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ANS 214 > Unit 2 > Flashcards

Unit 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What does the CNS contain

A

brain + spinal cord = decision maker

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2
Q

What does the PNS contain

A

cranial + spinal nerves = sense environment

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3
Q

Sensory division (PNS)

A

Somatic and visceral sensory nerve fibers that receive environmental input and deliver to the CNS

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4
Q

Motor division (PNS)

A

Motor nerve fibers that conduct impulses from the CNS to effectors (muscles)

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5
Q

Somatic nervous system (PNS)

A

Voluntary

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6
Q

Autonomic nervous system (PNS)

A

Involuntary

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7
Q

Sympathetic division (PNS)

A

Fight or flight

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8
Q

Parasympathetic division (PNS)

A

Conserve energy - rest and digest

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9
Q

What are the three fundmental types of neurons and their function

A

Sensory neurons: conduct signals from receptors to the CNS
Motor neurons: conduct signals from CNS to effectors
Interneurons: only confined to CNS

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10
Q

Neurons

A

Nerve cells that carry the signal

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11
Q

Neuroglia

A

Glial cells, “nerve glue” that provides support and structure

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12
Q

What are the properties of the neuron

A
  • Excitability
  • Conductivity
  • Secretion
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13
Q

What are the steps of an action potential

A
  1. depolarization
  2. repolarization
  3. hyperpolarization
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14
Q

What is a magnitude or intensity that must be exceeded for a specific reaction to occur

A

threshold

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15
Q

Depolarization

A

Membrane potential moves towards 0 with fast voltage-gaited calcium channels opening up

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16
Q

Repolarizing

A

Membrane potential moves to be more negative - calcium channels are inactivated, and slow voltage-gated potassium channels open up

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17
Q

Hyperpolarization

A

Potassium channels start closing, but more potassium shifts out than needed. Na-K pump is used to switch Na and K around

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18
Q

What is it when a nerve cannot stimulate another action potential

A

Absolute refractory period

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19
Q

Relative refractory period

A

It takes more effort to stimulate an action potential

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20
Q

Myelination

A

Like insulation - conduction is fast and more accurate since axons have to travel less, only of node of ranvier

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21
Q

Satellite cells (PNS)

A

Help with dying or injured neurons

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22
Q

Schwann cells (PNS) and Oligodendrocytes (CNS)

A

Forms myelination on neurons and insulates neurons

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23
Q

Microglia (CNS)

A

Acts as macrophage

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24
Q

Ependymal cells (CNS)

A

Produce cerebral-spinal fluid and aid in neuro-regeneration

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25
Q

Astrocytes (CNS)

A

20-40% of cells. Form blood-brain barrier, provide nutrients, maintain ion balance, and remodel

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26
Q

What are the three types of activation

A
  1. ligand-gated
  2. mechanically gaited
  3. voltage-gaited
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27
Q

Synapses

A

Functional connection between a neuron and another cell

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28
Q

What are the types of synapses

A
  1. chemical: sends neurotransmitters across the synaptic cleft (indirect)
  2. electrical: connected by gap junctions to pass directly from neurons (direct)
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29
Q

Axodendritic synapses

A

The axon of the presynaptic neuron forms a synapse with the dendrite of the postsynaptic neuron

30
Q

Axosomatic Synapses

A

The axon terminal of the presynaptic neuron interacts with the soma of the postsynaptic neurons

31
Q

Axoaxonic synapses

A

The axon of one neuron forms a synapse with the axon of another neuron

32
Q

Steps of synaptic signaling

A
  1. Action potential arrives at the presynaptic terminal, calcium channels open, and Ca²⁺ enters the terminal.
  2. Synaptic vesicles fuse with the membrane and release neurotransmitters.
  3. Neurotransmitters bind to receptors on the postsynaptic neurons.
  4. Ion channels open, causing excitability
  5. Neurotransmitters are terminated to stop the signal
  6. An action potential is triggered if the threshold is reached.
33
Q

Soma

A

Maintains cell health and integrates incoming signals

34
Q

Axon

A

Transmits electrical impulses from the cell body to the target cell

34
Q

Axon Hillock

A

Initiates the action potential

35
Q

Dendrites

A

Receive signals from other neurons

36
Q

Axon Terminals

A

Release neurotransmitters to communicate with the next cell

36
Q

Nodes of Ranvier

A

Gaps in the myelin where the signal is regenerated enable fast transmission

37
Q

What are the muscle types?

A
  1. Smooth: in walls of hollow organs, involuntary, not striated
  2. Skeltal: In limbs, striated, voluntary
  3. Cardic: in heart walls, involuntary, striated
38
Q

What is the function of muscles?

A

Produce movement, maintain posture, stabilize joints, generate heat

39
Q

Five characteristics of muscle

A
  1. responsiveness
  2. conductivty
  3. contractility
  4. extensibility
  5. elasticity
40
Q

Sacrolemma

A

Plasmid membrane that transmits electrical signal

41
Q

Sarcoplasmic reticulum

A

Storage and transport of calcium

42
Q

Triad and what it is composed of

A

Holds and store calcium
- terminal cisternae: pulls calcium and is a specific part of SR
- transverse tubule: connects electrical signal from sarcolemma to sarcoplasmic reticulum

43
Q

Myofilaments

A

Made up of actin and myosin

44
Q

Actin and myosin

A

What makes up myofilaments

45
Q

Sarcoplasm

A

= cytoplasm, stores glycogen and myoglobin

46
Q

Myofibrils

A

Composed of myofilaments

46
Q

What is a muscle twitch

A

response of a muscle to a single, brief threshold stimulus –> a single contraction event

47
Q

What are the three phases of a twitch

A
  1. Latent period: Preparing
  2. Period of contraction: increase in tension
  3. Period of relaxation: decrease in tension
48
Q

Temporal summation

A

If another stimulus is applied before the muscle completely relaxes, tension increases. This could result in tetanus, where there is no relation

49
Q

Motor units

A

Where one neuron interacts with multiple muscle fibers. The more motor units the higher the tension. (all or non-response)

50
Q

How does relaxation occur?

A
  1. Nerve stimulation ceases - ACh is broken down, and acetylcholinesterase stops the signal to the sarcolemma
  2. Actively transport calcium back to SR
  3. Loss of calcium causes cytoplasm to dissociate from troponin, which causes tropomyosin to cover myosin binding sites
  4. Muscle fibers return to resting state
51
Q

What is rigor mortis, and how does it occur?

A
  1. Calcium leaks out of muscle cells and binds to troponin
  2. Cross-bridge formation occurs until no ATP is available
  3. With no ATP myosin head can’t detach from action after the power stroke
  4. Muscle stays contracted till myofilament decays
52
Q

Direct phosphorylation of ADP by creatine phosphate

A

1creatine:1ATP, last about 15 seconds. phospoho-cratine and ADP make creatine and ATP

53
Q

Anaerobic pathway

A

1gluscose:2ATP, last about 30 seconds. Glucose breaks down to pyruvate, making lactic acid and ATP

54
Q

Aerobic respiration (Krebs cycle)

A

1glucose:32-34ATP, last minutes to hours. Glucose and oxygen produce ATP and fatty acids

55
Q

White meat makes…

A

fast glycolytic muscle - low in myoglobin high in glycogen

56
Q

Red meat makes…

A

Slow oxidative muscle - high in myglobin

57
Q

Axial skeleton versus appendicular skeleton

A

Axial: protects, supports, and carries body parts (skull, ribs)
Appendicular: aids in movement and manipulation of the environment (limbs, femur, scapula)

58
Q

What are the three types of cartilage?

A
  1. elastic: very stretchy (external ears, epiglottis)
  2. Hyaline: flexible (nose, joints, stermum)
  3. Fibrous: thick collagen fibers that absorbs impact (knees)
59
Q

Epiphysis

A

End of the bone

60
Q

Diaphysis

A

Shaft of the bone

60
Q

Osteoblasts

A

Produce bone matrix and secrete collagen

61
Q

Osteocytes

A

They are found in the lacunae and were organized osteoblast but have matured. Monitor bone health

62
Q

Bone lining cells

A

Monitor bone health - are found outside of the bone

63
Q

Osteoclasts

A

Cells responsible for bone resorption and remodeling of the bone - closely related to macrophage

64
Q

Osteogenic cells

A

Produce the next generation - can turn into osteoblasts, bone lining cells, or osteocytes

65
Q

How do bones form?

A

Endochondral ossification: turning hyaline bones into long bones
Intramembranous ossification: the process of bone development from fibrous membranes

66
Q

How do bones change in size?

A

lengthening and thickening

ANS 214 (6 decks)

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