exam review Flashcards
what was the renaissance
“rebirth”
Italian scholars and artists saw themselves as reawakening to the ideals and achievements of classical Roman culture
The term is used to describe a mobilization of ideas (artistic, political, economic, scientific, religious etc)
More of an intellectual reality than a physical one
this means thinking
who were the medici’s
major figure during the renaissance
Best known family— roots in Florence
Cosimo de medici: Plato Academy— love of Humanism
Lorenzo de Medici: “The Magnificent”, Festivals for patron St. John— “Carnival”
The Medici Family— they have the appearance of nobility
this family is a banking family— influence stretches all around the world
who was da vinci
major figure in the renaissance
a “true renaissance man”
who was machiavelli
major figure int he renaissance
tried to get in the good gracious of the medici family by writing a book for them on how to rule effectively, he was criticized for the inhumane tactics
what was the impact of the renaissance
printing press, spread of ideas
why did the reformation occur
The Reformation grew out of a shifting of taste and needs of Christian believers and from the evolving habits of Christian institutions— trend in the 15th Century of less religious ceremony and mote meditation, understanding and feeling
when did the reformation officially begin and who initiated it
The Reformation “officially” began in 1517 with Martin Luther (1483-1546)
did luther actually start the reformation
no, there were reformers before him
who’re for pre-reformers before luther
John Wycliffe (1320-1384) Jan Hus (c. 1369- 1415) Desiderius Erasmus (1466 -1536)
what event sparked the reformation
95 Theses
Propositions for debate (a university custom)
Posted on the door of the Castle
Church in Wittenberg on October 31,1517
Protesting “a grave theological error”
Saved by faith alone – not outward actions but inward spirit that brings salvation
written against the indulgences the church sold
was the 95 theses posted to start a revolution
no, just to spark a debate…. luther even posted it in latin which not many people could read to ensure that it was just scholars talking
what came as a result of the reformation
protestantism
Desacralized priesthood
He says that they are not closer to god, they are just students of religion
Clergy becomes ministers not intermediaries
Holy scripture as authority – interpreted by everyday people, (not only the more elite people)
No monks, nuns, pilgrimages, relics, patron saints and their holidays, Easter plays, amulets, purgatory, papal governance stripped away
Austerity (simplicity), secularization (more about the people, the christians)
what was the counter reformation
Actions taken by the Catholic Church to counteract the impact of the Protestant Reformation Includes: Council of Trent Roman Inquisition Index of prohibited Books Creation of religious orders
what was the council of trent
All medieval church law was valid and important
Latin would remain the official language
Re-emphasized the importance of “good works” and “faith”
No new definition of sacraments
Pushed bishops into cities and strengthened their authority (the value of education was up)
Each diocese was to have its own seminary
what were the stages and government forms of the french revolution
1789 – 1799
Various Stages and Gov’t forms:
– Pre revolution (Absolute monarchy)
– Moderate Phase (Constitutional monarchy)
– Radical Phase (Republic)
– Terror (Dictatorship)
– Thermidorian Reaction (Oligarchy)
– Napoleonic France (Emperor, absolute power)
what were the 4 causes of the french revolution
political issues
economic problems
social tension
Intellectual Influences
what were the political issues that caused the french revolution
Leadership
-long history of poor leaders (especially Louis XIV) and -legacy of absolutism
-Louis XIV— not fit to rule
-Marie Antoinette – spending and habits, inability to conceive
No representation
-Absolute rule/divine right
-No Estates General since 1614
-No Parliament – only Parliaments (13) which dealt with local matters
what were the economic problems of the french revolution
Long term:
Louis XIV’s extravagant spending (Versailles, war)
Seven year’s war and colonies
American Revolution (aid)
Inefficient taxation (the poor paid the most taxes)
Massive debt
Short term:
Poor crops (winter of 1788-1789)
Inflation (cost of bread skyrockets)
New taxes imposed to pay for the aid to America
what were the social tension problems that caused the french revolution
The Estate System
3 estates
Lack of social mobility
Privilege and patronism
what are the 3 estates/estate system
Before the revolution the French people were divided into groups:
The first estate: the clergy
The second estate: the nobility
The third estate: the common people (bourgeoisie, urban worker, and peasants)
Legally the first 2 estates enjoyed many privileges, particularly exemption from most taxation
who was included in the first estate
The first estate, the clergy, consisted of rich and poor
Bishops, monks, nuns, and lower clergy
Some lived in luxury off of wealthy church lands
Also poor parish priests, who lived much like the peasants
who was included in the second estate
The second estate, the nobility, inherited their titles and got their wealth from the land
Enjoyed both privileges and wealth (e.g. tax exemptions)
Division between old and new nobility
who was included in the third estate
The 3rd estate, the common people, was by far the largest group of France
Wealthy merchants, whose wealth rivalled that of the nobility (Bourgeoisie)
Doctors and lawyers
Shopkeepers
The urban poor
The peasants who worked the land
who were the Bourgeoisie
Middle class (bankers, doctors, lawyers)— BUT still part of the third estate
Grew in wealth but not power— no mobility
Highly educated
Influenced by the Philosophes
what were the Intellectual Influences that cause the french revolution
Enlightenment in Europe
Enlightened despotism
English civil was— showed that the constitutional monarchies WERE possible
American Revolution— France supported it— they must agree, right? Wrong!
who were the major figures in the french revolution
Louis XVI Marie Antoinette George Danton Robespierre Napoleon
who was louis xiv
King of France. Caused France to plunge into severe debt. In 1789 he summoned the Estates-General, but he did not grant the reforms that were demanded and revolution followed. Louis and his queen, Marie Antoinette, were executed in 1793.
who was marie antoinette
Queen of France, wife to Louis XVI. Lead a lavish lifestyle and was deeply despised. She was executed with her husband in 1793
born in austria
who is genre danton
The execution of King Louis XVI reinforced the trend toward a new radical phase. The local government in Paris—the Commune—had a number of working-class leaders who wanted radical change. Led by Georges Danton, it put constant pressure on the National Convention to adopt more radical measures
who is robespierre
Heady of the Committee of Public Safety. Called for the execution of over 40,000 who he assumed did not agree with him or the revolution, which caused a Reign of Terror. The Committee of Public Safety took other steps to control and shape a French society. Robespierre called this new order the Republic of Virtue—a democratic republic composed of good citizens. As outward signs of support for the republic, the titles “citizen” and “citizeness” were to replace “mister” and “madame.” He tried to de-Christianize France, but couldn’t because France was overwhelmingly Catholic. He was eventually guillotined for treason in 1794
who was napoleon
A French general, political leader, and emperor of the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. Napoleon seized power in the battle of coup d’etat. Bonaparte rose swiftly through the ranks of army and government during and after the French Revolution and crowned himself emperor in 1804. Other countries worried their people might revolt or become under Napoleon’s rule, so they tried to abdicate him. Napoleon thrived, and he conquered much of Europe but lost two-thirds of his army in a disastrous invasion of Russia. After his final loss to Britain and Prussia at the Battle of Waterloo, he was exiled to the island of St. Helena in the south Atlantic Ocean
what was the jacobin rule
Jacobins had secured control over the Convention by the summer of 1793
Suspended constitutional government and ruled by “emergency decree”
Allowed them to cope with the war and those who opposed their regime
Local governments put in the hands of Jacobin supporters, took over law courts, initiated food and price controls, and requisitioned grain and property
what was the terror
Led by Maximilien Robespierre from September 1793 - June 1794
Created the Committees of Public Safety and General Security
Destroy internal enemies and a response to fear
“The National Convention declares, in the name of the French people, that it firmly intends to be terrible towards its enemies, generous towards its allies, and just towards its peoples.”
why was marie antoinette killed
For many revolutionaries, she was a symbol of what was wrong with France
Tried by the Revolutionary Tribunal
Accused of sending money to Austria and incest, amongst other claims
Sentenced to death and guillotined on October 16, 1793
what was the directory
France now controlled by the republican centre, new constitution in 1795
The rule of the Directory - five directors chosen by two houses of parliament
Complicated balance of power to avoid the problems of a single-legislature system
Enemies on all sides, had to call upon the army to hold power
Fought the war successfully, moderate in policies, and maintained many constitutional gains since 1789
what were some major events int he french revolution
Call of the Estates Generals (May 5, 1789)
Tennis Court Oath (June 17, 1789)
Storming of the Bastille (July 14, 1789)
Declaration of the Rights of Man (August 26, 1789)
March on Versailles (October 5, 1789)
(women marched and protested high price of bread)
Royal Family attempts to flee (June 20, 1791)
Execution of the King (January 21, 1793)
Reign of Terror (September 1793- July 1794)
who were the two main groups during the french revolution
girondins
jacobins
how did napoleon grow up
Napoleon Bonaparte was born on the island of Corsica in 1768
His parents were Italian nobles living on the island
Develops a “conquest mentality” - hates the French, resents his father for adopting French ways
Napoleon was often teased for his Corsican accent and his height (only 5’3”)
He quickly earned respect of his peers by working hard and becoming a brilliant military strategist
french revolution gave him a chance to rise to power
He quickly became a general, and saved the Directory (post-FR government) from royalists (people who wanted to return a king to power)
how did napoleon come to power
In 1799, a popular Napoleon launches a Coup d’Etat (sudden seizure & overthrow) on the weak and corrupt Directory
Napoleon is victorious and seizes control of France as a consul (dictator)
Claims he is a “child of the revolution”
In 1804, Napoleon crowns himself Emperor of the French by grabbing the crown out of the Pope’s hands
He also crowns his wife Josephine Empress too
This signified his power over the Catholic Church
how ling did the napoleonic wars go on for
23 years
how did the napoleonic wars end
the battle of waterloo
what were napoleon’s accomplishents
Built largest European empire since Rome
Sold Louisiana Territory to U.S. in 1803 for 15 million.
Set up fair tax code
Hires government officials based on merit
Created public schools for all (called Lycees)
Restores Catholicism in France
Creates Napoleonic Code (laws)
why did other countries hate napoelon
Due to Napoleon’s new policies and conquests, nationalism (intense love & pride in one’s nation) in France was at an all-time high
In areas defeated and conquered by France, a strong hatred towards Napoleon arose
People began to join together as one to fight against France
what were napoleons 3 major mistakes
The Continental System
The Peninsular War
Invasion of Russia
what was the continental system
Napoleon attempted to set up a naval blockade preventing Britain from trading with rest of Europe
Many nations ignored it and Britain was able to bust through it (too many holes)
Seeking revenge, Britain launched their own blockade which hurt France’s economy
what was the peninsular war
France attacks Spain for ignoring the Continental system.
Over 6 years, Spain uses Guerilla warfare techniques to inflict massive casualties on the French military
what was the invasion of russia
Napoleon invades Russia for trading with Great Britain
As Russian troops retreat to Moscow, they burn everything down (scorched earth policy) leaving nothing for the French
Never receiving a surrender from the Russian czar, Napoleon decides to retreat in Winter.
590,000 of 600,000 French troops starve or freeze to death!
what is the napoleonic code
French civil code enacted on March 21, 1804, and still extant, with revisions. It was the main influence on the 19th-century civil codes of most countries of continental Europe and Latin America
what was the age of absolutism
The Age of Absolutism describes a period of European history in which monarchs successfully gathered the wealth and power of the state to themselves
who were the leaders of absolutism
louis XIII
what is Risorgimento
movement for Italian unification
when did the italian unification happen
struggle for unification (1848-1871)
what was the vitalism unification
exercise in realpolitik (politics based on realities & material needs rather than ideals and morals)
who are Mazzini & Garibaldi (the two Giuseppe’s)
Mazzini: romantic revolutionary
Nationalism- wanted to be a democracy and a republic
needed to be achieved through popular insurrection.
Founded the Young Italy society.
Garibaldi: secret societies.
Garibaldi led the “Red Shirts” in defence of the Roman Republic.
1871- Rome becomes capital of a fully united Italy
what dd the unification of germany come from
The unification of Germany came not from nationalism, but realpolitik
what is realpolitik
politics based on realities & material needs rather than ideals and morals
who was the main leader in the german unification
cotton von bismarck
what did bismarck do during his rule
1864: Denmark laid claim to 2 German speaking principalities.
German nationalists wanted action.
Bismarck & Prussian army easily won war.
Bismarck went further → reorganizing German confederation, universal male suffrage
1866 Bismarck defeated Emperor Franz Josef in Austria.
Peace of Prague ended German-Austrian conflict
Reichstag (German Parliament) elected by universal male suffrage, but had little power.
Bismarck attempted to limit the Church that was his main opposition.
Adopted a national secular policy of Kulturkempf →unsuccessful b/c of strength of church.
Bismarck then focused on socialists.
He tried to undercut socialists by advancing social legislation
what was the franco prussian war over
Originated in dispute over succession to the Spanish throne.
Queen Isabella abdicated in 1868 → revolution in Spain→ crown went to Prince Leopold of Hohenzollern (relative of Wilhelm I of Prussia).
New alliance between Germany & Spain terrified France
1870 War: German techniques & use of rail to move troops →overwhelmed France.
Collapse of Second Empire. Alsace & Lorraine ceded to Germany. Peace held in Hall of Mirrors in Versailles, former seat of Louis XIV.
Austrian Empire → “Powder Keg”… joined with Hungary, would lead to great conflict in 1914.
This could be considered a precursor to WWI
what is the industrial revolution
Industrial revolution, term usually applied to the social and economic changes that mark the transition from a stable agricultural and commercial society to a modern industrial society relying on complex machinery rather than tools
Dramatic changes in the social and economic structure took place as inventions and technological innovations created the factory system of large-scale machine production and greater economic specialization, and as the labouring population, formerly employed predominantly in agriculture (in which production had also increased as a result of technological improvements), increasingly gathered in great urban factory centres
what is the scramble for africa
europe nation sat around at the berlin conference and divided up Africa like a piece of cake
what was the deal with Disraeli vs. Gladstone
Disraeli- innovative conservative Prime Minister, helped build the modern Conservative Party.
Made it the party of imperialism & linked it to a program of social reform.
Gladstone- Liberal leader— ‘Peace, Retrenchment & Reform’.
Disraeli vs. Gladstone: Gladstone went on the first political campaign in 1879.
In 1880 Gladstone won a majority
what is nationalism
an extreme form of this, especially marked by a feeling of superiority over other countries
who was Louis Napoleon Bonaparte
No longer a monarchy, but a republic.
A state in which supreme power is held by the people or its elected representatives and not by a monarch
Ruled as president from 1848-1852
Ruled as emperor as Napoleon III from 1852-1870 during the time of prosperity in which Paris was restored as the diplomatic and cultural capital Europe
Ended in disaster
how did louis napoleon bonaparte help the people (what good did he do)
relaxed controls on the press,
allowed freer debate in legislative assembly,
made ministers more responsible to elected representatives,
reduced the influence of the church on education
made schools more accessible to females and
legalized trade unions and the right to strike
