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ANS 214 > Unit 1 > Flashcards

Unit 1 Flashcards

1
Q

How do organisms go from cell to species?

A
  1. Cells: mitochondria, cytoplasm, ribosomes, lysosome
  2. Tissue: groups of cells similar in structure and function (muscle, nervous, connective, epithelial)
  3. Organs: lungs, heart, liver, small intestines, large intestines
  4. Organ System: endocrine, cardiovascular, respiratory, skeletal, digestive, urinary
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2
Q

What does each tissue group do?

A
  1. muscle tissue - contractions
  2. nervous tissue - communication
  3. connective - bind, connect, and support
  4. epithelial - skin, protects surface
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3
Q

Cell Types within Epithelial Tissue

A
  1. Squamous Cells: flat tissue
  2. Cuboidal cell: square cell
  3. Columnar cells - column cells
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4
Q

Central Dogma Theory

A

DNA - RNA - Protein – DNA replication, DNA is copied to make more DNA. During transcription, DNA is copied to RNA, and during translation, RNA is read to create proteins.

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5
Q

Homeostasis

A

State of the relative consistency of the state of the environment

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6
Q

Negative Feedback Loop

A

Stimulus that is received through a sensor or receptor to the control center that releases an effector (high glucose - you get insulin), must have a set point you are maintaining.

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7
Q

Positive Feedback Loop

A

Stimulus is received through a sensor or receptor to the control center that releases an effector - must have amplification (calf suckles on mom, milk is released for only the length calf is suckling)

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8
Q

Main Functions of Cardiovascular System

A
  1. Transportation - nutrients, gases, metabolical waste, communication signals
  2. Regulation - blood pH, temperature, blood volume
  3. Protection - blood clotting, immune system
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9
Q

What is blood composed of

A
  1. Red blood cells (bottom of vial) - most dense
  2. Plasma (top of vial) - solute that contains nutrients
  3. White blood cells (middle of vial) - protective component
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10
Q

Arteries

A

Move blood away from the heart

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11
Q

Veins

A

Move blood towards heart

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12
Q

Continuous blood vessels

A

Most of the capillaries. It is least permeable and moves small things.

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13
Q

Fenestrated Blood Vessels

A

It has windows (holes) and moves small things rapidly. It is in the kidneys and intestine (screen window)

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14
Q

Sinusoid

A

Moves giant molecules and is most permeable. It is in the liver, spleen, and bone marrow (chain link fence)

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15
Q

Cardio output equation

A

-HR x SV (stroke volume) = CO

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16
Q

Things that impact heart rate

A

Hormones, age, gender, body temp, exercise

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17
Q

Things that impact stroke volume

A

preload, contractility, afterload

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18
Q

Afterload

A

Amount of force to eject blood out of the ventricle

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19
Q

How does blood move through the heart?

A

right atrium, right ventricle, lung, left atrium, left ventricle, systemic circuit

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20
Q

What ventricle has more muscle and pumps more?

A

Left ventricle

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21
Q

What causes blood to flow in a single direction

A

Atrioventricular valves and semi-lumiar valves

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22
Q

What are the two types of cardiomyocytes?

A

-Contractile Cardiac Myocytes: 99% of cells in the heart that allow it to pump and give it a forced rest period
- Autorhymic cells: 1% of cells in the heart that are the pacemaker of the heart

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23
Q

Capillaries

A

Very small blood vessels with thin walls

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24
Q

Respiratory acidosis

A

Blood pH lower than 7.35 and increased blood pCO2

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25
Q

Respiratory alkalosis

A

Blood pH higher than 7.45 and decreased blood pCO2 (hyperventilation)

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26
Q

What is respiratory rhythms regulated by?

A

higher brain center (medulla and pons), chemoreceptors (pO2, pH), pulmonary irritant reflexes, stretch receptors

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27
Q

Functions of the respiratory system

A

Supply O2, remove CO2, remove heat, vocalization, olfaction, acid-base homeostasis.

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28
Q

Pulmonary ventilation

A

Movement of air in the lung

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29
Q

External Respiration

A

Gas exchange between lung and blood (external air moving into the system)

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30
Q

Transportation of respiratory gases

A

Moving gas from from lung to the tissue

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31
Q

Internal respiration

A

Gas exchange between blood and tissue

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32
Q

Does the upper or lower respiratory system have a conducting zone?

A

Upper

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33
Q

Alveoli

A

Gas exchange (very thin, thinner then paper)

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34
Q

Alveolar Type 1 cells

A

Brown cells

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35
Q

Alveolar Type 2 cells

A

Green cells that produce surfactant

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36
Q

Macrophage

A

Purple cells that remove unknown things and the innate immune system

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37
Q

What are the properties of the mammalian respiratory system?

A

Compliance: the ability of the system to stretch
Elasticity: return to rested state
Surface tension: allows for similar molecules to come together

38
Q

Surfactant

A

Detergent like liquid and protein complexes produced by type 2 alveolar cells

39
Q

What are the mechanics of pulmonary ventilation?

A

Inspiration: brining air to the lung
Expiration: bringing air out of the lung

40
Q

Boyles Law

A

The inverse relationship between the pressure and volume of a gas. When pressure increases, volume decreases. (squeezing a ballon)

41
Q

What does intrapulmonary pressure (Ppul) always equal?

A

atmospheric pressure (Patm) - 760 mmHg

42
Q

Is intrapleural pressure (Pip) more or less than intrapulmonary pressure (Ppul)?

A

less

43
Q

How does expiration work

A

As volume decreases, intrapulmonary pressure (Ppul) increases. Ppul must equal Patm so air leaves

44
Q

Tidal volume (normal)

A

The volume of gas inhaled/exhaled

45
Q

Inspiratory reserve volume

A

The volume of air above tidal volume that can be taken in

46
Q

Expiratory reserve volume

A

Amount of air that can be exhaled outside of tidal volume

47
Q

Vital capacity

A

Amount of exchangeable air

48
Q

Residual volume

A

Amount of air that cannot be exchanged

49
Q

Dead space

A

Some inspired air never contributes to gas exchange (residual volume)
Total dead space = anatomical dead space + alveolar dead space

50
Q

Alveolar ventilation rate (AVR) equation

A

Frequency x (TV-dead space) = AVR

51
Q

Daltons Law

A

The total pressure of a mixture of gases equals the sum of the pressures of all the gases (Patm = 100%, so PO2 = 40% and PN = 60%)

52
Q

Henerys Law

A

The amount of gas dissolved in a liquid depends of the solubility of gas, temperature of the fluid, and partial pressure of the gas

53
Q

How is O2 carried in the blood?

A

1.5% dissolved in plasma and 98.5% is loosely bonded to Fe of hemoglobin

54
Q

What happens in carbon dioxide transport?

A

10% dissolved as CO2 in plasma, 20% carbaminohemoglobin, and 70% bicarbonate

55
Q

In the chloride shift:

A

Hydrogen is released for carbonic acid then bicarbonate leaves the erythrocytes (leaving an H+ behind). This maintains ionic balance, and Cl- comes into erythrocytes

56
Q

Key differences in avian vs mammalian respiratory system

A
  • Avians do not have a diaphragm
    -Their lungs are not eleatic
  • they have air sacs
  • A change in volume occurs
  • Occurs with inflation and partial deflation of air sacs
57
Q

How does gas exchange work in avians

A

1st inspiration, 1st expiration (air doesn’t enter lungs till now), 2nd inspiration, 2nd expiration (air leave body)

58
Q

What are the two gas laws that assist with external and internal respiration and transportation of gases?

A

Henrys and Daltons’ law

59
Q

What can alter the loading and unloading of oxygen (4)

A

The affinity between oxygen and hemoglobin, lower affinity with acid, decreased affinity with higher temps, decreased affinity with increased 2-3 diphosphoglyceric acid

60
Q

How is the endocrine system different from the nervous system?

A

Communicate with hormones and receptors, responds in seconds to days, carried through blood and lymph, regulates metabolic activities

61
Q

What is a hormone?

A

Chemicals that are carried through the blood or lymph to distinct target tissues and recognized by specific high-affinity receptors on target cells

62
Q

What are the two hydrophilic hormones?

A

peptide (oxytocin and human growth hormone) and amino acid hormones (norepinephrine)

63
Q

What is the hydrophobic hormone?

A

Steroid hormone (testosterone and progesterone)

64
Q

What does target cell activation depend on?

A

Relative number of receptors, affinity of receptor and hormone, blood levels of hormones

65
Q

Humoral stimuli

A

Changing levels of Ions and nutrients

66
Q

Neural stimuli

A

Nerve fibers stimulate a hormone release

67
Q

Hormonal stimuli

A

Hormones stimulate the release/suppression of other hormones

68
Q

Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH)

A

stimulates secretion from the thyroid gland
- inhibited by the thyroid gland
- inhibits TRH
- Negative feedback loop
- Anterior pituitary

69
Q

LH/FSH

A

control ovulation/the menstrual cycle in women and sperm production in men
- secreted by GnRH
- PFL

70
Q

ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone)

A

stimulates secretion of hormones by adrenal cortex
- short term stress response
- secreted by corticotrophin releasing hormone
- produces glucorticoids and mineral corticoids
- Produced in the kidneys
- NFL

71
Q

Prolactin (PL)

A

milk production by anterior pituitary
- stimulation of the mammary gland
- can be inhibited by dopamine
- inhibits GnRH
- NFL

72
Q

Growth Hormone (GH)

A

regulates the growth of the body
- Produced by GnRH and hypothalamus
- inhibits GnRH
- directly raises blood glucose levels
- NFL

73
Q

antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

A
  • stimulated water reabsorption in the kidney
  • regulated based on water and water pressure
  • stimulate vasoconstriction in blood vessels (narrowing, blood volume and pressure)
  • NFL
74
Q

Thyroid hormone

A
  • increases metabolic rate and heat production (burns energy)
    Plays a role in:
  • maintenance of blood pressure
  • regulates tissue growth
  • development of skeletal + nervous systems
  • reproductive capacity
75
Q

2 types of thyroid hormones

A

T4 (thyroxine)and T3 (triiodothyroninnne)

76
Q

Endocrine pancreas cells

A
  • Alpha cells: make glucagon
  • Beta cells: make insulin
  • Delta cells: make somatostatin
77
Q

Adrenal glands release what 2 things?

A

epinephrine, norepinephrine

78
Q

ACTH is a ___ releasing hormone that deals with ____.

A

corticotropin, stress

79
Q

LH/FSH are ___ stimulating hormones which have a ___ feedback loop.

A

follicle, positive

80
Q

TSH interacts with ___ to cause a release of ___ & ____.

A

thyroids, T3, T4

81
Q

PRL stimulates ____ production and is a ___ feedback loop.

A

milk, negative

82
Q

Oxytocin ___ milk ejection, ___ uterine contractions, and ___ stress.

A

triggers, stimulates, inhibits

83
Q

Thyroid hormones increase ____ & _____.

A

metabolic rate, heat production

84
Q

Insulin functions in an increase of ___ & ____, and converts ____.

A

glucose uptake, storage glycogen, glucose to fat

85
Q

Glucagon targets the ____ and promotes an increase of ___, ___, & _____.

A

liver, glycogenolysis, gluconeogenesis, release of glucose to blood

86
Q

Pre-load

A

Volume of blood the heart can hold without streching

87
Q

Sinoatrial nodes

A

Pacemaker, wave of depolarization begins here - L & R atria contract

88
Q

Atrioventricular nodes

A

Location/wave of depolarization across atria converges

89
Q

Atrio-bundle node

A

Transmit electrical impulses from atrioventricular nodes through the ventricle

90
Q

Subendocardial conducting node network

A

Transmit the wave of depolarization from the fibers of the AV bundle into individual contractile cardiomyocytes

91
Q

The partial pressure of oxygen is higher in the lungs than blood returning from the tissue in:

A

External respiration

ANS 214 (6 decks)

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