Unit 2 Flashcards
What is satire
literary work that ridicules its subject through the use of techniques such as exaggeration, reversal, incongruity and/or parody in order to make a comment or criticism
what are the elements of satire
exaggeration, incongruity, reversal and parody
what is exaggeration
To enlarge, increase, or represent something beyond normal bounds so that it becomes ridiculous and its faults can be seen
what is incongruity
To present things that are out of place or absurd in relation to its surroundings
what is reversal
To present the opposite of the normal order (e.g. the order of events, hierarchical order, traditional roles)
what is parody
To imitate the techniques and/or style of some person, place, or thing
how was satire related to the enlightenment
Satire was used as a weapon to expose the follies of society and hold them up to ridicule
What is the enlightened disposition also known as
Enlightened Absolutism
what did ruler desire during the enlightenment disposition
Rulers desired to make effective governments, stronger economies and more powerful militaries
what were the main principles of the enlightenment
principles of reason and tolerance to carry out reforms
during the enlightenment disposition, how did rulers rule
Ruers maintained virtually unlimited power, not the same as constitutional rule
how was the crown’s authority impacted by the enlightenment disposition
Strengthen the authority of the crown through centralized power
what was the desire with regard to law during the enlightenment disposition
Desire for a single law code for the entire state
how were religious institutions impacted but he enlightenment
Religious institutions were brought under stricter control
Increased religious tolerance under some rulers
how was the economy impacted by the enlightenment
Strengthening of the economy through state intervention
what was the aim of the enlightenment
Aim was to both improve the lot of their subjects, as well as make more powerful monarchies
who were key rulers of the enlightenment
fredrick II (the great) of Prussia Joseph II of Austria Catherine II (the Great) of Russia Maria Theresa of the Holy Roman Empire Gustav III of Sweden
when did the french revolution occur
1789 – 1799
what were the different stages and gov’t forms of the french revolution
Pre revolution (Absolute monarchy) Moderate Phase (Constitutional monarchy) Radical Phase (Republic) Terror (Dictatorship) Thermidorian Reaction (Oligarchy) Napoleonic France (Emperor, absolute power)
what were the 4 causes of the french revolution
Political Issues, Economic Problems, Social Tensions, Intellectual Influences
what were the political issues
Leadership and No representation
What was wrong with the leadership (with regards to political issues)
long history of poor leaders (especially Louis XIV) and legacy of absolutism
Louis XIV— not fit to rule
Marie Antoinette – spending and habits, inability to conceive
expand on the “no representation” point (with regard to the political issues)
Absolute rule/divine right
No Estates General since 1614
No Parliament – only Parliaments (13) which dealt with local matters
What were the economic problems
Long term:
Louis XIV’s extravagant spending (Versailles, war)
Seven year’s war and colonies
American Revolution (aid)
Inefficient taxation (the poor paid the most taxes)
Massive debt
Short term:
Poor crops (winter of 1788-1789)
Inflation (cost of bread skyrockets)
New taxes imposed to pay for the aid to America
what were the social tension problems
the estate system
what is the estate system
3 estates
Lack of social mobility
Privilege and patronism
What were the three estates
Before the revolution the French people were divided into groups:
The first estate: the clergy
The second estate: the nobility
The third estate: the common people (bourgeoisie, urban worker, and peasants)
Legally the first 2 estates enjoyed many privileges, particularly exemption from most taxation
What was the first estate
The first estate, the clergy, consisted of rich and poor
Bishops, monks, nuns, and lower clergy
Some lived in luxury off of wealthy church lands
Also poor parish priests, who lived much like the peasants
what is the second estate
The second estate, the nobility, inherited their titles and got their wealth from the land
Enjoyed both privileges and wealth (e.g. tax exemptions)
Division between old and new nobility
what is the third estate
The 3rd estate, the common people, was by far the largest group of France
Wealthy merchants, whose wealth rivalled that of the nobility (Bourgeoisie)
Doctors and lawyers
Shopkeepers
The urban poor
The peasants who worked the land
who were the bourgeoisie
Middle class (bankers, doctors, lawyers)— BUT still part of the third estate
Grew in wealth but not power— no mobility
Highly educated
Influenced by the Philosophes
what were the intellectual influences of the enlightenment
Enlightenment in Europe
Enlightened despotism
English civil was— showed that the constitutional monarchies WERE possible
American Revolution— France supported it— they must agree, right? Wrong!
what was the pre-revolutionary Period
The King attempted to solve the financial crisis by removing some of the nobles’ tax exemptions
The Parliament, a judicial organization controlled by the nobility, invoked its powers to block the king’s move
He was forced reluctantly to call a meeting of all three groups to air their grievances
what are some of the grievances and demands of the first estate? (only ned to name a few!)
No new taxes without the assembly’s consent
Existing taxes abolished and recreated by the assembly
The Estates General shall meet regularly, at times set by the king
The government should recognize individual freedoms
Limited freedom of the press should be allowed
Catholicism should remain as the national religion
Sundays/holy days should remain sacred
Maintenance of voting by order in future assemblies
Maintenance of clerical rights/privilege
what were the grievances and demands of the second estate
Voting by order to be continued
Meeting of Estates-General every 5 years
Hereditary monarch
King has final say on all civil laws
New laws need to be approved by local Parlements before the assembly
Control of national funds by the Estates-General
Freedom of the press
An end to tax exemptions for the first estate
what were the grievances and demands of the first estate
Proportional taxation of first and second estates Voting by head in the Estates-General Creation of a constitutional monarchy Right to own private property End to excess taxes (corvee, tithes) No arbitrary arrest/imprisonment Free education Standardized weights/measures End of government interference in the marketplace
how was voting done before the revolution
Tradition dictated that voting was done by order
First and and second estates voted against the third
what did the third estate demand with regards to the voting
The third estate demanded voting by head
The King refused, but the third estate refused to back down
Arrived at Versailles, but were locked out
what was the tennis court oath
third estate called themselves the “National Assembly” and vowed to stay together until France had a constitution
Let us swear to God and our country that we will not disperse until we have established a sound and just constitution, as instructed by those who nominated us.”— M. Mounier
how did the national assembly come to be
liberal clergyman rallied the commoners of France to assert their power and take charge of the Estates General
At his suggestion, declared themselves the National Assembly and invited the other tow orders to join them (some did)
The next sat they found their meeting hall locked
At the suggestion of one of the delegates they moved to a nearby indoor tennis court
what happened when the king heard about the “national assembly”
Hearing of the oath, Louis XIV called a meeting of all three of the estates
He ordered the third estate to disperse, but they refused
Louis was unwilling to use force and ordered the first and second estates to join the new National Assembly
The third estate had won so far, but Louis had other plans!
what was the moderate phase
Conditions were poor in Paris for the common people
The price of bread was high and supplies were short due
to harvest failures
Rumours spread that the King and Queen were responsible for the shortages
Then French troops marched to the capital
Rumours spread quickly among the restless mobs that
the King was intending to use them against the people
The dismissal of the Finance Minister Necker, who was popular with the third estate, ignited the spark
where did mobs of people go looking for weapons?
Mobs roamed in search of weapons
Although some muskets were found when they broke into a public hospital for wounded soldiers, there was no ammunition
where did the mobs go when they couldn’t find ammunition
The ammunition was stored in the Bastille
A fortress that had been used as a state prison
when did the storming of bastille happen
July 14, 2789
what was the storming of bastille
the mob, joined by some of the king’s soldiers, stormed the Bastille
The commander of the Bastille, de Launay, attempted to surrender, but the mob would not accept it
He was killed as they poured through the gates
No guard was left alive
what did the new national assembly create
the historic and influential document The Declaration of the Rights of Man
what was the declaration of the rights of man
Stated the principle that all men had equal rights under the law
the declaration of the rights of man was a basis of what
The document has remained the basis for subsequent declarations of human rights
Like the Universal Declaration of Human Rights
what did the declaration of the rights of man state
Men are born free and equal in their rights….These rights are liberty, property, security and resistance to oppression
The fundamental source of all sovereignty resides in the nation
The law is the expression of the general will. All citizens have the right to take part personally, or through representatives, in the making of the law”
what was the constitution of 1791 (with regards to the government)
France became a centralized state with a one-house legislature
Elected by two-thirds of Frenchmen, called “active” citizens
King had a suspensive veto - could delay but not nullify
More equitable system of taxation instituted
Reform of the Church, clergy required to take an oath of loyalty
Many torn between Paris and Rome
Idea of only one loyalty to the nation itself
was Louis XIV please with the events of 1789-1791
Louis XIV far from happy with the events of 1789-1791
why wasn’t Louis XIV happy with the events
Traditional powers had been limited and the Church had been undermined
what did Louis XIV try to do after the revolution and the change of powers?
Tried to flee to Austria on June 20, 1791 but was apprehended at the border
what did the public think of Lois XIV after 1791
Public opinion began to turn against him
Had been willing to accept him as a constitutional monarch (when he tried to flee, they did like that)
what happened to the catholic church after the revolution
Lost the support of many devout Catholics and was condemned by the pope
what happened to the novels after the revolution
Some nobles were opponents and fled to conservative countries
Known as emigres who plotted to restore the old order
what did the international community think about the revolution
International governments saw it as a threat to their authority
how were the nobles and church viewed by the revolutionaries
Favoured among Enlightenment literate until associated with violence
who were the Girondins and the Jacobins
The 2 most important groups of the Legislative Assembly of 1791
what did the Girondins believe
Girondins felt the new order should be universal, not limited to France
what did the jacobins think
Jacobins were discontented with the halfway nature and wanted a republic instead of the constitutional monarchy
did the girondins and jacobins have tension?
yes, Tense situation and struggle for power
why was there a declaration of a second war
Unrest amongst peasants and urban workers due to food shortages and economic disorder
Faced threats from European monarchs and concerns that emigres were plotting to overthrow the Revolution
when did France declare war against the enemies of the revolution
April 1792
was the military prepared for another war
no
when did the Parisians revolt against the constitutional monarchy
August 10, 1792
who did the revolutionaries arrest
the king and demanded a new constitution
who led the revolt against the monarchy
Led by the middle-class Jacobins, but brought about by the sans-culottes
what does sans-culottes mean
Means “without breeches,” they wore trousers
was the third estate unified during the revolt against the monarchy
Third estates was divided and couldn’t agree on the nature of the new order
what did the revolutionaries do to the monarchy
Suspension of the Monarchy and the National Convention
who did the girondins lead in the second war
The girondins led the countryside
who did the jacobins lead in the second war
Jacobins led the urban workers
who was ultimately responsible for the second war
the Girondins were responsible for the war
what did the jacobins wish for
Jacobins wished to execute the king
what did the girondins wish for
Girondins wanted to delay the execution
how did Louis XIV get executed
Guillotined on January 23, 1793
what was the point of no return
Point of no return— revolutionaries would be tried and executed if lost
So now, the revolutionaries HAD to win– or they would die
What was the jacobin rule
Jacobins had secured control over the Convention by the summer of 1793
Suspended constitutional government and ruled by “emergency decree”
Allowed them to cope with the war and those who opposed their regime
Local governments put in the hands of Jacobin supporters, took over law courts, initiated food and price controls, and requisitioned grain and property
how did the jacobins contribute to the war
Decreed a levee en masse (general conscription)
Democratization of the war effort was a major reason for success
Able to raise huge armies and inspire a zeal to win, unlike other European governments
Citizen-soldier replaced the professional soldier and improved tactics
who led the Terror
Led by Maximilien Robespierre from September 1793 - June 1794
why was the Terror created
Created the Committees of Public Safety and General Security
what did the Terror do
Destroy internal enemies and a response to fear
what was the goal of the Terror
“The National Convention declares, in the name of the French people, that it firmly intends to be terrible towards its enemies, generous towards its allies, and just towards its peoples.”
What was Marie Antoinette a symbol of for much of france
For many revolutionaries, she was a symbol of what was wrong with France
how was Marie Antoinette tried
Tried by the Revolutionary Tribunal
Accused of sending money to Austria and incest, amongst other claims
how did Marie Antoinette die
Sentenced to death and guillotined on October 16, 1793
did Marie Antoinette die with her husband
no
what was symbolized by the guillotine
Total of 16,594 official death sentences in one year
who was Robespierre’s
the leader of the Terror
what did Robespierre do
Inaugurated an authoritarian regime in the name of liberty and democracy
when did the major coup occur
Coup of 9 Thermidor Year II (July 27, 1794)
when did the jacobin rule end
Jacobin rule ended with Robespierre’s execution the next day
what was france controlled by after the second war
France now controlled by the republican centre, new constitution in 1795
how did the directory work
The rule of the Directory - five directors chosen by two houses of parliament
what was the directory
Complicated balance of power to avoid the problems of a single-legislature system
were their enemies of the new france with the directory
Enemies on all sides, had to call upon the army to hold power
wa the war fought successfully?
Fought the war successfully, moderate in policies, and maintained many constitutional gains since 1789
What was the population like in the 18th century
rise in population, less wars and epidemics– population raise caused strain on the population
how was the land use and agriculture in the 18th century
poorly managed, crop rotation was introduced, but this only touched eastern Europe
where and when was Napoleon Bonaparte born
Napoleon Bonaparte was born on the island of Corsica in 1768
Who were napoleon’s parents
His parents were Italian nobles living on the island
what kind of mentality does napoleon develope
“conquest mentality”
what is “conquest mentality”
hates the French, resents his father for adopting French ways
how tall was napoleon
5’3” (he was teased because of this and his accent)
how did napoleon earn the respect of peers
by working hard and becoming a brilliant military strategist
The french revolution allowed for napoleon and others to do what
Outbreak of the FR provides opportunity for Napoleon and others to advance in French society (careers open to talent)
does napoleon join the army?
yes, He joins the revolutionary army and quickly rises in the ranks
what is napoleon’s ideas toward the revolution
Embraces the ideals of the revolution and sees the military as integral to the success of the revolution
did napoleon win any battles in the french revolution
During the FR he won several important battles against the Austrians & Prussians
why is napoleon known as the saviour of the revolution
He quickly became a general, and saved the Directory (post-FR government) from royalists (people who wanted to return a king to power)
what did napoleon do is 1799
Napoleon launches a Coup d’Etat (sudden seizure & overthrow) on the weak and corrupt Directory
IS NAPOLEON SUCCESSFUL IN THE COUP D’ETAT
Napoleon is victorious and seizes control of France as a consul (dictator)
WHAT DOES NAPOLEON CALL HIMSELF
Claims he is a “child of the revolution”
what kind of leader was napoleon
an absolute ruler
why did the people allow for an absolute ruler when they just got rid of Louis XVI (an absolute rule)
They would rather have peace and order than bloodshed and uncertainty
when does napoleon become emperor
1804
how does napoleon become emperor
Napoleon crowns himself Emperor of the French by grabbing the crown out of the Pope’s hands (He also crowns his wife Josephine Empress too)
what did his way of becoming emperor signify
This signified his power over the Catholic Church
why did napoleon divorce his wife
“in the interest of France” he must find a wife who could produce an heir (son). Josephine was devastated. They soon divorced
who did napoleon remarry
March 11, 1810, Napoleon married 19 year old Marie Louise, an Austrian princess
why did his marriage to Marie Louis prove beneficial
This proved to be a wise move, allying France with Austria
what were napoleon’s accomplishments
Built largest European empire since Rome
Sold Louisiana Territory to U.S. in 1803 for 15 million.
Set up fair tax code
Hires government officials based on merit
Created public schools for all (called Lycees)
Restores Catholicism in France
Creates Napoleonic Code (laws)
what is nationalism
intense love & pride in one’s nation
why was nationalism at an all time high is France during napoleon’s reign
Due to Napoleon’s new policies and conquests, in France was at an all-time high
did people hate napoleon?
In areas defeated and conquered by France, a strong hatred towards Napoleon arose–People began to join together as one to fight against France
what were napoleon’s 3 big mistakes
The Continental System
The Peninsular War
Invasion of Russia
why did napoleon attempt to set up a national blockade
Napoleon attempted to set up a naval blockade preventing Britain from trading with rest of Europe
did people comply with the blockade
Many nations ignored it and Britain was able to bust through it (too many holes)
how did Britain respond to the blockade
Seeking revenge, Britain launched their own blockade which hurt France’s economy
why did the peninsular war start
France attacks Spain for ignoring the Continental system
how long did the peninsula war go on for
Over 6 years,
how did spain attack during the peninsula war
Spain uses Guerilla warfare techniques to inflict massive casualties on the French military
when did napoleon invade russia
1812
why did napoleon invade russia
Napoleon invades Russia for trading with Great Britain
how did russia win the invasion from napoleon
As Russian troops retreat to Moscow, they burn everything down (scorched earth policy) leaving nothing for the French
Never receiving a surrender from the Russian czar, Napoleon decides to retreat in Winter.
590,000 of 600,000 French troops starve or freeze to death
who defeated napoleon
With his forces greatly weakened, Napoleon is defeated by a combined British, Russian, and Prussian force
where and when did napoleon get banished
He is banished to the tiny Island of Elba in the Mediterranean Sea in 1815
how long did napoleon say on elba
After a year on Elba, Napoleon raises a small army and escapes back to France
does france accept him back
He once again becomes Emperor and attempts to strengthen his army
The French welcome his return
did the other countries defeat napoleon again
Seeking to finish him off for good, the British and Prussians meet Napoleon at Waterloo, Belgium
Napoleon and his inexperienced army is defeated
where did napoleon get exiled to for the second time
He is exiled for good to St. Helena, an island in the South Atlantic
how long does napoleon stay in St. Helena
After 6 years on St. Helena, Napoleon dies of stomach cancer in 1821.
Much controversy surrounds his death
It is thought by many that the British may have poisoned him
what was napoleon’s legacy
Know as one of the greatest military leaders of all time
Nationalism throughout Europe rose during and after his reign.
The Congress of Vienna (1815) is called to figure out how to create peace between nations.
After his defeat, Europe experiences relative peace for 100 years until WWI
what is the enlightenment
An age of optimism, characterized by a realistic recognition of the human condition and the need for reforms
what did people of the enlightenment believe in
Belief in progress - freedom, rights, and equality
Triumph over tradition would ensure the happiness of humanity
what is the ancien régime -
society based on status with the monarch at its head
what are philosophers
Philosophes were intellectual figures
○ Liberal, progress of knowledge, a better society for all
what were the philosophes influenced by
Influenced by the scientific method
○ Empiricism and rationalism
○ A clear proof substantiated by evidence
what did philosophes believe
Knowledge has power to undo evil, reform laws, and create new values
what motivated the philosophes
Motivated to improve humanity, not only to find the truth
what were the key ideas and themes of the 1500-1700
European scientists using reason to discover laws of nature
○ Very successful, many scientific advancements
○ Planetary movements, chemistry, vaccine for smallpox
what were the key ideas and themes of the 1700’s
If people used reason to find laws that governed the physical world, why not use reason to discover natural laws?
○ Laws that govern human nature
○ Reformers begin studying human nature and societal problems
what were the new theories about human beings
Individualism
● Relativism
● Rationalism
what is individualism
Importance of the individual and his rights as a citizen
what is relativism
Different ideas, cultures, beliefs, and value systems have equal merit
what is rationalism
Using the power of reason, humans can find truth and make progress towards improving human life
what was the salon
meeting of intellectuals run by a hostess, the saloniẻrre
how could one get into the salon
Admission was based on accomplishments, not status
what was a women’s role in the salon
Women had an important role to keep control and direct conversation
○ Feminine sensibilities seen as complementary to masculine reason
what eventually replaced the salon
Eventually displaced by masonic lodges
what is the Encyclopédie published in France starting in 1751 by Jean d’Alembert and Denis Diderot
Praised advances in biology, chemistry,
medicine, and engineering– basically allowed for all people to access knowledge– the government of france forbade it
WHO PUBLISHED THE ENCYCLOPEDIE and when
published in France starting in 1751 by Jean d’Alembert and Denis Diderot
what were the core beliefs of the enlightenment thinkers
Reason: Nature: Happiness: Progress: Liberty:
what is reason in relation to enlightenment thinkers
Truth can be discovered through reason or logical thinking
what is nature in relation to enlightenment thinkers
What is natural is also good and reasonable
what is happiness in relation to enlightenment thinkers
Rejected medieval notion of finding joy in the afterlife, urged people to seek well-being on earth
what is progress in relation to enlightenment thinkers
Society and humankind can improve
what is liberty in relation to enlightenment thinkers
Liberties that the English had won in the Glorious Revolution and Bill of Rights
who were the enlightenment thinkers
Baron de Montesquieu (1689-1755), Baron de Montesquieu (1689-1755), Cesare Beccaria (1738-1794), Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712-1778), Marquis de Condorcet, Mary Astell, Mary Wollstonecraft
who was famous for using satire against his opponents
François-Marie Arouet de Voltaire
