Unit 3 Flashcards
What are the two types of immunity
Innate defense, which is the first line of defense, and adaptive defense which one look for one thing
Skin barriers
1st line of defense, skin, keratin, mucus membranes
Protective chemicals: mucus, acidity, lysozyme, sebum, anti-microbial peptides
When is inflammation triggered, and why
When tissues are injured or infected:
1. Prevent the spread of damaging agents
2. Dispose of cellular debris and pathogens
3. Set the stage for repair
What are the cardinal signs of acute inflammation?
Pain, redness, swelling, impairment, heat (PRISH)
What is phagocytosis
Ingestion and elimination of disease-causing agents
Steps of phagocytosis
- Phagocytes detect target
- Engulfment of the agent (form pseudo pod)
- Phagosomes are engulfed and merge with lysosomes to break down harmful particles
- Phagolysosomes digest the invader and destroy it
- Any leftover waste is expelled from the cell (exocytosis)
Functions of Adaptive Immunity
- Protect against infectious agents and abnormal body cells
- Amplify the inflammatory response
- Activate complement
3 types of adaptive immunity responses
specific, systemic, and has memory
Lymphocytes (mature ones have…)
Type of white blood cell that start out as immature
When mature they have immuno-competence (know target) and have self-tolerance (only attack host cell)
What do antibodies do to their targets?
they inactive and tag antigens
What are the defense mechanisms of antibodies
(PLAN) Precipitation, complement fixation- Lysis, Agglutination, and Neutralization
What are the major types of T-lymphocytes
Th (helper cells), Tc (cytotoxic cells), Treg (regulatory cells), and memory T cells
What do cytotoxic T cells target
virus infected cells, cells with intracellular bacteria, cancer cells, and foreign cells
What are the two classes of proteins (Major Histocompatibility Complex)
Class I MHC: found in all body cells
Class II MHC: found in certain cells in the immune system
How is the adaptive immune system divided
Humoral (uses B cells and antibodies) and cellular immunity (T cells)
How are antibodies produced?
- B cells encounter an antigen. Each B cell has specific receptors on its surface. When these receptors bind to an antigen, the B cell is activated.
- The activated B cell often needs assistance from helper T cells to fully initiate the antibody production.
- Once activated, B cells multiply and differentiate into plasma or memory cells.
- They produce and release antibodies, which are proteins specifically tailored to neutralize the antigen.
Antibodies Functions:
Neutralization: Neutralize pathogens by binding to them and preventing their entry into cells.
Enhanced phagocytosis: Mark pathogens for destruction by other immune cells.
Complement Activation: Activate the complement system, a series of proteins that assists in destroying pathogens.
Explain cellular immunity
When a pathogen invades, antigen-presenting cells show pieces of the pathogen to T cells.
Helper T Cells will coordinate the immune response by activating other immune cells.
Cytotoxic T Cells directly attack and kill infected or cancerous cells.
Memory T Cells stick around, remembering the pathogen. If it returns, they react faster and stronger.
What do MHC cells do (Major Histocompatibility Complex)
Help the immune system find and destroy infected cells by displaying pieces of proteins from inside their cells surface
6 Functions of the digestive system
motility, secretion, digestion, absorption, excretion, and host defense
What are the two groups of organs in the digestive system
Alimentary canal (all normal parts) and accessory digestive organs (liver, gallbladder, and pancreas)
Motility
Muscular contractions that break up food, mix it with enzymes, and move it along the system
What does salvia do? What’s it composed of?
Aids in swallowing
- salivary amylase
- lingual lipase
- lysozyme & lgA
- electrolytes
What are the three phases of gastric digestion
Cephalic: see, smell, and taste
Gastric: breakdown of feed
Intestinal: end of gastric digestion, start of intestinal digestion and absorption
What are the two types/phases of the esophagus
Buccal phase: individual innates (swallowing, movement)
Pharyngeal-esophageal phase: involuntary control (continues swallowing)
Peristalsis
Wave like contraction that squeeze things along
What is the purpose of a crop
add mucin, signal hunger, little digestion
What are the molecules that digestion breaks things in to?
Nucleic acid, carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins
Where does gastric digestion occur in ruminants
abomasum
What cells produce HCI and what cells produce pepsinogen
Parietal cells = HCI
Chief cells = pepsinogen
What does the mucosal barrier do
A HCO3 layer that protects stomach from self-digestion. It has tight junctions with high cell turnover
Chemotaxis
Movement of a cell that follows chemical signals to the site of injury
Diapedesis
The movement of phagocytes through the capillary wall
Which cell type induces apoptosis in its target cells?
Natural killer cells
Lymphocytes involved in cellular immunity
T cells
What is the site of maturation for T cells?
Thymus
What is the site of maturation for B cells?
Bone marrow
Neutralization
Antibodies bind to an antigen to mask it and prevent it from causing harm
Precipitation
Antibodies bind to antigens to form a matrix that becomes soluble and falls out of a solution
Exposure to Streptococcus bacteria is an example of:
Natural active immunity
Administration of antibodies via a blood transfusion is an example of:
Artificial passive immunity
Which T cell type identifies foreign antigens on MHC I receptors and releases perforins and granzymes to kill its target cells?
Cytotoxic T cell
Which molecule released by Tc cells will enter the target cell to induce apoptosis?
Granzymes
Which T cell type induces proliferation of both B and T cells and helps with innate immune response?
Helper T cells
What is the name of the structure formed when a pathogen is not yet fully engulfed by a phagocytic cell?
Pseudopod
What is the name of the pouch that offshoots the esophagus in poultry?
Crop
What is the end product of carbohydrate digestion?
Monosaccharides
Does the stomach have a low or high pH?
Low (acidic) from HCI
Hydrogen (H+) utilized to produce HCl is derived from:
Carbonic acid
Chloride (Cl-) is able to enter the lumen of the stomach due to this ion entering the lumen of the stomach:
Hydrogen
What stimulates the release of CCK and secretin?
Distension
What enzymes break down proteins?
Proteases
What is the major site of absorption for amino acids, monosaccharides, and some lipids?
Jejunum
What is the site of absorption for water and electrolytes?
Colon
Which product of fermentation is utilized by the ruminant animal to produce ATP?
Volatile Fatty Acids
Which of the following is produced during rumen fermentation
Volatile Fatty Acids, ammonia, carbon dioxide
Describe the composition of salvia
Composed of salivary amylase (breaks down carbs), lingual lipase (breaks down lipids), lysosomes, lgA, and electrolytes
What does carbohydrates get broken into and what by
Monosaccharides by salivary amylase
What does proteins get broken into and what by
Amino acids by proteases (like pepsin)
What does lipids get broken into and what by
Fatty acids and glycerol’s by lipases
What does nucleic acids get broken into and what by
Nucleotides by nucleases
