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ANS 214 > Lab Practical 2 > Flashcards

Lab Practical 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Arth-

A

Joint

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2
Q

Carpus

A

Wrist

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3
Q

Chondr-

A

Cartilage

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4
Q

-Clast

A

To break

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5
Q

Cost-

A

Ribs

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6
Q

Myel-

A

Bone marrow

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7
Q

Oss-, osteo-

A

Bone

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8
Q

Syn-

A

Union

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9
Q

Tarsus

A

Ankle

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10
Q

Exoskeleton vs endoskeleton

A

Exo: hard outer Skelton that’s outside of the body (turtles)
Endo: Embedded within the muscle

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11
Q

Axial Skelton

A

Consists of the bones of the skull, ribs, vertebrae, and sternum. Not highly mobile to protect major organs

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12
Q

Appendicular Skelton

A

Bones of the appendages or limbs to aid in motion (wings, legs)

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13
Q

Heterotrophic bones

A

Bones embedded in the organs

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14
Q

Os rostrale

A

Bone in snout of the pig

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15
Q

Ossa cordis

A

Bones in the heart of cattle, sheep, and goats

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16
Q

Os Phrenic

A

Bone in the diaphragm of camels

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17
Q

Ossa Penis

A

Bone in penis of carnivores and rodents

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18
Q

Scleral rings

A

Round bone in eyes of the bird

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19
Q

Hyoid apparatus

A

Found in the tongue of avians and mammals

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20
Q

Ogrin

A

End of the muscle that’s attached to a stationary part of the bone

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21
Q

Insertion

A

The end of the muscle attached to a mobile section of the bone

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22
Q

Tendons

A

Attach muscle to bones

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23
Q

Ligaments

A

Attach bone to bone

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24
Q

Epiphysis

A

Two ends of long bones

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25
Q

Diaphysis

A

Shaft of long bone

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26
Q

Epiphyseal plate

A

A growth region of cartilage between the epiphysis and the diaphysis

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27
Q

Epiphyseal line

A

Line formed in the bone when growth has ended. Remnant of the epiphyseal plate

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28
Q

Endosteum

A

Membrane lining the medullary cavity

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29
Q

Periosteum

A

Membrane covering the outer surface of the bone composed of connective tissue. Bone itself does not have nerves

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30
Q

Medullary cavity

A

Hollow area in the center of the bone where bone marrow is located

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31
Q

Diploe

A

Spongy bone (cancellous bone)

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32
Q

Compact bone

A

Dense hard layer of bone

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33
Q

Yellow bone marrow

A

Composed of adipocytes and stem cells

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34
Q

Red bone marrow

A

Give rise to red blood cells, platelets, and some white blood cells

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35
Q

Long bone

A

Dumb-bell shaped - aid in movement and carry the weight of the body - femur, fibula, tibia

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36
Q

Flat bone

A

Flat in 2D - thin and curved and protect vital organs - skull

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37
Q

Short bone

A

Round - reduce friction and concession - carpels

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38
Q

Sesamoid bones

A

Bones that form in tendons and aid in movement - patella

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39
Q

Irregular bone

A

Bones of the vertebral column

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40
Q

Pneumatic bone

A

Bones that contain space filled with air - can warm air, help birds fly

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41
Q

Joints

A

Where two or more bones meet - lined with cartilage

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42
Q

Fibrous joints

A

Bones in the joint do not move - held together by fibers

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43
Q

Cartilaginous joints

A

Allows for some movement - held by ligaments

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44
Q

Synovial joints

A

largest group of joints in body - wide range of motion

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45
Q

Hinge joint movement

A

Extension and flexion - elbow and knee

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46
Q

Pivot joint movement

A

Rotation of one bone around another

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47
Q

Ball and socket joint movement

A

flexion, extension, adduction, abduction, and rotation - shoulder, hip joints

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48
Q

Condyloid joint movement

A

flexion, extension, adduction, abduction, and circumduction- wrist, foot

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49
Q

Gliding joint movement

A

allows for smooth gliding motions found in wrist and verebrae

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50
Q

Saddle joint movement

A

Flexion, extension, abduction, circumduction, found in the thumb

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51
Q

a-, an-

A

without

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52
Q

ab-

A

away from

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53
Q

ad-, af-

A

to, towards

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54
Q

dia-

A

through

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55
Q

dis-, dys-

A

difficult

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56
Q

ex-, ef-

A

away from

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57
Q

-osis

A

condition of

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58
Q

-rrhea

A

flowing

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59
Q

Acessory organs

A

teeth, tongue, salivary glands, liver, gall bladder, and pancreas - contribute to breakdown of feed

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60
Q

Regurgitation

A

after the feed has been initially chewed and swallowed, the reticulum initiates retrieval to return to the mouth

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61
Q

Reinsalvation

A

the salivary glands add more mucin and bicarbonate to assist in breaking down more feed

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62
Q

Remastication

A

Rechewing the feed

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63
Q

Redeglutition

A

Re-swallowing of the feed

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64
Q

Order of rumination cycle

A
  1. regurgitation
  2. reinsalvtion
  3. remastication
  4. redeglutition
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65
Q

Teeth

A

function in prehension and particle reduction

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66
Q

Tongue

A

Prehension, mixing, and taste

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67
Q

Salivary glands

A

Produce saliva - containing mucin bicarbonate and urea (no salivary amylase in ruminants)

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68
Q

Esophagus

A

Connects pharynx to the stomach to transport food and drink from the stomach to the peristalsis. Return ingesta to the mouth during regurgitation

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69
Q

Reticulum (stomach of ruminants)

A

Initiates regurgitation- the honeycomb

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70
Q

Rumen (stomach of ruminants)

A

Site of microbial fermentation of feed and volatile fatty acid

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71
Q

Omasum (stomach of ruminants)

A

Water absorption - pages in a book

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72
Q

Abomasum (stomach of ruminants) - what does it produce

A

“true” or glandular stomach of ruminants. Produces HCI, pepsin, and intrinsic factors. Secretes lysozyme and gastrin

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73
Q

Greater omentum

A

Overlays the stomach - lace like appearance where leukocyte production occurs

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74
Q

Esophageal groove

A

Two folds that close when young suckle to cause the milk to bypass the reticulum and rumen. Connects to esophagus and abomasum

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75
Q

Liver

A

Metabolic nutrient processing and secretion of bile in digestion. Secretes angiotensinogen and IGF-1. Disposes of toxins. Site for gluconeogenesis

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76
Q

Gall bladder

A

Stores bile, releases bile into duodenum

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77
Q

Pancreas (6)

A

Produce bicarbonate, glucagon, insulin, trypsinogen, chymotrypsinogen, and procarboxypeptidase

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78
Q

Duodenum

A

Shortest part of small intestine - receives chyme from the abomasum. Produces bicarbonate and receives bile from the gall bladder and pancreatic secretions from pancreas

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79
Q

Jejunum

A

Middle portion of small intestine (longest) - digestion of protein and carbs and absorption of amino acids, fatty acids, and iron

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80
Q

Ileum

A

Absorbtion of bile salts, water, electrolytes, and vitamin B12 and connects to large intestine

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81
Q

Cecum

A

Microbial fermentation of residual starch and some cellulose occurs. Absorption of fermentation products, VVA, vitamins, and water

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82
Q

Colon

A

Microbial fermentation of residual starch and some cellulose occurs. Absorption of fermentation products, VVA, vitamins, and water

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83
Q

Rectum

A

Responsible for formation dropping

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84
Q

Ileocecal valve

A

regulates the flow of material from the ileum into the large intestine

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85
Q

Cortex

A

shell, outside layer

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86
Q

Medulla

A

marrow, middle layer

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87
Q

nephr-, ren-

A

kidney

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88
Q

Urinary system function

A

Filters blood, regulates blood volume/pressure and body pH, collects urine, resorbs water, maintains electrolyte balance

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89
Q

Nephron

A

The functional unit in the kidney - filters blood, desirable compounds are reabsorbed, and waste compounds are secreted into forming urine

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90
Q

Components of mammalian urinary system (4)

A

two kidneys, two ureters, urinary bladder, urethra

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91
Q

Components of avian urinary system (3)

A

two kidneys, two ureters, cloaca

92
Q

Where is urine stored in avians

A

The colon of the large intestine

93
Q

Cloaca (birds)

A

junction of ureters, colon, and repro tract

94
Q

Urethra (mammals)

A

drains urine from the urinary bladder and carries it out of the body

95
Q

Ureters

A

carries urine from the kidney to the urinary bladder

96
Q

What does urine contain (5)

A

urea, uric acid, ammonia, creatinine, and other nitrogen-containing compounds

97
Q

Renal cortex

A

The outer part of the kidney - filters blood to produce glomerular filtrate (gluconeogenesis occur here too)

98
Q

Renal medulla

A

the inner part of the kidney

99
Q

Renal pyramids

A

Cone-shaped structure (purple/red) - converts filtrate from the glomerular capsule into the urine

100
Q

Renal columns

A

Composed of lines of blood vessels and cortical material

101
Q

Renal pelvis

A

A funnel-shaped opening in the kidney that receives urine from the collecting ducts

102
Q

Renal corpuscle

A

Filters the blood - the glomerulus and the glomerular capsule

103
Q

Renal tubule

A

Converted filtrate into urine via reabsorption and secretion

104
Q

Loop of Henle

A

reabsorption of salt and water from urine

105
Q

Adrenal cortex secretes

A

secretes steroid hormones (aldosterone and cortisone)

106
Q

Adrenal medulla secretes

A

secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine

107
Q

ADH

A

Excreted by the posterior pituitary in the brain and increases H2O resorption by the kidney

108
Q

Aldosterone

A

Steroid hormone excreted by the adrenal cortex - increases sodium retention by the kidney

109
Q

Renin

A

An enzyme secreted by the kidney - increases the release of aldosterone

110
Q

Natriuretic hormone

A

Secreted by the heart atria and decreases sodium retention by the kidney

111
Q

Erythropoietin

A

Protein hormone secreted by the kidney - acts to stimulate red blood cell production in the bone marrow

112
Q

-algia

A

pain

113
Q

-lysis

A

breakdown

114
Q

macro-

A

large

115
Q

micro-

A

small

116
Q

-pathy

A

disease

117
Q

-penia

A

lack

118
Q

-phagia

A

to eat

119
Q

pre-

A

before

120
Q

beak

A

prehension

121
Q

mouth

A

entrance to GI tract

122
Q

Oropharynx

A

Combined oral and pharyngeal space. Joint area for digestive and respiratory system

123
Q

Salivary glands in birds

A

Secretes mucin, bicarbonate and water

124
Q

Infundibular cleft

A

Common opening of eustachian tubes (the canal that extends from the middle of the ear) (pressure equalization in flight)

125
Q

Laryngeal cleft

A

Opening into larynx - closes to block food from entering the larynx

126
Q

Larynx

A

Allows passage of air from oropharynx into trachea - contains to vocal cords

127
Q

Trachea

A

Transports air from the larynx to the bronchi

128
Q

Syrinx

A

Y-shaped organ - responsible for vocalization in birds

129
Q

Esophagus in birds

A

Thin wall rube with little muscle - passageway for feed from oropharynx to crop, and then from crop to proventricles

130
Q

Crop

A

Feed storage area. Soaking and storage of feed

131
Q

Heart in birds

A

4 chambered

132
Q

Liver in birds

A

Processes nutrients and produces bile

133
Q

Spleen

A

Part of the immune system - lymphocyte production

134
Q

Proventriculus

A

The glandular stomach in birds. Secretes pepsinogen for protein breakdown, HCI, mucous, and gastrin

135
Q

Ventriculus

A

The muscular part of the digestive system that grinds feed - rocks and pebbles are lodged here

136
Q

Small intestine

A

Produces the enzymes enterokinase, carboxy-peptidase, aminopeptidase, maltase, bicarbonate, and sucrase, (not lactase)

137
Q

Hepatic portal system

A

Collects nutrients absorbed from digested tract - transports directly to the liver

138
Q

Meckel diverticulum

A

Yolk stalk remnant. Lymphocyte production and part of the immune system. Marks juncture of jejunum and ileum

139
Q

How many ceca do birds have

A

two - part of the large intestine and microbial fermentation

140
Q

Bursa of Fabricius

A

Produces B-lymphocytes. Located dorsal to cloaca. Hard to find in mature birds

141
Q

Vent

A

The external opening of the cloaca. Reproductive, urinary, and fecal material exits here

142
Q

Kidneys in bird

A

Lobulated in birds - located in the synsacral cavity

143
Q

Testes

A

Male gonads are located at the anterior end of the kidneys - production of sperm and testosterone

144
Q

Epididymis

A

Increase sperm motility and increase sperm fertilizing capacity

145
Q

Vas deferens

A

2 - sperm storage, maximizing motility, and fertilizing capacity of the sperm, sperm maturation, and adding accessory fluid to the sperm

146
Q

Cloca within the repro tract

A

Receives sperm from vas deferens

147
Q

Ovary

A

Responsible for ova production and estrogen production

148
Q

Follicles

A

Reproductive gamete of the female

149
Q

Stigma line (birds)

A

Site of ovulation - no blood vessels, so no bleeding - no CH, CL, or CA

150
Q

Oviduct

A

Consists of infundibulum, magnum, isthmus, uterus, vagina

151
Q

Infundibulum

A

Catches the ova when it ovulated - location of sperm storage and fertilization

152
Q

Magnum

A

Secretes the albumen protein or egg white

153
Q

Isthmus

A

The two shell membranes are deposited - takes 1.25 hours, creates hard shell

154
Q

Uterus (birds)

A

Plumpling, the taking up of water, occurs. Eggshell and shell pigment deposited - 20.75 hours

155
Q

Vagina

A

Rotates the egg from the pointed end down to the round end down - 1/4 hour

156
Q

Utero-vaginal juncture

A

Provides storage area for sperm after copulation until oviposition occurs

157
Q

Oviposition

A

Laying the egg occurs half hour later - the egg passes through the cloaca and exits through the vent

158
Q

Oxytocin

A

Hormones exerted from the posterior pituitary are responsible for milk letdown in animals

159
Q

Mammary gland

A

Milk-producing tissue, including alveoli and collecting ducts drained from the teat by a single streak canal.

160
Q

Alveolus

A

A hollow ball of cells that forms and secretes milk

161
Q

Myoepithelial cells

A

Contractile cells that surround the alveolus - contract to force milk into the duct system

162
Q

Fine duct systems

A

Connects the alveoli to the connecting ducts

163
Q

Collecting ducts

A

Collect milk from the fine duct system and transport the milk to the gland cistern

164
Q

Gland cistern

A

The largest storage area of the mammary gland - collects milk from the collecting ducts and stores it

165
Q

Teat cistern

A

Collects secreted milk from gland cistern

166
Q

Streak canal

A

Milk exits out of the teat from the teat cistern

167
Q

What two parts of the mammary system are not present at birth?

A

Alveoli and fine duct system

168
Q

Medial suspensory ligament

A

Provides primary support for the udder. Run down the middle of the udder

169
Q

Lateral suspensory ligament

A

Located on the sides of the udder to provide additional support

170
Q

Pudic artery

A

Main blood supply to the udder

171
Q

anit-

A

against

172
Q

brady-

A

slow

173
Q

ectomy-

A

cutting out

174
Q

extra-

A

outside

175
Q

hypo-

A

under, less

176
Q

pectus

A

chest

177
Q

peri-

A

surrounding

178
Q

post-

A

after

179
Q

sub-

A

beneath

180
Q

The function of male repro system

A

Produce sperm and testosterone, ejaculate semen

181
Q

Testes

A

Male gonads

182
Q

Interstitial cells

A

produce testosterone

183
Q

Sustenacular cells

A

Prevents the immune system from attacking the developing sperm, forming the blood-testis barrier in each seminiferous tubule - produces androgen binding protein

184
Q

Rete testes

A

system of tubules the connects seminiferous tubules with efferent ducts to transport sperm into head of epididymis

185
Q

Testicular arteries

A

Paired arteries that feed into the vasculature of testies

186
Q

Caput (head) of epididymis

A

Fluid absorption occurs to increase the concentration of sperm

187
Q

Corpus (body) of epididymis

A

Where substantial maturation of sperm occurs

188
Q

Cauda (tail) of epididymis

A

Sperm is stored here

189
Q

Vas deferens

A

Where ejaculation occurs, takes sperm from the tail of the epididymis to the urethra

190
Q

Ampulla

A

Muscular widening of vas deferens - contracts to speed up ejection (only is some animals - ram, bull, stallion)

191
Q

Seminal vesicles

A

Supplies protein, sugars, and citric acid

192
Q

Prostate gland

A

Cleanse and lubricate urethrea - adds buffer and ions to activate sperm

193
Q

What is semen made up of?

A

Sperm + seminal plasma

193
Q

Bulbourethral gland

A

Cleanse and lubricate urethra, supply gelatinous plug - some species (boar, stallion)

194
Q

Seminal plasma/accessory gland

A

Neutralize residual acidity in the urethra, supply nutrients for sperm, activate sperm, and in some species (pig) provide gel that prevents fertilization by another male

195
Q

Penis

A

Copulatory organ - delivers semen into female repro tract

196
Q

Glans penis

A

End of the penis - filled with nerves that are stimulated during copulation which induces ejaculation

197
Q

Fibro-elastic penis

A

Controlled by retractor penis muscle and the sigmoid flexure - does not change in length - bull, boar, ram

198
Q

Pampiniform plexus

A

In spermatic cord - cools arterial blood going to testes and warms venous blood leaving the testes going back into body

199
Q

Vascular penis

A

Mostly vascular tissue and little connective tissue - penis fills with blood during erection - humans, dogs, cats, stallions

200
Q

Tunica dartos muscle

A

In scrotum - thin layer of muscle which contracts when testes are cold and relaxes when warm

201
Q

Cremaster muscle

A

Pulls testes closer or farther from body depending on temp - provides support to testicles

202
Q

Sweat glands

A

Helps control temp by cooling - not in all species

203
Q

hydr-, aque

A

water

204
Q

hysteri-

A

uterus

205
Q

-ism

A

condition of

206
Q

-ology

A

knowledge of

207
Q

pheno-

A

appearance

208
Q

-rrhagia

A

bursting forth

209
Q

pseudo-

A

false

210
Q

Ovary

A

Female gonad - forms ova, synthesizes progestogen and estrogen

211
Q

Primordial follicle

A

Ovum is surrounded by squamous follicular cells

212
Q

Primary follicle

A

Contains ovum surrounded by 1 layer of granulosa cells

213
Q

Secondary follicle

A

Contains ovum surrounded by 2+ layers of granulosa cells and interna cells. Cells have receptors for FSH and LH

214
Q

Antral follicle

A

Contains an antrum (space filled with follicular fluid)

215
Q

Ovulation-ready antral follicle

A

Contains many layers of granulosa cells and a large antrum. These mature follicles will ovulate

216
Q

Corpus hemorrhagicum (CH)

A

First ovarian structure is produced after ovulation - filled with blood

217
Q

Corpus luteum

A

Produces progesterone - maintained during pregnancy

218
Q

Corpus albicans (CA)

A

White scar of ovary - CL turns into CA when implantation does not occur

219
Q

Estrogen

A

Sex hormone responsible for libido

220
Q

Progesterone

A

Sex hormone that quiets contractions during pregnancy

221
Q

Prostaglandin

A

Responsible for lysisng CL

222
Q

Vagina

A

Place of semen deposit - receptacle for the penis

223
Q

Cervix

A

Passageway between the uterus and vagina that protects from microorganisms, semen storage, and lubrication

224
Q

Urerus

A

Where pregnancy is established - contains uterine horns and body

225
Q

Placenta

A

Nutrient and gas exchange between mother and fetus

ANS 214 (6 decks)

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