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anatomy 1 > unit 3 > Flashcards

unit 3 Flashcards

1
Q

muscle twitch is ___ cycle of contraction and relaxation in a muscle fiber

A

one

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2
Q
  • action potential arrives at the motor endplate ACH is released from motor neuron
  • ACH binds to ligand gated NA+ channels in the motor end plate, generating an action potential along the sarcolemma
  • action potential propagates along the sarcolemma down t tubules
  • action potential causes voltage gated ca2_ channels in the sarcoplasmic reticulum to open
A

latent period/ lag

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3
Q
  • ca2+ diffuses out of SR into sarcoplasm and binds to troponin
  • active sites on the actin myofilament are exposed and the myosin heads bind to them
  • cross bridge cycling begins and continues as long as ca2+ is in the sarcoplasm
A

contraction

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4
Q
  • ca2+ is pumped from the sarcoplasm into the SR
  • Ca2+ levels in the sarcoplasm declines and cross-bridge cycling comes to stop
A

relaxation

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5
Q
  • length of sarcomere at the start of contraction
  • frequency of stimuli
  • muscle fatigue, temp, hydration
A

variables that affect twitch strength

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6
Q
  • muscle size + fascicle arrangement
  • which motor units are contracting
  • total number of motor units contraction (recruitment or multiple motor unit summation)
A

variables affecting the whole muscle

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7
Q

allows only brief contraction

A

too short

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8
Q

too little overlap, weak contraction

A

too long

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9
Q

T/f muscles usually do not exceed length that leads to no tension produced:
- limitations on bone movements
- elastic filaments (titin)
- CNS monitors + adjusts muscle tones
- reflexive contraction

A

T

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10
Q

frequency of stimuli – if new stimuli arrive before the first is over, increase or decrease in tension?

A

increase

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11
Q
  • become hyperpolarized –> muscle fiber less excitable
  • accumulate ADP + inorganic phosphate –> slow cross bridge cycling, inhibits calcium release
A

short term muscle fibers fatigue

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12
Q
  • fuel depletion –> less ATP made
  • electrolyte loss through sweating
  • central fatigue –> central nervous system produces less output to motor neurons
A

long term muscle fibers fatigue

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13
Q

animal naturally engage in variety of behaviors

A

natural variability

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14
Q

spinal cord arises form the ___ and ends at the ___ ____

A

brainstem; conus medullaris

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15
Q

spinal cord ends before the vertebral column (connection to the ____ punctures)

A

lumbar

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16
Q

Cervical + lumbosacral enlargements include neurons associations with the ___ (require more neurons with the limbs)

A

limbs

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17
Q

spinal cord has ____ grooves on anterior and posterior surfaces
- anterior median fissure (deep groove)
- posterior median sulcus (shallow groove)

A

longitudinal

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18
Q

specific bilateral region of skin supplied by a single pair of spinal nerves

A

dermatomes

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19
Q

areas where u find daily dendrites, cell bodies, an d unmyelinated axons

A

gray matter

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20
Q

areas where myelinated axons dominate

A

white matter

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21
Q

large bundle of nerve fibers

A

funiculus

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22
Q
  • meninges
  • CSF on subarachnoid space (shock absorption)
  • vertebrae (structural protection)
  • adipose (fat) in epidural space
A

structures protecting cord

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23
Q

** epidural space is where the epidural happens in ADIPOSE TISSUE and affects spinals roots and nerves and is different than lumbar punctures which is in the space of spinal fluid

A

ON EXAM

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24
Q
  • protect damaging contacts with verebrae
  • provide physical stability and shock absorption
  • blood vessels in layers deliver o2 + nutrients to spinal cord
  • continuous with cranial meninges
A

meninges

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25
Q

areas where you find mainly dendrites, cell bodies, and unmyelinated axons

A

gray matter

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26
Q

areas where myelinated axons dominate

A

white matter

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27
Q

large bundle of nerve fibers

A

funiculus

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28
Q

___ horns are only present in the thoracic and lumbar segments

A

lateral

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29
Q

___ neurons of the lateral horns are associated with autonomic division, innervate viscera

A

motor

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30
Q
  • meninges, CSF in subarachnoid space, vertebrae, adipose (fat) in epidural space
A

protecting spinal cord

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31
Q

dense irregular connective tissue

A

dura mater

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32
Q

arachnoid mem = 5-6 layers squamous to cuboidal cells adhering to dura mater + loose cells, collagenous, + elastic fibers spanning to the subarachnoid space

A

arachnoid mater

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33
Q

delicate membrane of 1-2 layers simple to cuboidal cells = collagen & elastic fibers

A

pia mater

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34
Q

limit side to side movement of spinal cord

A

denticulate ligaments

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35
Q

carry sensory signals from the receptors to the CNS

A

afferent fibers

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36
Q

carry motor signals form the CNS to effectors

A

efferent fibers

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37
Q

innervate skin, skeletal muscles, bones, joints

A

Somatic fibers

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38
Q

innervate blood vessels, glands, and viscera

A

viceral fibers

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39
Q

innervate widespread organs such as muscles, skin, glands, viscera, and blood vessels

A

general fibers

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40
Q

innervate more localized organs in the head, including the yees, ears, olfactory, taste receptors, and muscles of chewing, swallowing, and facial expression

A

special fibers

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41
Q

individual axons are surrounded by endoneurium

A

loose connective tissue

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42
Q

bundles of axons (fascicles)

A

nerves

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43
Q

bundles of axons (fascicles) surrounding by ___

A

perineurium

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44
Q

nerve is protected form overstretching , injury by ____ = dense irregular connective tissue

A

epinerurium

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45
Q

Somatic motor neurons have their cell bodies in the _____ horns, axons go through ____ roots

A

anterior; anterior

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46
Q

autonomic motor neurons have their cell bodies in ___ horns, axons go through ___ roots

A

lateral; anterior

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47
Q

sensory neurons have their cell bodies in ___ root ganglia, axons either synapse within interneuron in the ___ horns or pass into ___ matter (ascending or descending tracts)

A

posterior; posterior; white

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48
Q

_____ branch reenter reentered the vertebral canal and innervates the meninges, vertebrae, and spinal ligaments

A

meningeal

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49
Q

smaller ____ ___ serve the back

A

posterior rami

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50
Q

larger ___ ____ serve hate body wall & limbs (excluding the back)

  • form intercostal nerves in thoracic region
  • form nerve plexuses in other regions
A

anterior rank

51
Q
  • complex, interwoven networks of nerve fibers
  • formed from blended fibers of anterior rami of adjacent spinal nerves
  • allows multiple spinal nerves to supply the structures
  • damage to a single location doesn’t completely cut off info transmission
A

nerve plexuses

52
Q

innervates muscles of neck and diaphragm

  • phrenic nerve : diaphragm
A

cervical plexus

53
Q

innervates muscels of pectoral girdle + upper limb

  • ulnar, medial + radial nerve
A

brachial plexus

54
Q

innervates muscles of pelvic girdle and lower limb

fermoral nerve

A

lumbar plexus

55
Q

innervates muscles of pelvic girdle and lower limb

sciatic nerve

A

sacral plexus

56
Q
  1. generally multi-neuronal –> 2-3 neurons that relay info
  2. most exhibit spatial relationships among fibers that reflect mapping of the body
  3. most decussate (cross sides) at some pt]
    - once = contralateral
    - none or twice = ipsialteral
  4. pathways are paired symmetrically on both sides
A

sensory and motor pathways

57
Q

cell body in cranial or spinal ganglia

A

1st order neuron

58
Q

cell body in CNS – brainstem or posterior gray matter spinal cord is considered an interneuron

A

2nd order neuron

59
Q

cell body in CNS – specifically region of brain called thalamus, neurons considered interneurons

A

3rd order neuron

60
Q

UMN has its cell body in ___

  • can has 1-2 LMNs
A

brain

61
Q
  • 1 LMN
  • cell body is in brainstem or spinal cord
  • axon leaves CNS and synapses with effector (skeletal muscle)
A

somatic nervous system

62
Q
  • 2 MN chain starting at brainstem or spinal cord
  • preganglionic neuron with cell body in CNS, axons leaves
  • ganglion aka postganglionic neuron with cell body in ganglia
A

autonomic nervous system

63
Q

connects brainstem to cerebrum, relay homeostatic function

A

diencephalon

64
Q

connects spinal cord to cerebrum, homeostatic functions, location of cranial nerve nuclei

A

brainstem

65
Q

perception, thought, memory, emotion, conscious motor control

A

cerebrum

66
Q

muscle activity, posture + balance

A

cerebellum

67
Q

brain grows more rapidly than the ____ skull -> folds to occupy available space -> cerebrum covers ____ & ____

A

membranous; diencephalon; midbrain

68
Q

central cavity enlarges to form ____

A

ventricles — interconnected cavities that are filled with cerebrospinal fluid

69
Q
  • cranial bones
  • cranial meninges
  • CSF
  • brain barrier system
A

protection with the brain

70
Q

___ mater is pressed directly against the skull — No epidural space or adipose as protection

A

dura

71
Q

touches brain directly

A

pia

72
Q
  1. cover + protect CNS
  2. protect blood vessels + enclose venous sinuses
  3. CSF
  4. form skull partitions (dural folds) to limit excessive movements of the brain
A

protection: cranial meninges

73
Q

dura mater around the Brain has 2 layers: _____ & _____

A

periosteal + meningeal

74
Q

where layers in the dura mater separator, there are dural venous sinuses that collectt ___ ___ + ____ & direct it to the veins of the neck

A

venous blood + csf

75
Q

CSF is produced in ventricles at ?

A

choroid plexuses

76
Q

_____ in the 4th ventricle connects the ventricles to the subarachnoid space

A

apertures

77
Q

lateral ventricles are very close together anteriorly, where they are separated only by the ____ ____

A

septum pellucidum

78
Q
  1. supports brain (buoyancy)
  2. cushioning shock + absorption
  3. transport nutrias, chemical messengers, + waste
A

CSF

79
Q

____ contains many sensory + motor tracts as well as cranial nerve nuclei (cell bodies of neurons in CNS)

A

medulla

80
Q

CSF is absorbed into the superior saggital sinus via the _____ granulations –> drains into internal jugular veins

A

arachnoid

81
Q

consists largely of conduction tracts, helps medulla maintain breathing and initiate REM sleep

A

pons

82
Q

___ ventricle is found posterior to medulla pons

A

fourth

83
Q

**ON EXAM **
corpus callosum is what matter and disrupts what when it is disrupted

A

white matter + right & left hemisphere

84
Q
  • relay somatic sensory info to thalamus
  • relay info to cerebellum from brain and spinal cord
A

medulla

85
Q

pyramid contain axons of ______, where many decussate

A

somatic motor neurons

86
Q

____ ____ connect pons to the cerebellum

A

cerebellar peduncles

87
Q

anterior half of ___ is dominated by white matter tracts – including those that carry sensory and motor info

A

pons

88
Q

midbrain processing of visual, auditory info, and tactile sensory info

A

corpora quadrigemina

89
Q

integrate visual, auditory, and tactile input; initiate reflexive responses to stimuli

A

superior colliculi

90
Q

important in relay of auditory info

A

inferior colliculi

91
Q

neurons associated with the ____ ____ of the midbrain regulate the basal nuclei (suppress unwanted body movements)
- associated with Parkinsons

A

substantia nigra

92
Q

neurons associated with ___ ____ involved in unconscious regulation and coordination of motor areas

A

red nuceli

93
Q
  • Heart rate
  • Blood vessel diameter
    (vasomotor)
  • Respiration (breathing) * Swallowing
  • Vomiting
  • Hiccupping
  • Coughing
  • Sneezing
A

medulla oblongata functions

94
Q

____ ____ involves all brainstem regions but the area called _____ is located in the midbrain

A

reticular formation; RAS

95
Q
  • important for keeping the cerebral cortex alert and conscious (inhibited by sleep center)
  • can help with filtering sensory information
  • modulates activity of cranial nuclei –> helps coordinates rhythmic activities
A

RAS

96
Q

cerebellum is posterior to and only directly connected to the _____

A

brainstem

97
Q

___ adjust motor output to maintain coordination, balance, and smooth movements
- more recent discoveries indicate roles in spatial perception, timekeeping, planning, etc

A

cerebellum

98
Q
  1. motor areas notify cerebellum of intent to initiate voluntary muscle contraction
  2. cerebellum simultaneously receives sensory info from body
  3. cerebellar cortex determines best way to coordinate movements
  4. cerebellar sends “blueprint” to cerebrum to coordinate movement
A

cerebellum

99
Q
  • relays and processes sensory info
A

thalamus

100
Q
  • controls emotions, autonomic functions, and hormone production
A

hypothalamus

101
Q
  • processes visual and auditory data
  • generates reflexive somatic motor responses
  • maintains consciousness
A

midbrain

102
Q
  • relays sensory information to cerebellum and thalamus
  • subconscious somatic and visceral motor centers
A

pons

103
Q
  • relays sensory info to thalamus and other portions of brainstem
  • autonomic centers for regulation of visceral function (cardiovascular, respiratory, and digestive system activities)
A

medulla oblongata

104
Q
  • control autonomic NS
  • initiate physical responses to emotions
  • regulate body temperature
  • regulate food intake (hunger & satiety)
  • regulate water balances
  • regulate sleep-wake cycles
  • control endocrine
A

hypothalamus

105
Q

neuron cell bodies
- short nonmyelinated neurons

A

gray matter

106
Q

most myelinated axon (with some nonmyelinated axons)

A

white matter

107
Q

many of the functional roles of the cerebrum are associated with neurons whose cell bodies are in the _____ cortex

A

cerebral

108
Q

___ matter is involved in transmitting info within hemispheres, btw hemispheres, and btw the cerebrum and other parts of the brain

A

white

109
Q

btw gyri or lobes in a hemisphere

A

association tracts

110
Q

btw cerebral hemisphere

A

commissural tracts

111
Q

btw cerebrum and the region of the brain or spinal cord

A

projection tracts

112
Q

language, math, logic

A

left

113
Q

visual-spatial, intuition, emotion, artistic, musical abilities

A

right

114
Q
  • taste
    somatic sensation
    sensory integration
    visual processing
    spatial perception
    language processing
    numerical awareness
A

parietal lobe

115
Q

visual awareness
visual processing

A

occipital lobe

116
Q

hearing, smell, learning, emotion, learning comprehension, memory consolidation, verbal memory, visual + auditory memory

A

temporal lobe

117
Q

taste, pain, visceral sensation, consciousness, emotion, empathy, cardiovascular homeostasis

A

insula

118
Q

abstract thought, explicit memory, mood, motivation, foresight, planning, decision making, emotional control, social judgment, voluntary motor control, speech production

A

frontal lobe

119
Q

disproportionately large areas associated with more ___ control of movements

A

precise

120
Q

control of movements is most commonly ____

A

contralateral

121
Q

directs voluntary movements
- requires stimulative from other neurons
axons project to brainstem and spinal cord

A

primary motor cortex

122
Q

stored patterns, programmed motor skills, planning movements

A

premotor cortex

123
Q

perception of general sensory info is most often ____

A

contralateral

124
Q

If a person loses their vision following a stroke, but their visual memories are unaffected, what part of the cerebral cortex was damaged?

A

damage likely occurred in the primary visual cortex (V1), located in the occipital lobe.

anatomy 1 (6 decks)

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