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ANS 214 > Lab Practical 1 > Flashcards

Lab Practical 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Lymphatic System

A

Return extracellular fluid to the veins; functions in disease control

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2
Q

Elastin - connective tissue of arteries of the cardiovascular system

A

Protein that allows for greater elasticity of tissues found in skin, lung, and artery tissue

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3
Q

Arteri-

A

artery

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4
Q

Cardi-

A

Heart

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5
Q

hemo-

A

blood

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5
Q

erythro-

A

red

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5
Q

-emia

A

blood

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6
Q

leuko-

A

white

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7
Q

vaso-

A

vessel

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8
Q

Collagen - connective tissue of arteries of the cardiovascular system

A

main structural protein which provides strength to tissues and gives protection to fragile organs

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9
Q

Tunica intima - a layer of arteries

A

The innermost coat or layer; consists of a continuous layer of endothelial cells that line the lumen and a layer of supporting connective tissue

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10
Q

Tunica media - a layer of arteries

A

The middle coat or layer consists of smooth muscle circularly arranged containing elastin - thicket layer

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11
Q

Tunica adventitia - a layer of arteries

A

Outermost layer: connective tissue containing elastin and collagen

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12
Q

Elastin (large) arteries

A

Thick-walled arteries near the heart and have a high proportion of elastin. Includes the aorta and its major branches

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13
Q

Muscular (distributing) arteries

A

Deliver blood to specific body organs that have high proportions of smooth muscle

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14
Q

Arterioles

A

The smallest arteries, with lesser proportions of smooth muscle and elastin

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15
Q

Capillaries

A

Endothelial cells that are covered with a basement membrane. Function in exchange of materials between the blood and tissue

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16
Q

Veins

A

Smooth muscle circularly arranged, more collagen, less elastin

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17
Q

Venules

A

Type of vein: much like capillaries but of larger diameter

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18
Q

Lymph Ducts

A

The extracellular fluid is returned to the heart via the lymphatic system. Contains thin-walled vessels with one-way valves

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19
Q

Right atrium (thinner)

A

Receives blood from the vena cava and moves it to the right ventricle

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20
Q

Right ventricle

A

Pumps blood from the right atrium to the pulmonary artery

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21
Q

Left atrium

A

Receives blood from the pulmonary veins and moves it to the left ventricle

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22
Q

Left ventricle

A

The largest heart chamber: pumps blood to the aorta from the left atrium

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23
Q

Atrioventricular Valves

A

It is located between the atria and ventricles; it prevents blood from flowing from ventricles back into the atria

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24
Q

Semilunar Valves

A

It is located between the ventricles and arteries leaving the heart; it prevents blood from flowing back into the ventricles

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25
Q

Aorta

A

The largest artery in the body that carries blood from the left ventricle to the body

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26
Q

Vena Cava

A

The largest vein in the body that has a superior vena cava, which carries from the upper body, and the inferior vena cava, which brings blood from the lower body to the right atrium

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27
Q

Coronary arteries

A

Multiple arteries running on both sides of the heart that supply nutrients and O2 to the heart muscle

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28
Q

Pulmonary artery

A

Carries low-oxygen blood from the right ventricle to the lungs

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29
Q

Pulmonary vein

A

Carries high-oxygen blood from the lungs to the left atrium

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29
Q

Lub

A

The heart sound made when the atrioventricular valves snap shut

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30
Q

Dub

A

The heart sound made when the semilunar valves snap shut

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31
Q

Pulmonary circulation

A

Blood circulates from the heart to the lungs and back to the heart

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32
Q

Systematic circulation

A

Blood circulates from the heart to an organ and back to the heart

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33
Q

Hepatic portal systems

A

Hapatic is a term referring to the liver. This portal system transports blood collected from the absorptive areas of the digestive system to the liver. Blood from the stomach and the small intestine is taken directly to the liver, then returned to the heart.

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34
Q

Hypothalamic-hyposeal portal system

A

Blood from a hypothalamus goes directly to the hypophysis before returning to the heart. This system carries hormones from the hypothalamus to the hypophysis and prevents degeneration and dilution of the small amounts of hormones produced

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35
Q

Brachi

A

Arm

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36
Q

Cervic-

A

Neck

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37
Q

Corpus

A

Body

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38
Q

Ped, pod

A

Foot

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39
Q

Pharyngo-, laryngo-

A

Throat

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40
Q

Nas-, rhin-

A

Nose

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41
Q

-plasty

A

Plastic surgery

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42
Q

Pleur-

A

Chest lining

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43
Q

Pneum-, plum-

A

Lungs

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44
Q

Thora-

A

Chest

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45
Q

Teache-

A

Windpipe

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46
Q

Parotid salivary gland

A

Located below a the ear

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47
Q

Submaxillary salivary gland

A

Located at the base of the jaw on the medial edge

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48
Q

Sublingual salivary glands

A

On either side below the tongue

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49
Q

Saliva contains (7):

A

Water, mucin, salivary amylase, secretory immunoglobulin A, electrolytes, lingual lipase, lysozymes

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50
Q

Function of the salivary gland

A

Secretes mucin, bicarbonate, water, and salivary amylase (BMWS)

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51
Q

Buccal cavity

A

Empty space in the mouth
Hard palate: roof of the mouth with underlying bone
Soft palate: softer tissue posterior to the hard palate

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52
Q

Pharynx

A

The open space behind the buccal cavity. A joint passageway for both food and air

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53
Q

Larynx

A

Part of the respiratory track between the pharynx and trachea and contains vocal cords

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54
Q

Trachea

A

Transports air from the larynx to the bronchi. Pale to white in color

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55
Q

Esophagus

A

Parallels the trachea and is dorsal to it. Pink and color. Carries ingested food from the pharynx to the stomach.

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56
Q

Pleura

A

Membrane lining the walls of thoracic cavity and surrounding the lungs. Cushions the lungs and provides lubrication to allow lungs to move smoothly.

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57
Q

Pericardium

A

Membrane surrounding the heart that forms of fluid filled sack that contains the hearts. Functions to contain the heart within the chest cavity and to prevent heart from over expanding.

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58
Q

Diaphragm

A

Skeletal muscle that separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity. Contractions of diagram, increase sides of the thoracic cavity

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59
Q

Peritoneum

A

Membrane that line abdominal cavity and surrounds vital organs. Supports vital organs and serves as a conduit for blood and lymph vessels and nerves

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60
Q

Liver

A

Major metabolic processing unit that maintains level of nutrients in blood. in digestion, it function is the secretion of bile

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61
Q

Gall bladder

A

Stores and excretes bile

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62
Q

Stomach

A

Produces hydrochloric acid and the enzyme pepsinogen to begin digestion of other proteins

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63
Q

Spleen

A

The largest lymphatic organ and functions as a site for production of lymphocytes. Removed old and damaged red blood cells.

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64
Q

Pancreas

A

Has both endocrine functions and exocrine function. Secretes the hormones, insulin and glycogen and secretes digestive enzymes.

65
Q

Parts of small intestine in order

A

Duodenum, jejunum, ileum

66
Q

Mesentery

A

Folds of the peritoneum that connect and anchor the small intestine

67
Q

Parts of the large intestine

A

Cecum, colon (largest), rectim

68
Q

Anus

A

External open of the digestive track. Fecel material exist here

69
Q

Kidneys

A

Removal of waste products from blood and regulation of blood volume and body pH.

70
Q

Cephalo-, crani

A

Head

71
Q

Cerebro-, encephalo-

A

Brain

72
Q

Neur

A

Nerve

73
Q

Optic-, opt-

A

Eye

74
Q

Ot-, auri-

A

Ear

75
Q

Neural Tube Cells

A

CNS - Brain and Spinal Cord

76
Q

Neural Crest Cells

A

PNS

77
Q

PNS

A

Peripheral nervous system of nerve fibers and cell bodies outside of CNS

78
Q

Parasympathetic system

A

“vegetative” functions such as digestion and homeostatic maintenance

79
Q

Sympathetic system

A

flight or fight response

80
Q

Gray matter in the brain

A

Contains cell bodies, nuclei, dendrites, and unmyelinated axons of the nerve cells

81
Q

White matter in the brain

A

Contains high concentrations of myelinated axons

82
Q

Meninges

A

Connective tissue membranes that surround the brain and spinal cord, lying between the nervous tissue and bones

83
Q

Neurons

A

Nerve cells - conduct nerve impulses

84
Q

Glial Cells

A

Supporting cells; provide nutrition, support, and establish a blood-brain barrier

85
Q

Cerebrum

A

Responsible for higher mental functions

86
Q

Frontal Lobe within the cerebral lobe

A

Voluntary motor control: reasoning, planning, emotions, social judgement

87
Q

Parietal Lobe within the cerebral lobe

A

Perevcies sensation from skin, muscles, tendons, and joint receptors

88
Q

Temporal Lobe within the cerebral lobe

A

Contains auditory center; important in memory

89
Q

Occipital Lobe within the cerebral lobe

A

Responsible for vision and eye control

90
Q

Insula within the cerebral lobe

A

Integrates sensory information from viscera; role in taste and language function

91
Q

Corpus Callosum

A

A band of nervous tissue connecting the two halves of the cerebrum; carries nerve impulses between hemispheres

92
Q

Thalamus

A

Relay center for all sensory information (- smell) going to the cerebrum

93
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Responsible for regulating types of behavior and produces hormones like ADH and oxytocin

94
Q

Anterior Pituitary (6)

A

Produces/releases GH, TSH, ACTH, FSH, LH, and prolactin (6)

95
Q

Posterior Pituitary

A

Releases ADH and oxytocin, which are produced by the hypothalamus

96
Q

Optic chiasm

A

Point at where optic nerve cross over on the way to the brain from the eye

97
Q

Limbic system

A

Part of the forebrain that processes olfactory information. Neural basis of emotional states in higher vertebrates

98
Q

Cerebellum

A

Receives input from joint, tendon, and muscle receptors and responsible for coordinating movement

99
Q

Midbrain

A

Controls brain response to stimuli, eye movement, and vocalization

100
Q

Pons

A

It contains two respiratory centers and is the pathway for nerve fibers passing through the brain to the spinal cord

101
Q

Medulla Oblongata

A

Regulation of autonomic systems

102
Q

Vasomotor center within Medulla Oblongata

A

Responsible for conditions or dilation of blood vessels and regulates blood pressure

103
Q

Cardioinhibitory center within Medulla Oblongata

A

Responsible for parasympathetic innervation of the heart; regulates heart rate

104
Q

Respiratory center

A

Works with respiratory center in pons to control respiration rate

105
Q

Cranial nerves

A

Run directly to the brain, mixed with both sensory and motor function

106
Q

-blast

A

to sporut

107
Q

cyt-

A

cell

108
Q

derm-

A

skin

109
Q

ecto-

A

outside of

110
Q

en-, endo-

A

within

111
Q

meso-, medio-

A

middle

112
Q

teras-, terat-

A

monster

113
Q

toti-

A

whole

114
Q

Growth occurs in HYPERTROPHY

A

Increase in cell size through an increase in organelle size and amount of cytoplasm (muscle cells)

115
Q

Growth occurs in HYPERPLASIA

A

Increase in cell numbers (mitosis) like skin

116
Q

Prenatally, most growth is by… and postnatally, most growth is by…

A

hyperplasia, hypertrophy

117
Q

Determinate growth

A

The body grows up to a certain point then growth ceases

118
Q

Indeterminate growth

A

Growth continues throughout the lifetime of an individual like in fish

119
Q

Cellular differentiation

A

The process by which cells become specialized (liver cellso

120
Q

Morphogenesis

A

Organs and tissues in animals are arranged in particular patterns and have particular relationships to one another

121
Q

Morphology

A

The study of form and structure

122
Q

Fertilization

A

combining of sperm and ovum; formation of zygote

123
Q

Zygote

A

fertilized ovum

124
Q

Zona pellucida

A

The protective layer that surrounds the mammalian oocyte

125
Q

Cleavage

A

period of sequential cell divisions immediately following fertilization

126
Q

Blastomeres

A

Undifferentiated cells formed during clevage

127
Q

Morula

A

Solid ball of cells; mulberry shaped

128
Q

Blastulation

A

Conversion of the morula into the blastocyst

129
Q

Blastocyst

A

Hollow ball: initially one cell thick layer around a fluid-filled cavity.

130
Q

Blastocyst: trophoblast

A

the outer layer of blastocyst; establishes the outmost layer of the placenta

131
Q

Blastocyst: inner cell mass

A

Small aggregate of cells beneath trophoblast and at one end of the blastocyst; develops into embryo and all layers of the placenta besides the outermost

132
Q

Blastocyst: Blastocoele cavity

A

The inner part of the blastocyst; fluid-filled area that provides nutrients to embryo

133
Q

Implantation

A

Attachment of blastocyst to uterine wall

134
Q

Gastrulation

A

Second major differentiation event

135
Q

What devlops from the endoderm

A

lungs, GI tract, and associated organs like the liver

136
Q

What devlops from the mesoderm

A

muscles, urinary system, some repro systems, heart, and connective tissue

137
Q

Ectoderm

A

Forms the epidermis, some repro systems, and the nervous system, including brain, spinal cord, and nerves

138
Q

Neurulation

A

Ectoderm develops into brain, spinal cord, and associated structures

139
Q

Embryo

A

From implantation through formation of organs and organ systems

140
Q

Fetus

A

From time formation of organs has been completed until parturition

141
Q

Period of the Ovum

A
  • time of ferlilzation to implatation
  • little to no increase in weight
  • sperm + ovum = zygote - morula - blastocyst - implantation
142
Q

Period of the Embryo

A
  • begins with gastrulation, in which three layers of cells develop from the inner cell mass
  • formation of organs and tissues occur
  • characterized by hyperplasia
143
Q

Period of the Fetus

A
  • late embryonic stage
  • maturation of organ functions takes place with a large increase in weight
  • growth is primarily by hypertrophy
144
Q

Events in embryonic chick devlopment

A
  • before laying eggs fertilization, division of living cells, segregation of cells into groups of special functions
  • between laying and incubation no growth and stage of inactive embryonic life
145
Q

Incubation: 22 hours

A

beginning formation of the head

146
Q

Incubation: 42 hours

A

the heart begins to beat

147
Q

Incubation: day 8

A

beginning formation of feathers

148
Q

Incubation: day 13

A

appearance of scales and claws

149
Q

Incubation: day 18

A

Pulmonary surfactant begins to be produced

150
Q

Incubation: day 21

A

chick hatches

151
Q

inter-

A

between

152
Q

-lemma

A

sheath or husk

153
Q

mega-, megalo-

A

large

154
Q

myo-

A

muscle

155
Q

semi-

A

half

156
Q

supra-

A

above

157
Q

Smooth muscle

A

Involuntary reactions in GI, reproductive, ureters, and blood vessels. No striated and circular and longitudinal layers with a single nucleus

158
Q

Cardiac muscles

A

Involuntary reactions in the heart. Striated; cells connected by intercalated discs that are branched with 1-2 nuclei

159
Q

Skeletal muscles

A

Voluntary contractions in attached to bones. Striated and longitudinal layers and elongated cells that are multinucleated

160
Q

Intercalated discs

A

connects cell membranes of one cell to the next which increases electrical and molecular connections and aids in maintaining structures

161
Q

Smooth muscle: peristalsis

A

The progressive alternating wave of coordinated contraction and relaxation of smooth muscle resulting in moving material

162
Q

Smooth muscle: Segmentation

A

Stationary rhythmic contraction and relaxation of circular intestinal smooth muscle resulting in mixing

ANS 214 (6 decks)

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