Medici, the most famous ruler of the Florentine Republic

Question 17

Who was Giulio di Giuliano de’ Medici

Answer 17

Pope Leo X’s cousin, succeed him as Pope Clement VII

Question 18

How did the Medici Fam legend begin

Answer 18

This family legend began with Giovanni de Bicci de Medici who established a bank in Florence in 1397

Question 19

Who is Cosimo “the elder” (medici family)

Answer 19

1429 – Giovanni is succeeded by his son Cosimo who established prolonged period of political stability and a man of wide interests
He supported painters, sculptors, and architects. He attracted philosophers to Florence by establishing the Plato Academy and gave Florence the largest library in Europe.
He was survived by his son, Piero, who only lived by 5 more years

Question 20

Who is Lorenzo “the Magnificent” (medici fam)

Answer 20

Piero’s son, Lorenzo, succeeds his father in 1469
More inclined to exercise power through force than his predecessors
1471 – the city of Volterra tried to cancel a contract with the Medici bank for a mine the Medici had financed. Lorenzo arranged with the duke of Urbino to borrow an army that he sent to sack and pillage Volterra to enforce the contract

Question 21

What was the relationship between Medici and papacy

Answer 21

By 1478 – the relationship between the Medici and papacy chilled due to their opposition of Pope Sixtus IV’s plan to unite Italy under the pope’s leadership.
Sixtus cancelled the church’s financial arrangements with the Medici and joined the plot to assassinate Lorenzo and his brother, Giuliano. Lorenzo escapes but G. doesn’t…
This outrages the people of Florence who locate and execute the conspirators.
To retaliate, Sixtus excommunicates all of Florence and tries to arrange an alliance with the king of Naples to overturn the Medici.
BUT Lorenzo goes to Naples and convinces the king to not attack Florence – DRAMA!! He is known as the Magnificent
Sixtus was succeeded in 1484 by Pope Clement VIII (friend of Medici) who appoints Lorenzo’s son Giovanni a cardinal at age 14… outrages some including Girolamo Savonarola (Domincan friar living in Florence)
Sav gains a following and bitterly opposes the Medici
1494- 2 years after Lorenzo dies his successor (son Piero) was driven out of Florence, never to return so Medici palace was ransacked and the Medici bank fails
1512 – papal army under Pope Julius II help return Piero’s bro Guiliano (cardinal at 14) to power
1513- Guiliano is elected as Pope Leo X
Leo dies in 1523; his cousin becomes Pope Clement VII then comes under siege of Holy Roman Emperor as Charles V who sack Rome. Sets up truce with Holy Roman E to restore Medici to power in 1528… but by end of 16 century glory days of Medici are over

Question 22

Who was John Wycliffe (1320-1384)

and what did he believe

Answer 22

English scholar at Oxford
Criticized the clergy and the corruption of the Roman Church
Wycliffe wanted a return to simple first-century Christianity
He believed the Bible to be supreme authority for Christians (not the church) **important to note
Although he was a priest of the Roman Church, he declared that only the sea of the church is Christ
He is best known for the translation of the Latin version of the bible to the English version
Condemned as a heretic (someone who goes against the beliefs of the church) by the Catholic church

Question 23

Who was Jan Hus (c. 1369- 1415)

and what did he believe

Answer 23

Was trained for the priesthood and became the head of the theology faculty at the University of Prague of Bohemia
Greatly influenced by the teachings of Wycliffe, but was also a hard-working, independent thinker
He preached against he corruption of the Roman Church
He distinguished between being in the church and being of the church
he taught that popes and cardinals are not necessary to the government of the church
Condemned as a heretic and burned at the stake
Hus has profound influence upon Europe and his teachings spurred Luther to take his stand against the Roman Church

Question 24

Who is Desiderius Erasmus (1466 -1536)

and what did he believe

Answer 24

He found the monkish life confining but kept a streak of mystical piety evident throughout his works
He learned Latin, Greek and Humanist philology
Created a new translation, from Greek to Latin, of the New Testament correcting many philological errors of the official bible
Wrote The Praise of Folly
Helped knit together the intellectual world
Erasmianism, as a movement, had a moral core: blending humanism with piety
Though Erasmus remained a Catholic his influential ideas helped state the Protestant Reformation

Question 25

What is included in Protestantism

Answer 25

Desacralized priesthood– says that they are not closer to god, they are just students of religion
Clergy becomes ministers not intermediaries
Holy scripture as authority – interpreted by everyday people, (not only the more elite people)
No monks, nuns, pilgrimages, relics, patron saints and their holidays, Easter plays, amulets, purgatory, papal governance stripped away
Austerity (simplicity), secularization (more about the people, the christians)

Question 26

What were the Actions taken by the Catholic Church to counteract the impact of the Protestant Reformation

Answer 26

Council of Trent
Roman Inquisition
Index of prohibited Books
Creation of religious orders

Question 27

What was the council of trent

Answer 27

All medieval church law was valid and important
Latin would remain the official language
Re-emphasized the importance of “good works” and “faith”
No new definition of sacraments
Pushed bishops into cities and strengthened their authority (the value of education was up)
Each diocese was to have its own seminary

Question 28

What was the Roman Inquisition

Answer 28

a tribunal designed to find heretics (torture them) and bring them to find justice (death)
This was more for the people watching so scare them into converting

Question 29

After the reformation, what did the Roman Catholic side believe in/say

Answer 29

Scriptures interpreted by wisdom (only the higher up people, not meant for the every-day person)
Good works and good faith
7 sacraments
Stick with Latin
Clergy must be celibate and chaste 
Purgatory is real
Honour Saints

Question 30

After the reformation, what did the protestants believe it/say

Answer 30

Scripture as you read it
Faith alone
2 sacraments— Eucharist, Baptism
Language of the people
Clergy could marry
Go to Heaven or Hell
Criticized Honouring Saint

Question 31

What is the Geocentric view

Answer 31

Earth was seen as the centre of the universe

Question 32

What were the causes of the scientific revolution

Answer 32

1. Following the breaking away of philosophy from theology into its own independent field of study, science broke away from philosophy.
2. A revival Greek mathematical and medical works inspired many individuals to seek out reasons for the differences between the two studies.
3. Newfound patronage for science in Italy. In addition to that, navigational problems during long sea expeditions resulted in the creation of the telescope, barometer, thermometer, pendulum clock, microscope and air pump which eventually culminated in more successfully voyages to exotic lands. Also resulted in the discovery of new plants and animals which inspired an in interest in the natural sciences.
4. Difficulties within the Catholic Church were beneficial during the creation of the scientific revolution as many countries became pro-science and had an opportunity to prosper without being suppressed by the church.
5. Protestant countries encouraged scientific inventions and discoveries because of their Capitalist ideals and financial interest.
6. Printing press allowed the spread of knowledge and sharing of ideas in order to cause the scientific revolution

Question 33

What did Copernicus (1473-1543) say

Answer 33

Came up with Heliocentric (Sun-centred) universe
Challenged circular orbits
Theorized Universe of staggering size
Earth no different than any other planet

Question 34

What did Tycho Brahe (1546-1601) say

Answer 34

Most sophisticated observatory of his day
Retained Aristotle’s views
Discovered moments and observed/recorded movement of stars and planets

Question 35

What did Johannes Kepler (1571-1630) say

Answer 35

Student of Brahe
Planetary motion conforms o mathematical formula
Elliptical orbits— Planets do not move at uniform speeds in their orbits
Orbit times correspond to the distance from the sun

Question 36

What did Francis Bacon (1561-1626) say

Answer 36

Father of Empiricism; knowledge is gained through experience and experimentation— begin ing of the scientific method
New attitude toward nature— could be controlled/manipulated

Question 37

What did Galileo Galilei (1564-1642) say

Answer 37

Early practitioner of the experimental method
Mathematical formula for acceleration of falling objects
Law of inertia (why things move, forces applied for things to move)
Supported Copernicus
Forced to recant— on his deathbed uttered “And yet it (the Earth) moves.”

Question 38

What did Isaac Newton (1642-1727) say

Answer 38

Synthesizes math, astronomy, philosophy
Blends indicative and deductive methods
Theories of planets, gravity, nature

Question 39

What did Rene Descartes (1596-1650) say

Answer 39

Significance of Doubt— everything needed to be proven
Reliance on logic and math, not experimentation
Spatial relationships can be expressed in mathematical formulas

Question 40

What did the scientific method include

Answer 40

Scientific Method –
Inductive Reasoning: direct observation of nature; knowledge is basis of power and allows human control of nature (Newton)
Deductive Reasoning: our knowledge is already within us or deduced by rational means, without the help of our senses – use of intellect and reason (Descartes)

Question 41

What factors influenced European exploration and conquest?

Answer 41

Capitalism: Pre-Capitalist society to Capitalist society
• Searching for Wealth
• Geography
• Technology
The Search for Souls

Question 42

Who were The Aztecs

Answer 42

• First Encounter: 1519 Hernan Cortes
• Great Cities: Tenochtitlán (Huge Temple, Numerous Canals, Royal Palace)
• A city as wealthy and complex as any in Europe
• Highly Structured Society: Based on Agriculture and Religion

Question 43

What were the Effects of Spanish Conquest on the aztec

Answer 43

Radical Depopulation
• Roughly 25 million pre-contact with a 95% decline by the end of the 16th century • Causes of Rapid Decline
• Disease
• Forced Labour
• Slavery
• Demoralization
• Introduction of Cattle, Sheep and Goats

Question 44

Who were The Inca

Answer 44

• Extremely Wealthy
• Complex Political Organization
• Military success comparable to that of Alexander the Great
• Accomplished Feats of Engineering
• Estimated population of 12-20 million

Question 45

What were the Effects of Spanish Conquest on the inca

Answer 45

• Series of Attacks (1525- 1572)
• 1533 Pizzarro (160 soldiers) defeats the armies of Atawallpa (murdered 7000 soldiers that did not fight back), holds him for ransom then murders him
• Encomienda System
• The encomienda was a dependency relation system, that started in Spain during the Roman Empire, where the stronger people protected the weakest in exchange for a service; later used in the Spanish colonization of the Americas. The Spanish monarch would assign a Spaniard with the task of “protecting” a specific group of Native Americans.
• By 1570 Incan population was 1.5 million

Question 46

Who was James I and what did he do

Answer 46

James VI of Scotland (son of Mary Queen of Scots, cousin and successor of Elizabeth I of England)
1603
Financial Problems, lavish spending and laziness
Appeal to parliament for an increase in taxes (wanted 1 million pounds but got 200,000)
Renewed long-unused dues (sold titles which angered nobles)
Into witches and witchcraft (wrote Demonology)
“the wisest fool in Christendom”
Reigned 22 years
Succeeded by his son Charles I

Question 47

Who was Charles I

and what did he do

Answer 47

Crowned in 1625
Debate on constitutional powers with parliament; stubborn and disliked
11 years of tyranny- due to Parliament’s refusal to grant tax increases
1629, Charles suspended parliament – almost an absolute monarchy
Had to recall parliament in 1640 when coffers $ had been drained by ongoing war in Ireland
Stormed parliament in 1642 with 1500 horsemen – most able to escape so civil war broke out
Civil War from 1643-1649 (Royalists vs “Roundheads”)
1646 – Charles captured by Roundheads but he refused to negotiate with them (no compromise)
January 30, 1649 charged with treason and beheaded

Question 48

Who was Oliver Cromwell

and what did he do

Answer 48

1649-1658 – governed a parliamentary republic of England
Government was essentially the same as before, just without an official monarch
Divisions among parliamentarians over control of army and religious tolerance
Cromwell was offered the crown but refused
Died in 1658, England once again was without a ruler

Question 49

Who was Charles II

and what did he do

Answer 49

THE RESTORATION (1658-1685)
Son of beheaded Charles I (had sought refuge in France during Cromwell’s reign)
Invited back to the throne
Terms of invitation made it impossible to pass laws, or raise revenues without parliament’s approval
Ruled effectively (despite being pro-French, and pro-Catholic)

Question 50

What was significant about James II and the Glorious Revolution

Answer 50

Came to the throne after the death of his brother (Charles II) in 1685
Made it known that he wanted to restore the Roman-Catholic faith and revive power of the British monarch
Alienated English citizens
Prominent citizens oppose the king and ask Dutch monarch, William of Orange, to invade England and seize the throne
William had claim to the throne through marriage); he entered with 15 000 troops
James II flees without offering any resistance = not a single shot fired = THE GLORIOUS REVOLUTION
William and Mary (of Orange) accept the crown and govern jointly
Bill of Rights passed in 1689, ensure that monarch would not attempt to govern without the Parliament (outlines powers and rights of parliament – NEEDS consent of Parl.)

Question 51

What did john locke believe

Answer 51

Basic Premise
The power of authority must be limited – i.e. government exists only to protect life, liberty and property
Nature
Humans = good
Perfect freedom ≠ complete freedom, (i.e. freedom requires some limitations because some humans will fight for personal gain)
All humans are equal (i.e. no one has the right to take the life of another)
Rights
People may act as they wish as long as they don’t harm another person
Gov’t must guarantee rights, must restrain people from taking away life, health, freedom of another
People enter into a social contract and agree to rule of law, power remains with the people and governments acts on their behalf
Role of Government
People make a social contract amongst themselves to establish a government to preserve rights
A contract is made between the gov’t and the people to limit gov’t authority (usually a constitution), i.e. government must submit to the will of the masses
If leader(s) abuses power, people have the right to overthrow gov’t in order to guarantee rights **Big contrast
Conclusion
People have the right to choose their leader
Focus is on equal rights

Question 52

What did Thomas Hobbes believe

Answer 52

Basic Premise
Human authority is necessary to control society because humans are fundamentally competitive
Nature
Humans = evil
Nature = state of chaos (no law, order, culture); there will always be conflict because people naturally competitive – have to fend for self and protect self
People are free and could anything they wanted with no restrictions or repercussions; Justice, equity = unnatural, therefore must impose order
Rights
Tied to laws, customs, religion – but Hobbes did believe that all people were equal under the law
Affirmed individual rights but these must be controlled by an authority in order to limit the consequences of humanity’s evil nature
Role of Government
People must form a social contract to give select people (e.g. monarchy, constitutional government, etc.) power to ensure that rights upheld
Must demand responsible gov’t because left to themselves, people will give in to natural evil
Only an absolute sovereign could bring peace out of chaos
Conclusion
We must have a force strong enough to suppress persons prone to evil
Must ensure that individual rights are guaranteed – ensure stability and order even at the expense of individual liberties

Question 53

What was the 30 years war

Answer 53

A conflict over religion, territory and power among European ruling families from 1618-1648
Mostly Catholic vs. Protestant in Central Europe (France and Germany)

Question 54

What were Luther’s main ideas

Answer 54

His teachings in 3 main ideas—
People could win salvation only by faith in God’s gift of forgiveness. The Church taught that faith and “good works” were needed for salvation.
All Church teachings should be clearly based on the words of the Bible. Both the pope and Church traditions were false authorities.
All people with faith were equal. Therefore, people did not need priests to interpret the Bible for them.

Question 55

What is the Edict of Nantes of 1598

Answer 55

Edict of Nantes of 1598 – grants Huguenots wide political and military privileges