Unit 2 Flashcards
What is satire
literary work that ridicules its subject through the use of techniques such as exaggeration, reversal, incongruity and/or parody in order to make a comment or criticism
what are the elements of satire
exaggeration, incongruity, reversal and parody
what is exaggeration
To enlarge, increase, or represent something beyond normal bounds so that it becomes ridiculous and its faults can be seen
what is incongruity
To present things that are out of place or absurd in relation to its surroundings
what is reversal
To present the opposite of the normal order (e.g. the order of events, hierarchical order, traditional roles)
what is parody
To imitate the techniques and/or style of some person, place, or thing
how was satire related to the enlightenment
Satire was used as a weapon to expose the follies of society and hold them up to ridicule
What is the enlightened disposition also known as
Enlightened Absolutism
what did ruler desire during the enlightenment disposition
Rulers desired to make effective governments, stronger economies and more powerful militaries
what were the main principles of the enlightenment
principles of reason and tolerance to carry out reforms
during the enlightenment disposition, how did rulers rule
Ruers maintained virtually unlimited power, not the same as constitutional rule
how was the crown’s authority impacted by the enlightenment disposition
Strengthen the authority of the crown through centralized power
what was the desire with regard to law during the enlightenment disposition
Desire for a single law code for the entire state
how were religious institutions impacted but he enlightenment
Religious institutions were brought under stricter control
Increased religious tolerance under some rulers
how was the economy impacted by the enlightenment
Strengthening of the economy through state intervention
what was the aim of the enlightenment
Aim was to both improve the lot of their subjects, as well as make more powerful monarchies
who were key rulers of the enlightenment
fredrick II (the great) of Prussia Joseph II of Austria Catherine II (the Great) of Russia Maria Theresa of the Holy Roman Empire Gustav III of Sweden
when did the french revolution occur
1789 – 1799
what were the different stages and gov’t forms of the french revolution
Pre revolution (Absolute monarchy) Moderate Phase (Constitutional monarchy) Radical Phase (Republic) Terror (Dictatorship) Thermidorian Reaction (Oligarchy) Napoleonic France (Emperor, absolute power)
what were the 4 causes of the french revolution
Political Issues, Economic Problems, Social Tensions, Intellectual Influences
what were the political issues
Leadership and No representation
What was wrong with the leadership (with regards to political issues)
long history of poor leaders (especially Louis XIV) and legacy of absolutism
Louis XIV— not fit to rule
Marie Antoinette – spending and habits, inability to conceive
expand on the “no representation” point (with regard to the political issues)
Absolute rule/divine right
No Estates General since 1614
No Parliament – only Parliaments (13) which dealt with local matters
What were the economic problems
Long term:
Louis XIV’s extravagant spending (Versailles, war)
Seven year’s war and colonies
American Revolution (aid)
Inefficient taxation (the poor paid the most taxes)
Massive debt
Short term:
Poor crops (winter of 1788-1789)
Inflation (cost of bread skyrockets)
New taxes imposed to pay for the aid to America
what were the social tension problems
the estate system
what is the estate system
3 estates
Lack of social mobility
Privilege and patronism
What were the three estates
Before the revolution the French people were divided into groups:
The first estate: the clergy
The second estate: the nobility
The third estate: the common people (bourgeoisie, urban worker, and peasants)
Legally the first 2 estates enjoyed many privileges, particularly exemption from most taxation
What was the first estate
The first estate, the clergy, consisted of rich and poor
Bishops, monks, nuns, and lower clergy
Some lived in luxury off of wealthy church lands
Also poor parish priests, who lived much like the peasants
what is the second estate
The second estate, the nobility, inherited their titles and got their wealth from the land
Enjoyed both privileges and wealth (e.g. tax exemptions)
Division between old and new nobility
what is the third estate
The 3rd estate, the common people, was by far the largest group of France
Wealthy merchants, whose wealth rivalled that of the nobility (Bourgeoisie)
Doctors and lawyers
Shopkeepers
The urban poor
The peasants who worked the land
who were the bourgeoisie
Middle class (bankers, doctors, lawyers)— BUT still part of the third estate
Grew in wealth but not power— no mobility
Highly educated
Influenced by the Philosophes
what were the intellectual influences of the enlightenment
Enlightenment in Europe
Enlightened despotism
English civil was— showed that the constitutional monarchies WERE possible
American Revolution— France supported it— they must agree, right? Wrong!
what was the pre-revolutionary Period
The King attempted to solve the financial crisis by removing some of the nobles’ tax exemptions
The Parliament, a judicial organization controlled by the nobility, invoked its powers to block the king’s move
He was forced reluctantly to call a meeting of all three groups to air their grievances
what are some of the grievances and demands of the first estate? (only ned to name a few!)
No new taxes without the assembly’s consent
Existing taxes abolished and recreated by the assembly
The Estates General shall meet regularly, at times set by the king
The government should recognize individual freedoms
Limited freedom of the press should be allowed
Catholicism should remain as the national religion
Sundays/holy days should remain sacred
Maintenance of voting by order in future assemblies
Maintenance of clerical rights/privilege
what were the grievances and demands of the second estate
Voting by order to be continued
Meeting of Estates-General every 5 years
Hereditary monarch
King has final say on all civil laws
New laws need to be approved by local Parlements before the assembly
Control of national funds by the Estates-General
Freedom of the press
An end to tax exemptions for the first estate
what were the grievances and demands of the first estate
Proportional taxation of first and second estates Voting by head in the Estates-General Creation of a constitutional monarchy Right to own private property End to excess taxes (corvee, tithes) No arbitrary arrest/imprisonment Free education Standardized weights/measures End of government interference in the marketplace
how was voting done before the revolution
Tradition dictated that voting was done by order
First and and second estates voted against the third
what did the third estate demand with regards to the voting
The third estate demanded voting by head
The King refused, but the third estate refused to back down
Arrived at Versailles, but were locked out
what was the tennis court oath
third estate called themselves the “National Assembly” and vowed to stay together until France had a constitution
Let us swear to God and our country that we will not disperse until we have established a sound and just constitution, as instructed by those who nominated us.”— M. Mounier
how did the national assembly come to be
liberal clergyman rallied the commoners of France to assert their power and take charge of the Estates General
At his suggestion, declared themselves the National Assembly and invited the other tow orders to join them (some did)
The next sat they found their meeting hall locked
At the suggestion of one of the delegates they moved to a nearby indoor tennis court
what happened when the king heard about the “national assembly”
Hearing of the oath, Louis XIV called a meeting of all three of the estates
He ordered the third estate to disperse, but they refused
Louis was unwilling to use force and ordered the first and second estates to join the new National Assembly
The third estate had won so far, but Louis had other plans!
what was the moderate phase
Conditions were poor in Paris for the common people
The price of bread was high and supplies were short due
to harvest failures
Rumours spread that the King and Queen were responsible for the shortages
Then French troops marched to the capital
Rumours spread quickly among the restless mobs that
the King was intending to use them against the people
The dismissal of the Finance Minister Necker, who was popular with the third estate, ignited the spark
where did mobs of people go looking for weapons?
Mobs roamed in search of weapons
Although some muskets were found when they broke into a public hospital for wounded soldiers, there was no ammunition
where did the mobs go when they couldn’t find ammunition
The ammunition was stored in the Bastille
A fortress that had been used as a state prison
when did the storming of bastille happen
July 14, 2789
what was the storming of bastille
the mob, joined by some of the king’s soldiers, stormed the Bastille
The commander of the Bastille, de Launay, attempted to surrender, but the mob would not accept it
He was killed as they poured through the gates
No guard was left alive
what did the new national assembly create
the historic and influential document The Declaration of the Rights of Man
what was the declaration of the rights of man
Stated the principle that all men had equal rights under the law
the declaration of the rights of man was a basis of what
The document has remained the basis for subsequent declarations of human rights
Like the Universal Declaration of Human Rights
what did the declaration of the rights of man state
Men are born free and equal in their rights….These rights are liberty, property, security and resistance to oppression
The fundamental source of all sovereignty resides in the nation
The law is the expression of the general will. All citizens have the right to take part personally, or through representatives, in the making of the law”
what was the constitution of 1791 (with regards to the government)
France became a centralized state with a one-house legislature
Elected by two-thirds of Frenchmen, called “active” citizens
King had a suspensive veto - could delay but not nullify
More equitable system of taxation instituted
Reform of the Church, clergy required to take an oath of loyalty
Many torn between Paris and Rome
Idea of only one loyalty to the nation itself
was Louis XIV please with the events of 1789-1791
Louis XIV far from happy with the events of 1789-1791
why wasn’t Louis XIV happy with the events
Traditional powers had been limited and the Church had been undermined
what did Louis XIV try to do after the revolution and the change of powers?
Tried to flee to Austria on June 20, 1791 but was apprehended at the border
what did the public think of Lois XIV after 1791
Public opinion began to turn against him
Had been willing to accept him as a constitutional monarch (when he tried to flee, they did like that)
what happened to the catholic church after the revolution
Lost the support of many devout Catholics and was condemned by the pope
what happened to the novels after the revolution
Some nobles were opponents and fled to conservative countries
Known as emigres who plotted to restore the old order
what did the international community think about the revolution
International governments saw it as a threat to their authority
how were the nobles and church viewed by the revolutionaries
Favoured among Enlightenment literate until associated with violence
who were the Girondins and the Jacobins
The 2 most important groups of the Legislative Assembly of 1791
what did the Girondins believe
Girondins felt the new order should be universal, not limited to France
what did the jacobins think
Jacobins were discontented with the halfway nature and wanted a republic instead of the constitutional monarchy
did the girondins and jacobins have tension?
yes, Tense situation and struggle for power
why was there a declaration of a second war
Unrest amongst peasants and urban workers due to food shortages and economic disorder
Faced threats from European monarchs and concerns that emigres were plotting to overthrow the Revolution
when did France declare war against the enemies of the revolution
April 1792
was the military prepared for another war
no
when did the Parisians revolt against the constitutional monarchy
August 10, 1792
who did the revolutionaries arrest
the king and demanded a new constitution
