Lab Practical 2 Flashcards
Arth-
Joint
Carpus
Wrist
Chondr-
Cartilage
-Clast
To break
Cost-
Ribs
Myel-
Bone marrow
Oss-, osteo-
Bone
Syn-
Union
Tarsus
Ankle
Exoskeleton vs endoskeleton
Exo: hard outer Skelton that’s outside of the body (turtles)
Endo: Embedded within the muscle
Axial Skelton
Consists of the bones of the skull, ribs, vertebrae, and sternum. Not highly mobile to protect major organs
Appendicular Skelton
Bones of the appendages or limbs to aid in motion (wings, legs)
Heterotrophic bones
Bones embedded in the organs
Os rostrale
Bone in snout of the pig
Ossa cordis
Bones in the heart of cattle, sheep, and goats
Os Phrenic
Bone in the diaphragm of camels
Ossa Penis
Bone in penis of carnivores and rodents
Scleral rings
Round bone in eyes of the bird
Hyoid apparatus
Found in the tongue of avians and mammals
Ogrin
End of the muscle that’s attached to a stationary part of the bone
Insertion
The end of the muscle attached to a mobile section of the bone
Tendons
Attach muscle to bones
Ligaments
Attach bone to bone
Epiphysis
Two ends of long bones
Diaphysis
Shaft of long bone
Epiphyseal plate
A growth region of cartilage between the epiphysis and the diaphysis
Epiphyseal line
Line formed in the bone when growth has ended. Remnant of the epiphyseal plate
Endosteum
Membrane lining the medullary cavity
Periosteum
Membrane covering the outer surface of the bone composed of connective tissue. Bone itself does not have nerves
Medullary cavity
Hollow area in the center of the bone where bone marrow is located
Diploe
Spongy bone (cancellous bone)
Compact bone
Dense hard layer of bone
Yellow bone marrow
Composed of adipocytes and stem cells
Red bone marrow
Give rise to red blood cells, platelets, and some white blood cells
Long bone
Dumb-bell shaped - aid in movement and carry the weight of the body - femur, fibula, tibia
Flat bone
Flat in 2D - thin and curved and protect vital organs - skull
Short bone
Round - reduce friction and concession - carpels
Sesamoid bones
Bones that form in tendons and aid in movement - patella
Irregular bone
Bones of the vertebral column
Pneumatic bone
Bones that contain space filled with air - can warm air, help birds fly
Joints
Where two or more bones meet - lined with cartilage
Fibrous joints
Bones in the joint do not move - held together by fibers
Cartilaginous joints
Allows for some movement - held by ligaments
Synovial joints
largest group of joints in body - wide range of motion
Hinge joint movement
Extension and flexion - elbow and knee
Pivot joint movement
Rotation of one bone around another
Ball and socket joint movement
flexion, extension, adduction, abduction, and rotation - shoulder, hip joints
Condyloid joint movement
flexion, extension, adduction, abduction, and circumduction- wrist, foot
Gliding joint movement
allows for smooth gliding motions found in wrist and verebrae
Saddle joint movement
Flexion, extension, abduction, circumduction, found in the thumb
a-, an-
without
ab-
away from
ad-, af-
to, towards
dia-
through
dis-, dys-
difficult
ex-, ef-
away from
-osis
condition of
-rrhea
flowing
Acessory organs
teeth, tongue, salivary glands, liver, gall bladder, and pancreas - contribute to breakdown of feed
Regurgitation
after the feed has been initially chewed and swallowed, the reticulum initiates retrieval to return to the mouth
Reinsalvation
the salivary glands add more mucin and bicarbonate to assist in breaking down more feed
Remastication
Rechewing the feed
Redeglutition
Re-swallowing of the feed
Order of rumination cycle
- regurgitation
- reinsalvtion
- remastication
- redeglutition
Teeth
function in prehension and particle reduction
Tongue
Prehension, mixing, and taste
Salivary glands
Produce saliva - containing mucin bicarbonate and urea (no salivary amylase in ruminants)
Esophagus
Connects pharynx to the stomach to transport food and drink from the stomach to the peristalsis. Return ingesta to the mouth during regurgitation
Reticulum (stomach of ruminants)
Initiates regurgitation- the honeycomb
Rumen (stomach of ruminants)
Site of microbial fermentation of feed and volatile fatty acid
Omasum (stomach of ruminants)
Water absorption - pages in a book
Abomasum (stomach of ruminants) - what does it produce
“true” or glandular stomach of ruminants. Produces HCI, pepsin, and intrinsic factors. Secretes lysozyme and gastrin
Greater omentum
Overlays the stomach - lace like appearance where leukocyte production occurs
Esophageal groove
Two folds that close when young suckle to cause the milk to bypass the reticulum and rumen. Connects to esophagus and abomasum
Liver
Metabolic nutrient processing and secretion of bile in digestion. Secretes angiotensinogen and IGF-1. Disposes of toxins. Site for gluconeogenesis
Gall bladder
Stores bile, releases bile into duodenum
Pancreas (6)
Produce bicarbonate, glucagon, insulin, trypsinogen, chymotrypsinogen, and procarboxypeptidase
Duodenum
Shortest part of small intestine - receives chyme from the abomasum. Produces bicarbonate and receives bile from the gall bladder and pancreatic secretions from pancreas
Jejunum
Middle portion of small intestine (longest) - digestion of protein and carbs and absorption of amino acids, fatty acids, and iron
Ileum
Absorbtion of bile salts, water, electrolytes, and vitamin B12 and connects to large intestine
Cecum
Microbial fermentation of residual starch and some cellulose occurs. Absorption of fermentation products, VVA, vitamins, and water
Colon
Microbial fermentation of residual starch and some cellulose occurs. Absorption of fermentation products, VVA, vitamins, and water
Rectum
Responsible for formation dropping
Ileocecal valve
regulates the flow of material from the ileum into the large intestine
Cortex
shell, outside layer
Medulla
marrow, middle layer
nephr-, ren-
kidney
Urinary system function
Filters blood, regulates blood volume/pressure and body pH, collects urine, resorbs water, maintains electrolyte balance
Nephron
The functional unit in the kidney - filters blood, desirable compounds are reabsorbed, and waste compounds are secreted into forming urine
Components of mammalian urinary system (4)
two kidneys, two ureters, urinary bladder, urethra
Components of avian urinary system (3)
two kidneys, two ureters, cloaca
Where is urine stored in avians
The colon of the large intestine
Cloaca (birds)
junction of ureters, colon, and repro tract
Urethra (mammals)
drains urine from the urinary bladder and carries it out of the body
Ureters
carries urine from the kidney to the urinary bladder
What does urine contain (5)
urea, uric acid, ammonia, creatinine, and other nitrogen-containing compounds
Renal cortex
The outer part of the kidney - filters blood to produce glomerular filtrate (gluconeogenesis occur here too)
Renal medulla
the inner part of the kidney
Renal pyramids
Cone-shaped structure (purple/red) - converts filtrate from the glomerular capsule into the urine
Renal columns
Composed of lines of blood vessels and cortical material
Renal pelvis
A funnel-shaped opening in the kidney that receives urine from the collecting ducts
Renal corpuscle
Filters the blood - the glomerulus and the glomerular capsule
Renal tubule
Converted filtrate into urine via reabsorption and secretion
Loop of Henle
reabsorption of salt and water from urine
Adrenal cortex secretes
secretes steroid hormones (aldosterone and cortisone)
Adrenal medulla secretes
secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine
ADH
Excreted by the posterior pituitary in the brain and increases H2O resorption by the kidney
Aldosterone
Steroid hormone excreted by the adrenal cortex - increases sodium retention by the kidney
Renin
An enzyme secreted by the kidney - increases the release of aldosterone
Natriuretic hormone
Secreted by the heart atria and decreases sodium retention by the kidney
Erythropoietin
Protein hormone secreted by the kidney - acts to stimulate red blood cell production in the bone marrow
-algia
pain
-lysis
breakdown
macro-
large
micro-
small
-pathy
disease
-penia
lack
-phagia
to eat
pre-
before
beak
prehension
mouth
entrance to GI tract
Oropharynx
Combined oral and pharyngeal space. Joint area for digestive and respiratory system
Salivary glands in birds
Secretes mucin, bicarbonate and water
Infundibular cleft
Common opening of eustachian tubes (the canal that extends from the middle of the ear) (pressure equalization in flight)
Laryngeal cleft
Opening into larynx - closes to block food from entering the larynx
Larynx
Allows passage of air from oropharynx into trachea - contains to vocal cords
Trachea
Transports air from the larynx to the bronchi
Syrinx
Y-shaped organ - responsible for vocalization in birds
Esophagus in birds
Thin wall rube with little muscle - passageway for feed from oropharynx to crop, and then from crop to proventricles
Crop
Feed storage area. Soaking and storage of feed
Heart in birds
4 chambered
Liver in birds
Processes nutrients and produces bile
Spleen
Part of the immune system - lymphocyte production
Proventriculus
The glandular stomach in birds. Secretes pepsinogen for protein breakdown, HCI, mucous, and gastrin
Ventriculus
The muscular part of the digestive system that grinds feed - rocks and pebbles are lodged here
Small intestine
Produces the enzymes enterokinase, carboxy-peptidase, aminopeptidase, maltase, bicarbonate, and sucrase, (not lactase)
Hepatic portal system
Collects nutrients absorbed from digested tract - transports directly to the liver
Meckel diverticulum
Yolk stalk remnant. Lymphocyte production and part of the immune system. Marks juncture of jejunum and ileum
How many ceca do birds have
two - part of the large intestine and microbial fermentation
Bursa of Fabricius
Produces B-lymphocytes. Located dorsal to cloaca. Hard to find in mature birds
Vent
The external opening of the cloaca. Reproductive, urinary, and fecal material exits here
Kidneys in bird
Lobulated in birds - located in the synsacral cavity
Testes
Male gonads are located at the anterior end of the kidneys - production of sperm and testosterone
Epididymis
Increase sperm motility and increase sperm fertilizing capacity
Vas deferens
2 - sperm storage, maximizing motility, and fertilizing capacity of the sperm, sperm maturation, and adding accessory fluid to the sperm
Cloca within the repro tract
Receives sperm from vas deferens
Ovary
Responsible for ova production and estrogen production
Follicles
Reproductive gamete of the female
Stigma line (birds)
Site of ovulation - no blood vessels, so no bleeding - no CH, CL, or CA
Oviduct
Consists of infundibulum, magnum, isthmus, uterus, vagina
Infundibulum
Catches the ova when it ovulated - location of sperm storage and fertilization
Magnum
Secretes the albumen protein or egg white
Isthmus
The two shell membranes are deposited - takes 1.25 hours, creates hard shell
Uterus (birds)
Plumpling, the taking up of water, occurs. Eggshell and shell pigment deposited - 20.75 hours
Vagina
Rotates the egg from the pointed end down to the round end down - 1/4 hour
Utero-vaginal juncture
Provides storage area for sperm after copulation until oviposition occurs
Oviposition
Laying the egg occurs half hour later - the egg passes through the cloaca and exits through the vent
Oxytocin
Hormones exerted from the posterior pituitary are responsible for milk letdown in animals
Mammary gland
Milk-producing tissue, including alveoli and collecting ducts drained from the teat by a single streak canal.
Alveolus
A hollow ball of cells that forms and secretes milk
Myoepithelial cells
Contractile cells that surround the alveolus - contract to force milk into the duct system
Fine duct systems
Connects the alveoli to the connecting ducts
Collecting ducts
Collect milk from the fine duct system and transport the milk to the gland cistern
Gland cistern
The largest storage area of the mammary gland - collects milk from the collecting ducts and stores it
Teat cistern
Collects secreted milk from gland cistern
Streak canal
Milk exits out of the teat from the teat cistern
What two parts of the mammary system are not present at birth?
Alveoli and fine duct system
Medial suspensory ligament
Provides primary support for the udder. Run down the middle of the udder
Lateral suspensory ligament
Located on the sides of the udder to provide additional support
Pudic artery
Main blood supply to the udder
anit-
against
brady-
slow
ectomy-
cutting out
extra-
outside
hypo-
under, less
pectus
chest
peri-
surrounding
post-
after
sub-
beneath
The function of male repro system
Produce sperm and testosterone, ejaculate semen
Testes
Male gonads
Interstitial cells
produce testosterone
Sustenacular cells
Prevents the immune system from attacking the developing sperm, forming the blood-testis barrier in each seminiferous tubule - produces androgen binding protein
Rete testes
system of tubules the connects seminiferous tubules with efferent ducts to transport sperm into head of epididymis
Testicular arteries
Paired arteries that feed into the vasculature of testies
Caput (head) of epididymis
Fluid absorption occurs to increase the concentration of sperm
Corpus (body) of epididymis
Where substantial maturation of sperm occurs
Cauda (tail) of epididymis
Sperm is stored here
Vas deferens
Where ejaculation occurs, takes sperm from the tail of the epididymis to the urethra
Ampulla
Muscular widening of vas deferens - contracts to speed up ejection (only is some animals - ram, bull, stallion)
Seminal vesicles
Supplies protein, sugars, and citric acid
Prostate gland
Cleanse and lubricate urethrea - adds buffer and ions to activate sperm
What is semen made up of?
Sperm + seminal plasma
Bulbourethral gland
Cleanse and lubricate urethra, supply gelatinous plug - some species (boar, stallion)
Seminal plasma/accessory gland
Neutralize residual acidity in the urethra, supply nutrients for sperm, activate sperm, and in some species (pig) provide gel that prevents fertilization by another male
Penis
Copulatory organ - delivers semen into female repro tract
Glans penis
End of the penis - filled with nerves that are stimulated during copulation which induces ejaculation
Fibro-elastic penis
Controlled by retractor penis muscle and the sigmoid flexure - does not change in length - bull, boar, ram
Pampiniform plexus
In spermatic cord - cools arterial blood going to testes and warms venous blood leaving the testes going back into body
Vascular penis
Mostly vascular tissue and little connective tissue - penis fills with blood during erection - humans, dogs, cats, stallions
Tunica dartos muscle
In scrotum - thin layer of muscle which contracts when testes are cold and relaxes when warm
Cremaster muscle
Pulls testes closer or farther from body depending on temp - provides support to testicles
Sweat glands
Helps control temp by cooling - not in all species
hydr-, aque
water
hysteri-
uterus
-ism
condition of
-ology
knowledge of
pheno-
appearance
-rrhagia
bursting forth
pseudo-
false
Ovary
Female gonad - forms ova, synthesizes progestogen and estrogen
Primordial follicle
Ovum is surrounded by squamous follicular cells
Primary follicle
Contains ovum surrounded by 1 layer of granulosa cells
Secondary follicle
Contains ovum surrounded by 2+ layers of granulosa cells and interna cells. Cells have receptors for FSH and LH
Antral follicle
Contains an antrum (space filled with follicular fluid)
Ovulation-ready antral follicle
Contains many layers of granulosa cells and a large antrum. These mature follicles will ovulate
Corpus hemorrhagicum (CH)
First ovarian structure is produced after ovulation - filled with blood
Corpus luteum
Produces progesterone - maintained during pregnancy
Corpus albicans (CA)
White scar of ovary - CL turns into CA when implantation does not occur
Estrogen
Sex hormone responsible for libido
Progesterone
Sex hormone that quiets contractions during pregnancy
Prostaglandin
Responsible for lysisng CL
Vagina
Place of semen deposit - receptacle for the penis
Cervix
Passageway between the uterus and vagina that protects from microorganisms, semen storage, and lubrication
Urerus
Where pregnancy is established - contains uterine horns and body
Placenta
Nutrient and gas exchange between mother and fetus
