exam review Flashcards
what was the renaissance
“rebirth”
Italian scholars and artists saw themselves as reawakening to the ideals and achievements of classical Roman culture
The term is used to describe a mobilization of ideas (artistic, political, economic, scientific, religious etc)
More of an intellectual reality than a physical one
this means thinking
who were the medici’s
major figure during the renaissance
Best known family— roots in Florence
Cosimo de medici: Plato Academy— love of Humanism
Lorenzo de Medici: “The Magnificent”, Festivals for patron St. John— “Carnival”
The Medici Family— they have the appearance of nobility
this family is a banking family— influence stretches all around the world
who was da vinci
major figure in the renaissance
a “true renaissance man”
who was machiavelli
major figure int he renaissance
tried to get in the good gracious of the medici family by writing a book for them on how to rule effectively, he was criticized for the inhumane tactics
what was the impact of the renaissance
printing press, spread of ideas
why did the reformation occur
The Reformation grew out of a shifting of taste and needs of Christian believers and from the evolving habits of Christian institutions— trend in the 15th Century of less religious ceremony and mote meditation, understanding and feeling
when did the reformation officially begin and who initiated it
The Reformation “officially” began in 1517 with Martin Luther (1483-1546)
did luther actually start the reformation
no, there were reformers before him
who’re for pre-reformers before luther
John Wycliffe (1320-1384) Jan Hus (c. 1369- 1415) Desiderius Erasmus (1466 -1536)
what event sparked the reformation
95 Theses
Propositions for debate (a university custom)
Posted on the door of the Castle
Church in Wittenberg on October 31,1517
Protesting “a grave theological error”
Saved by faith alone – not outward actions but inward spirit that brings salvation
written against the indulgences the church sold
was the 95 theses posted to start a revolution
no, just to spark a debate…. luther even posted it in latin which not many people could read to ensure that it was just scholars talking
what came as a result of the reformation
protestantism
Desacralized priesthood
He says that they are not closer to god, they are just students of religion
Clergy becomes ministers not intermediaries
Holy scripture as authority – interpreted by everyday people, (not only the more elite people)
No monks, nuns, pilgrimages, relics, patron saints and their holidays, Easter plays, amulets, purgatory, papal governance stripped away
Austerity (simplicity), secularization (more about the people, the christians)
what was the counter reformation
Actions taken by the Catholic Church to counteract the impact of the Protestant Reformation Includes: Council of Trent Roman Inquisition Index of prohibited Books Creation of religious orders
what was the council of trent
All medieval church law was valid and important
Latin would remain the official language
Re-emphasized the importance of “good works” and “faith”
No new definition of sacraments
Pushed bishops into cities and strengthened their authority (the value of education was up)
Each diocese was to have its own seminary
what were the stages and government forms of the french revolution
1789 – 1799
Various Stages and Gov’t forms:
– Pre revolution (Absolute monarchy)
– Moderate Phase (Constitutional monarchy)
– Radical Phase (Republic)
– Terror (Dictatorship)
– Thermidorian Reaction (Oligarchy)
– Napoleonic France (Emperor, absolute power)
what were the 4 causes of the french revolution
political issues
economic problems
social tension
Intellectual Influences
what were the political issues that caused the french revolution
Leadership
-long history of poor leaders (especially Louis XIV) and -legacy of absolutism
-Louis XIV— not fit to rule
-Marie Antoinette – spending and habits, inability to conceive
No representation
-Absolute rule/divine right
-No Estates General since 1614
-No Parliament – only Parliaments (13) which dealt with local matters
what were the economic problems of the french revolution
Long term:
Louis XIV’s extravagant spending (Versailles, war)
Seven year’s war and colonies
American Revolution (aid)
Inefficient taxation (the poor paid the most taxes)
Massive debt
Short term:
Poor crops (winter of 1788-1789)
Inflation (cost of bread skyrockets)
New taxes imposed to pay for the aid to America
what were the social tension problems that caused the french revolution
The Estate System
3 estates
Lack of social mobility
Privilege and patronism
what are the 3 estates/estate system
Before the revolution the French people were divided into groups:
The first estate: the clergy
The second estate: the nobility
The third estate: the common people (bourgeoisie, urban worker, and peasants)
Legally the first 2 estates enjoyed many privileges, particularly exemption from most taxation
who was included in the first estate
The first estate, the clergy, consisted of rich and poor
Bishops, monks, nuns, and lower clergy
Some lived in luxury off of wealthy church lands
Also poor parish priests, who lived much like the peasants
who was included in the second estate
The second estate, the nobility, inherited their titles and got their wealth from the land
Enjoyed both privileges and wealth (e.g. tax exemptions)
Division between old and new nobility
who was included in the third estate
The 3rd estate, the common people, was by far the largest group of France
Wealthy merchants, whose wealth rivalled that of the nobility (Bourgeoisie)
Doctors and lawyers
Shopkeepers
The urban poor
The peasants who worked the land
who were the Bourgeoisie
Middle class (bankers, doctors, lawyers)— BUT still part of the third estate
Grew in wealth but not power— no mobility
Highly educated
Influenced by the Philosophes
