Lab Practical 1 Flashcards
Lymphatic System
Return extracellular fluid to the veins; functions in disease control
Elastin - connective tissue of arteries of the cardiovascular system
Protein that allows for greater elasticity of tissues found in skin, lung, and artery tissue
Arteri-
artery
Cardi-
Heart
hemo-
blood
erythro-
red
-emia
blood
leuko-
white
vaso-
vessel
Collagen - connective tissue of arteries of the cardiovascular system
main structural protein which provides strength to tissues and gives protection to fragile organs
Tunica intima - a layer of arteries
The innermost coat or layer; consists of a continuous layer of endothelial cells that line the lumen and a layer of supporting connective tissue
Tunica media - a layer of arteries
The middle coat or layer consists of smooth muscle circularly arranged containing elastin - thicket layer
Tunica adventitia - a layer of arteries
Outermost layer: connective tissue containing elastin and collagen
Elastin (large) arteries
Thick-walled arteries near the heart and have a high proportion of elastin. Includes the aorta and its major branches
Muscular (distributing) arteries
Deliver blood to specific body organs that have high proportions of smooth muscle
Arterioles
The smallest arteries, with lesser proportions of smooth muscle and elastin
Capillaries
Endothelial cells that are covered with a basement membrane. Function in exchange of materials between the blood and tissue
Veins
Smooth muscle circularly arranged, more collagen, less elastin
Venules
Type of vein: much like capillaries but of larger diameter
Lymph Ducts
The extracellular fluid is returned to the heart via the lymphatic system. Contains thin-walled vessels with one-way valves
Right atrium (thinner)
Receives blood from the vena cava and moves it to the right ventricle
Right ventricle
Pumps blood from the right atrium to the pulmonary artery
Left atrium
Receives blood from the pulmonary veins and moves it to the left ventricle
Left ventricle
The largest heart chamber: pumps blood to the aorta from the left atrium
Atrioventricular Valves
It is located between the atria and ventricles; it prevents blood from flowing from ventricles back into the atria
Semilunar Valves
It is located between the ventricles and arteries leaving the heart; it prevents blood from flowing back into the ventricles
Aorta
The largest artery in the body that carries blood from the left ventricle to the body
Vena Cava
The largest vein in the body that has a superior vena cava, which carries from the upper body, and the inferior vena cava, which brings blood from the lower body to the right atrium
Coronary arteries
Multiple arteries running on both sides of the heart that supply nutrients and O2 to the heart muscle
Pulmonary artery
Carries low-oxygen blood from the right ventricle to the lungs
Pulmonary vein
Carries high-oxygen blood from the lungs to the left atrium
Lub
The heart sound made when the atrioventricular valves snap shut
Dub
The heart sound made when the semilunar valves snap shut
Pulmonary circulation
Blood circulates from the heart to the lungs and back to the heart
Systematic circulation
Blood circulates from the heart to an organ and back to the heart
Hepatic portal systems
Hapatic is a term referring to the liver. This portal system transports blood collected from the absorptive areas of the digestive system to the liver. Blood from the stomach and the small intestine is taken directly to the liver, then returned to the heart.
Hypothalamic-hyposeal portal system
Blood from a hypothalamus goes directly to the hypophysis before returning to the heart. This system carries hormones from the hypothalamus to the hypophysis and prevents degeneration and dilution of the small amounts of hormones produced
Brachi
Arm
Cervic-
Neck
Corpus
Body
Ped, pod
Foot
Pharyngo-, laryngo-
Throat
Nas-, rhin-
Nose
-plasty
Plastic surgery
Pleur-
Chest lining
Pneum-, plum-
Lungs
Thora-
Chest
Teache-
Windpipe
Parotid salivary gland
Located below a the ear
Submaxillary salivary gland
Located at the base of the jaw on the medial edge
Sublingual salivary glands
On either side below the tongue
Saliva contains (7):
Water, mucin, salivary amylase, secretory immunoglobulin A, electrolytes, lingual lipase, lysozymes
Function of the salivary gland
Secretes mucin, bicarbonate, water, and salivary amylase (BMWS)
Buccal cavity
Empty space in the mouth
Hard palate: roof of the mouth with underlying bone
Soft palate: softer tissue posterior to the hard palate
Pharynx
The open space behind the buccal cavity. A joint passageway for both food and air
Larynx
Part of the respiratory track between the pharynx and trachea and contains vocal cords
Trachea
Transports air from the larynx to the bronchi. Pale to white in color
Esophagus
Parallels the trachea and is dorsal to it. Pink and color. Carries ingested food from the pharynx to the stomach.
Pleura
Membrane lining the walls of thoracic cavity and surrounding the lungs. Cushions the lungs and provides lubrication to allow lungs to move smoothly.
Pericardium
Membrane surrounding the heart that forms of fluid filled sack that contains the hearts. Functions to contain the heart within the chest cavity and to prevent heart from over expanding.
Diaphragm
Skeletal muscle that separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity. Contractions of diagram, increase sides of the thoracic cavity
Peritoneum
Membrane that line abdominal cavity and surrounds vital organs. Supports vital organs and serves as a conduit for blood and lymph vessels and nerves
Liver
Major metabolic processing unit that maintains level of nutrients in blood. in digestion, it function is the secretion of bile
Gall bladder
Stores and excretes bile
Stomach
Produces hydrochloric acid and the enzyme pepsinogen to begin digestion of other proteins
Spleen
The largest lymphatic organ and functions as a site for production of lymphocytes. Removed old and damaged red blood cells.
Pancreas
Has both endocrine functions and exocrine function. Secretes the hormones, insulin and glycogen and secretes digestive enzymes.
Parts of small intestine in order
Duodenum, jejunum, ileum
Mesentery
Folds of the peritoneum that connect and anchor the small intestine
Parts of the large intestine
Cecum, colon (largest), rectim
Anus
External open of the digestive track. Fecel material exist here
Kidneys
Removal of waste products from blood and regulation of blood volume and body pH.
Cephalo-, crani
Head
Cerebro-, encephalo-
Brain
Neur
Nerve
Optic-, opt-
Eye
Ot-, auri-
Ear
Neural Tube Cells
CNS - Brain and Spinal Cord
Neural Crest Cells
PNS
PNS
Peripheral nervous system of nerve fibers and cell bodies outside of CNS
Parasympathetic system
“vegetative” functions such as digestion and homeostatic maintenance
Sympathetic system
flight or fight response
Gray matter in the brain
Contains cell bodies, nuclei, dendrites, and unmyelinated axons of the nerve cells
White matter in the brain
Contains high concentrations of myelinated axons
Meninges
Connective tissue membranes that surround the brain and spinal cord, lying between the nervous tissue and bones
Neurons
Nerve cells - conduct nerve impulses
Glial Cells
Supporting cells; provide nutrition, support, and establish a blood-brain barrier
Cerebrum
Responsible for higher mental functions
Frontal Lobe within the cerebral lobe
Voluntary motor control: reasoning, planning, emotions, social judgement
Parietal Lobe within the cerebral lobe
Perevcies sensation from skin, muscles, tendons, and joint receptors
Temporal Lobe within the cerebral lobe
Contains auditory center; important in memory
Occipital Lobe within the cerebral lobe
Responsible for vision and eye control
Insula within the cerebral lobe
Integrates sensory information from viscera; role in taste and language function
Corpus Callosum
A band of nervous tissue connecting the two halves of the cerebrum; carries nerve impulses between hemispheres
Thalamus
Relay center for all sensory information (- smell) going to the cerebrum
Hypothalamus
Responsible for regulating types of behavior and produces hormones like ADH and oxytocin
Anterior Pituitary (6)
Produces/releases GH, TSH, ACTH, FSH, LH, and prolactin (6)
Posterior Pituitary
Releases ADH and oxytocin, which are produced by the hypothalamus
Optic chiasm
Point at where optic nerve cross over on the way to the brain from the eye
Limbic system
Part of the forebrain that processes olfactory information. Neural basis of emotional states in higher vertebrates
Cerebellum
Receives input from joint, tendon, and muscle receptors and responsible for coordinating movement
Midbrain
Controls brain response to stimuli, eye movement, and vocalization
Pons
It contains two respiratory centers and is the pathway for nerve fibers passing through the brain to the spinal cord
Medulla Oblongata
Regulation of autonomic systems
Vasomotor center within Medulla Oblongata
Responsible for conditions or dilation of blood vessels and regulates blood pressure
Cardioinhibitory center within Medulla Oblongata
Responsible for parasympathetic innervation of the heart; regulates heart rate
Respiratory center
Works with respiratory center in pons to control respiration rate
Cranial nerves
Run directly to the brain, mixed with both sensory and motor function
-blast
to sporut
cyt-
cell
derm-
skin
ecto-
outside of
en-, endo-
within
meso-, medio-
middle
teras-, terat-
monster
toti-
whole
Growth occurs in HYPERTROPHY
Increase in cell size through an increase in organelle size and amount of cytoplasm (muscle cells)
Growth occurs in HYPERPLASIA
Increase in cell numbers (mitosis) like skin
Prenatally, most growth is by… and postnatally, most growth is by…
hyperplasia, hypertrophy
Determinate growth
The body grows up to a certain point then growth ceases
Indeterminate growth
Growth continues throughout the lifetime of an individual like in fish
Cellular differentiation
The process by which cells become specialized (liver cellso
Morphogenesis
Organs and tissues in animals are arranged in particular patterns and have particular relationships to one another
Morphology
The study of form and structure
Fertilization
combining of sperm and ovum; formation of zygote
Zygote
fertilized ovum
Zona pellucida
The protective layer that surrounds the mammalian oocyte
Cleavage
period of sequential cell divisions immediately following fertilization
Blastomeres
Undifferentiated cells formed during clevage
Morula
Solid ball of cells; mulberry shaped
Blastulation
Conversion of the morula into the blastocyst
Blastocyst
Hollow ball: initially one cell thick layer around a fluid-filled cavity.
Blastocyst: trophoblast
the outer layer of blastocyst; establishes the outmost layer of the placenta
Blastocyst: inner cell mass
Small aggregate of cells beneath trophoblast and at one end of the blastocyst; develops into embryo and all layers of the placenta besides the outermost
Blastocyst: Blastocoele cavity
The inner part of the blastocyst; fluid-filled area that provides nutrients to embryo
Implantation
Attachment of blastocyst to uterine wall
Gastrulation
Second major differentiation event
What devlops from the endoderm
lungs, GI tract, and associated organs like the liver
What devlops from the mesoderm
muscles, urinary system, some repro systems, heart, and connective tissue
Ectoderm
Forms the epidermis, some repro systems, and the nervous system, including brain, spinal cord, and nerves
Neurulation
Ectoderm develops into brain, spinal cord, and associated structures
Embryo
From implantation through formation of organs and organ systems
Fetus
From time formation of organs has been completed until parturition
Period of the Ovum
- time of ferlilzation to implatation
- little to no increase in weight
- sperm + ovum = zygote - morula - blastocyst - implantation
Period of the Embryo
- begins with gastrulation, in which three layers of cells develop from the inner cell mass
- formation of organs and tissues occur
- characterized by hyperplasia
Period of the Fetus
- late embryonic stage
- maturation of organ functions takes place with a large increase in weight
- growth is primarily by hypertrophy
Events in embryonic chick devlopment
- before laying eggs fertilization, division of living cells, segregation of cells into groups of special functions
- between laying and incubation no growth and stage of inactive embryonic life
Incubation: 22 hours
beginning formation of the head
Incubation: 42 hours
the heart begins to beat
Incubation: day 8
beginning formation of feathers
Incubation: day 13
appearance of scales and claws
Incubation: day 18
Pulmonary surfactant begins to be produced
Incubation: day 21
chick hatches
inter-
between
-lemma
sheath or husk
mega-, megalo-
large
myo-
muscle
semi-
half
supra-
above
Smooth muscle
Involuntary reactions in GI, reproductive, ureters, and blood vessels. No striated and circular and longitudinal layers with a single nucleus
Cardiac muscles
Involuntary reactions in the heart. Striated; cells connected by intercalated discs that are branched with 1-2 nuclei
Skeletal muscles
Voluntary contractions in attached to bones. Striated and longitudinal layers and elongated cells that are multinucleated
Intercalated discs
connects cell membranes of one cell to the next which increases electrical and molecular connections and aids in maintaining structures
Smooth muscle: peristalsis
The progressive alternating wave of coordinated contraction and relaxation of smooth muscle resulting in moving material
Smooth muscle: Segmentation
Stationary rhythmic contraction and relaxation of circular intestinal smooth muscle resulting in mixing
