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ANS 214 > Unit 3 > Flashcards

Unit 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two types of immunity

A

Innate defense, which is the first line of defense, and adaptive defense which one look for one thing

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2
Q

Skin barriers

A

1st line of defense, skin, keratin, mucus membranes
Protective chemicals: mucus, acidity, lysozyme, sebum, anti-microbial peptides

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3
Q

When is inflammation triggered, and why

A

When tissues are injured or infected:
1. Prevent the spread of damaging agents
2. Dispose of cellular debris and pathogens
3. Set the stage for repair

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4
Q

What are the cardinal signs of acute inflammation?

A

Pain, redness, swelling, impairment, heat (PRISH)

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5
Q

What is phagocytosis

A

Ingestion and elimination of disease-causing agents

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6
Q

Steps of phagocytosis

A
  1. Phagocytes detect target
  2. Engulfment of the agent (form pseudo pod)
  3. Phagosomes are engulfed and merge with lysosomes to break down harmful particles
  4. Phagolysosomes digest the invader and destroy it
  5. Any leftover waste is expelled from the cell (exocytosis)
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7
Q

Functions of Adaptive Immunity

A
  1. Protect against infectious agents and abnormal body cells
  2. Amplify the inflammatory response
  3. Activate complement
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8
Q

3 types of adaptive immunity responses

A

specific, systemic, and has memory

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9
Q

Lymphocytes (mature ones have…)

A

Type of white blood cell that start out as immature
When mature they have immuno-competence (know target) and have self-tolerance (only attack host cell)

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10
Q

What do antibodies do to their targets?

A

they inactive and tag antigens

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11
Q

What are the defense mechanisms of antibodies

A

(PLAN) Precipitation, complement fixation- Lysis, Agglutination, and Neutralization

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12
Q

What are the major types of T-lymphocytes

A

Th (helper cells), Tc (cytotoxic cells), Treg (regulatory cells), and memory T cells

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13
Q

What do cytotoxic T cells target

A

virus infected cells, cells with intracellular bacteria, cancer cells, and foreign cells

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14
Q

What are the two classes of proteins (Major Histocompatibility Complex)

A

Class I MHC: found in all body cells
Class II MHC: found in certain cells in the immune system

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15
Q

How is the adaptive immune system divided

A

Humoral (uses B cells and antibodies) and cellular immunity (T cells)

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16
Q

How are antibodies produced?

A
  1. B cells encounter an antigen. Each B cell has specific receptors on its surface. When these receptors bind to an antigen, the B cell is activated.
  2. The activated B cell often needs assistance from helper T cells to fully initiate the antibody production.
  3. Once activated, B cells multiply and differentiate into plasma or memory cells.
  4. They produce and release antibodies, which are proteins specifically tailored to neutralize the antigen.
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17
Q

Antibodies Functions:

A

Neutralization: Neutralize pathogens by binding to them and preventing their entry into cells.
Enhanced phagocytosis: Mark pathogens for destruction by other immune cells.
Complement Activation: Activate the complement system, a series of proteins that assists in destroying pathogens.

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18
Q

Explain cellular immunity

A

When a pathogen invades, antigen-presenting cells show pieces of the pathogen to T cells.
Helper T Cells will coordinate the immune response by activating other immune cells.
Cytotoxic T Cells directly attack and kill infected or cancerous cells.
Memory T Cells stick around, remembering the pathogen. If it returns, they react faster and stronger.

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19
Q

What do MHC cells do (Major Histocompatibility Complex)

A

Help the immune system find and destroy infected cells by displaying pieces of proteins from inside their cells surface

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20
Q

6 Functions of the digestive system

A

motility, secretion, digestion, absorption, excretion, and host defense

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21
Q

What are the two groups of organs in the digestive system

A

Alimentary canal (all normal parts) and accessory digestive organs (liver, gallbladder, and pancreas)

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22
Q

Motility

A

Muscular contractions that break up food, mix it with enzymes, and move it along the system

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23
Q

What does salvia do? What’s it composed of?

A

Aids in swallowing
- salivary amylase
- lingual lipase
- lysozyme & lgA
- electrolytes

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24
Q

What are the three phases of gastric digestion

A

Cephalic: see, smell, and taste
Gastric: breakdown of feed
Intestinal: end of gastric digestion, start of intestinal digestion and absorption

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25
Q

What are the two types/phases of the esophagus

A

Buccal phase: individual innates (swallowing, movement)
Pharyngeal-esophageal phase: involuntary control (continues swallowing)

26
Q

Peristalsis

A

Wave like contraction that squeeze things along

27
Q

What is the purpose of a crop

A

add mucin, signal hunger, little digestion

28
Q

What are the molecules that digestion breaks things in to?

A

Nucleic acid, carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins

29
Q

Where does gastric digestion occur in ruminants

A

abomasum

30
Q

What cells produce HCI and what cells produce pepsinogen

A

Parietal cells = HCI
Chief cells = pepsinogen

31
Q

What does the mucosal barrier do

A

A HCO3 layer that protects stomach from self-digestion. It has tight junctions with high cell turnover

32
Q

Chemotaxis

A

Movement of a cell that follows chemical signals to the site of injury

33
Q

Diapedesis

A

The movement of phagocytes through the capillary wall

34
Q

Which cell type induces apoptosis in its target cells?

A

Natural killer cells

35
Q

Lymphocytes involved in cellular immunity

A

T cells

36
Q

What is the site of maturation for T cells?

A

Thymus

37
Q

What is the site of maturation for B cells?

A

Bone marrow

38
Q

Neutralization

A

Antibodies bind to an antigen to mask it and prevent it from causing harm

39
Q

Precipitation

A

Antibodies bind to antigens to form a matrix that becomes soluble and falls out of a solution

40
Q

Exposure to Streptococcus bacteria is an example of:

A

Natural active immunity

41
Q

Administration of antibodies via a blood transfusion is an example of:

A

Artificial passive immunity

42
Q

Which T cell type identifies foreign antigens on MHC I receptors and releases perforins and granzymes to kill its target cells?

A

Cytotoxic T cell

43
Q

Which molecule released by Tc cells will enter the target cell to induce apoptosis?

A

Granzymes

44
Q

Which T cell type induces proliferation of both B and T cells and helps with innate immune response?

A

Helper T cells

45
Q

What is the name of the structure formed when a pathogen is not yet fully engulfed by a phagocytic cell?

A

Pseudopod

46
Q

What is the name of the pouch that offshoots the esophagus in poultry?

A

Crop

47
Q

What is the end product of carbohydrate digestion?

A

Monosaccharides

48
Q

Does the stomach have a low or high pH?

A

Low (acidic) from HCI

49
Q

Hydrogen (H+) utilized to produce HCl is derived from:

A

Carbonic acid

50
Q

Chloride (Cl-) is able to enter the lumen of the stomach due to this ion entering the lumen of the stomach:

A

Hydrogen

51
Q

What stimulates the release of CCK and secretin?

A

Distension

52
Q

What enzymes break down proteins?

A

Proteases

53
Q

What is the major site of absorption for amino acids, monosaccharides, and some lipids?

A

Jejunum

54
Q

What is the site of absorption for water and electrolytes?

A

Colon

55
Q

Which product of fermentation is utilized by the ruminant animal to produce ATP?

A

Volatile Fatty Acids

56
Q

Which of the following is produced during rumen fermentation

A

Volatile Fatty Acids, ammonia, carbon dioxide

57
Q

Describe the composition of salvia

A

Composed of salivary amylase (breaks down carbs), lingual lipase (breaks down lipids), lysosomes, lgA, and electrolytes

58
Q

What does carbohydrates get broken into and what by

A

Monosaccharides by salivary amylase

59
Q

What does proteins get broken into and what by

A

Amino acids by proteases (like pepsin)

60
Q

What does lipids get broken into and what by

A

Fatty acids and glycerol’s by lipases

61
Q

What does nucleic acids get broken into and what by

A

Nucleotides by nucleases

ANS 214 (6 decks)

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