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anatomy 1 > unit 2 > Flashcards

unit 2 Flashcards

1
Q

epidermis + dermis

A

cutaneous membrane

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2
Q

hair follicles, nails, exocrine glands

A

accessory structures

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3
Q

cutaneous + accessory structure

A

integumentary systems

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4
Q
  1. resistance to trauma + infection – keratin, desmosomes
  2. other barrier functions (water, UV, chemicals)
  3. vitamin d synthesis
  4. sensation
  5. thermoregulation
  6. nonverbal communication
A

major functions of the skin

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5
Q

provide sensation

A

receptors

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6
Q
  1. vitamin d enters body from diet or synthesis in skin
  2. vitamin d chemically modified first by the live and then bye he kidneys to function
  3. active vit d increase absorption of ca + phosphorus in intestine
  4. active vit d also increases bone breakdown which releases ca + phosphorus into blood; at kidneys, ca retention is stimulated reducing the amt lost in the urine
  5. normal levels of blood ca and phosphorus support mineralization of the bone
A

vitamin d synthesis

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7
Q

______ associated with sensory neurons whose endings (dendrites) function as receptors

A

sensation

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8
Q
  1. keratinocytes
  2. stem cells
  3. melanocytes
  4. tactile cells.
  5. dendritic cells
A

Epidermis cells

“Kinky Strippers Make Terrible Dancers”epidermis cells

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9
Q

what are the epidermis cells?

mnemonic – “Kinky Strippers Make Terrible Dancers”

A
  1. keratinocytes
  2. stem cells
  3. melanocytes
  4. tactile cells.
  5. dendritic cells
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10
Q

_____ is a major determinant of skin coloration

A

melanin

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11
Q

what are the two melanin types

A

eumelanin + phaeomelanin

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12
Q

______ produce melanin in mealnosomes

A

melanocytes

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13
Q

______ are transferred to keratinocytes

A

melanosomes

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14
Q

t/f individuals produce diff numbers of melanocytes

A

FALSE; THEY PRODUCE SIMILAR AMTS

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15
Q
  1. pigment molecules: melanin (phaeomelanin + eumelanin), karaten
  2. blood flow (more = redness, less = pallor “pale”)
  3. oxygenation of blood (cyanosis = little blood)
  4. other: bruising, liver tissues. dark hyperpigmentation cause by insulin resistance + elevated blood glucose, inflammation
A

skin color influenced by other factors than melanin

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16
Q

stratified keratinized squamous epithelium

A

epidermis

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17
Q

dead keratinized cells of the skin surface

A

stratum corneum

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18
Q

clear, featureless, narrow zone seen only in thick skin

A

stratum lucidum

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19
Q

2-5 layers o cells with dark staining keratohyalin granules; scanty in thin skin

A

stratum grandulosum

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20
Q
  • many layers of keratinocytes, typically shrunken in sized tussles but attached to each other by desmosomes, which give them spiny look
  • progressively fleeted the father they are away from dermis
  • dendritic cells are abundant here but are not distinguishable in routinely stained preparations
A

stratum spinosum

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21
Q
  • sijnjgle layer of cuboidal to columnar cells resting on basement membrane
  • site of most mitosis
  • consists of stem cells,keratinocytes, melanocytes, tactile cells, but these are difficult to distinguish the routine stains
  • melanin is conspicuous in keratinocytes of this layer in black and brown skin
A

stratum basale

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22
Q

fibrous connective tissue; richly endowed with blood vessels + nerve endings
- sweat glands + hair follicles originate here and in hypodermic

A

dermis

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23
Q

superficial 1/5 of debris
- composed of areolar tissue
- often extend upward as dermal papillae

A

papillary layer

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24
Q

deeper 4/5th of dermis
- dense irregular connective tissue

A

reticular layer

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25
Q

which layer of the epidermis skin is only present in thick skin

A

stratum lucidum

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26
Q

Many vessels, receptors, and accessory structures (accessory organs) are associated with the ____

A

dermis

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27
Q

Functions of hair:
1. Provide sensation – bending of hairs stimulate root hair plexus (hair receptor)
2. Enhance facial expression (eyebrows)
3. Protection * Insects
* Foreign particles
* UV light, trauma, heat loss (head only)

A

A hair (pilus) is produced by a hair follicle

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28
Q

is comprised of keratinized epithelial cells (hard keratin
instead of soft keratin)
* Hairmedulla
* Haircortex
* Hair cuticle
Hair follicle consists of an epithelial root sheath and a connective tissue root sheath

A

hair

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29
Q

protect tips of fingers and toes, aid in sensitivity to small objects

Like hairs, comprised of thin dead cells and hard keratin

A

Nails

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30
Q

Glands that produce perspiration

A

Sweat glands

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31
Q

Sweat glands that function in evaporative cooling; widely distributed over the body surface; open by ducts onto the skin surface

A

Eccrine glands

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32
Q

Sweat glands that function as scent glands; found in the regions covered by the pubic, axillary, and male facial hair; open by ducts into hair follicles

A

Apocrine glands

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33
Q

Oil glands associated with hair follicles

A

Sebaceous glands

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34
Q

Glands of the ear canal that contribute to the cerumen (earwax)

A

Ceruminous glands

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35
Q

Milk-producing glands located in the breasts

A

Mammary glands

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36
Q

Sebaceous glands are exocrine glands that produce ___ and release it by holocrine secretion

A

sebum

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37
Q

mix triglycerides, cholesterol, proteins, electrolytes

A

sebum

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38
Q
  1. inhibits growth bacteria
  2. Lubricates + protects hair shaft
  3. Conditions the skin
A

functions of the skin

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39
Q

raise hairs and push sebum towards the lumen of the hair follicle/surface of the skin

A

arrector pili muscles

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40
Q

Sweat + fatty substances + proteins; viscous, milky or yellowish

Sweat; 99% water, salts, vitamin c, antibodies, dermcidin (microbe-killing peptide), metabolic wastes

A

secretion

Odorless until bacterial interaction –> body odor

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41
Q
  1. thermoregulation
  2. excretion
  3. protection from environmental hazards
A

functions of eccrine sweat glands

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42
Q
  • Produce a secretion that mixes with sebum to form cerumen (earwax)
    • prevents foreign particles from reaching the eardrum
    • keeps eardrum pliable and waterproofs ear canal,
A

Ceruminous glands (modified apocrine glands)

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43
Q

Some anti-acne medications work by reducing sebum production. Why would dry skin be a side effect of this?

A

Dry skin is a side effect of anti-acne medications that reduce sebum production because sebum naturally moisturizes and protects the skin. Without adequate sebum, the skin loses moisture, leading to dryness and irritation.

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44
Q

Anhidrosis (also called hypohydrosis) is a condition in which the sweat glands do not function as they should (i.e., make too little sweat). Why might this be dangerous, even life threatening to a person on a hot summer’s day?

A

Anhidrosis can be dangerous because sweating is essential for cooling the body down and regulating temperature. Without adequate sweat production, the body can overheat, leading to heat exhaustion or potentially life-threatening heatstroke.

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45
Q
  1. support
  2. protection
  3. movement: force of muscles transferred to skeleton to create movement
  4. electrolyte balance : storage of ca + phosphate
  5. acid-base balance — phosphate and carbonate salts
  6. blood formation : red bone marrow produces the formed elements
  7. hormone secretion: osteocalcin helps regulate blood glucose and fat deposition
A

functions of the skeleton

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46
Q

____bones are often slightly curved, have two parallel flattened surfaces

A

flat

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47
Q

Short versus long is about proportions (length vs width), NOT overall size T/F

A

T

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48
Q

______ bones form in tendons, vary in size and numbers

A

Sesamoid

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49
Q
  1. projections
  2. articulating with other bones
  3. openings and depressions
A

bone marking/features

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50
Q

____ tissue is harden by the deposition of ca phosphate salts (process = mineralization/calcification)

A

osseous

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51
Q

compact bone is aka?

A

cortical bone

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52
Q

spongy bone is aka?

A

cancellous bone

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53
Q

spaces within spongy bone are filled with ____

A

bone marrow (red/yellow)

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54
Q

externally bones are covered with connective tissue sheath Called _____

A

periosteum

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55
Q

cellular layer

A

osteogenic

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56
Q
  • fibrous
  • cellular layer
  • supports a nerve and blood vessel supply
  • anchoring and attachment of tendons and ligaments
  • osteogenic layer is important for bone remodeling, growth, + fracture repair
A

periosteum

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57
Q

_____ layer is important for bone remodeling, growth, + fracture repair

A

osteogenic

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58
Q

_____ fibers strengthen the periosteum’s attachment to bone

A

perforating

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59
Q

______ fibers of periosteum penetrate the bone tissue

A

collagen

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60
Q

insides of bones are covered by ______

A

endosteum

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61
Q
  • reticular connective tissue + cells (osteoblasts, osteoprogenitor cells)
  • similar functions to cellular layer of periosteum
  • lines internal marrow cavity, surfaces of spongy bone, and canal system of bones
A

endosteum

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62
Q
  • diaphysis (shaft)
  • epiphysis (expanded ends)
  • epiphyseal lines are remnants of the growth plates
  • metaphysics (flared part btw the epiphysis & diaphysis
  • ends of long bones are covered in articular cartilage
  • periosteum + endosteum
  • medullary cavity
  • articular cartilage
A

gross anatomy of long bones

63
Q
  • ends of long bones are covered in _____ _____
A

articular cartilage

64
Q

what are the major vessels that supply the long bones

A

nutrient artery + vein

65
Q
  • Thin Sheets of spongy bone sandwiched btw compact bone
  • has both periosteum and endosteum
  • consist of lattice of delicate silvers called spicules(rods or spines) + trabeculae (thin plates or beams)
A

gross anatomy of flat bones

66
Q
  1. osteogenic
  2. osteoblasts
  3. osteoclasts
  4. osteocytes
A

histology of osseous tissues

67
Q

initially build osteoid and calcification transforms osteoid to bone

A

osteoblasts

68
Q

found in lacunae, connected by canaliculi

A

osteocytes

69
Q

breaks down matrix

A

osteoclasts

70
Q

production of new bone matrix

A

osteogenesis or ossification

71
Q
  • secrete unmineralized matrix (osteoid) that includes collagen + calcium binding proteins
  • release alkaline phosphatase, which makes inorganic phosphate available —
    allows calcium phosphate salts to form
A

osteoblasts

72
Q
  • osteoblasts become ____ (trapped in matrix after it hardens)
  • canaliculi contain extensions of ___ cytoplasm + membrane
  • osteocytes connected to one another by gap junctions
A

osteocyte

73
Q

breaking down of bone

A

osteolysis or resorption

74
Q

what does Ca salts add to bones

A

hardness

75
Q

ca salts has little resistance to

A

tension (pulling + twisting)

76
Q

collagen fibers adds what to bones

A

resisting pulling and twisting forces

77
Q

collagen fibers on its own has little resistance to ___

A

compression

78
Q

functional unit of compact bone

A

osteon

79
Q

“little plates”, layers of matrix

A

lamellae

80
Q

Haversian canal; blood vessels and nerves

A

central canal

81
Q
  • central canal vs perforating canal
  • osteons
  • other lamellae
A

Compact bone structure

82
Q

spicules(delicate rods or spines) + trabeculae (thin plates or beams)

  • trabeculae arranged along stress lines
A

spongy bone

83
Q
  • lamellae are irregularly arranged, only have few cell layers, so central canals aren’t needed
  • canaliculi open onto surface, nutrients come from capillaries associated with the endosteum
A

organization of lamellae in spongy bone

84
Q
  • red marrow vs yellow (adipose)
A

bone marrow

85
Q

___ bone most abundant where bone is not heavily stressed or stresses originate from many directions

A

spongy

86
Q

_____ can also help transfer forces — oriented along lines of mechanical stress

A

trabeculae

87
Q

___ bones thickest where forces applied from limited number of directions

A

compact

88
Q

embryonic skeleton starts as ____ connective tissue membranes & ____ cartilage

A

fibrous; hyaline

89
Q
  • most complex means of bone formation b/c cartilage must be broken down as ossification proceeds
A

endochondral ossification

90
Q

ossification = process of bone tissue formation

A

osteogenesis

91
Q

deposition of calcium salts

A

calcification

92
Q

_____ are areas of hyaline cartilage that allow long bones to elongate until ossify

A

epiphyseal

93
Q
  • expand within to increase in length
  • division of chondrocytes of the epiphyseal cartilage
  • bone replaces cartilage at roughly the same rate cartilage grows
A

interstitial growth

94
Q
  • new matrix secreted against an external face of an existing boundary
  • increase in width – thickens + strengthens long bone by adding layers of circumferential lamellae to outside
  • involves periosteum + endosteum
  • associated with increasing the thickness of bones, enlargement of the medullary cavity
A

appositional growth

95
Q

architecture of bone is deterred by mechanical stressed placed upon it

A

Wolff’s law of bone

96
Q

______ lie along stress lines

A

trabeculae

97
Q
  • involves osteocytes, osteoblasts, and osteoclasts
  • recycle + renew bone matrix
  • contributes to calcium homeostasis
A

bone remodeling

98
Q

loss bone density

A

osteopenia

99
Q

advances loss of bone density where bone fractures easily, spinal deformities common due to weight o upper body can collapse vertebrae

A

osteoporosis

100
Q
  • severe neuromuscular problems
  • hyperexcitability (levels too low)
A

hypocalcemia

101
Q
  • nonresponsive (levels too high)
  • deposits of calcium salts in blood vessels, kidneys can interfere with function
A

hypercalcemia

102
Q

homeostatic mechanism regulate calcium storage, absorption, and exertion ; involving ____ feedback

A

negative

103
Q

adapt stress – heavily stressed bones become thicker + stronger by stimulating _____

A

osteoblasts

104
Q

require for collagen synthesis

A

vit c

105
Q

stimulates osteoblast activity

A

vit a

106
Q

required for synthesis of bone proteins

A

vit k + b12

107
Q

what hormones stimulate bone growth

A

growth + thyroxine

108
Q

estrogen and testosterone stimulate osteoblasts

A

sex hormones

109
Q

maintains calcium ion and homeostasis

A

parathyroid + calcitonin

110
Q
  1. excitable
  2. conductivity: local electrical excitation sets off a wave of excitation
  3. contractibility
  4. extensibility
  5. elasticity
A

universal characteristics of muscles

111
Q
  1. produce movement
  2. maintain posture and body position, support
  3. control of body openings + passages
  4. maintain body temperature – produce heart
  5. store nutrients
  6. glycemic control: absorb, store, + use sugar; secrete hormones (myokines) that affect liver activity + fat breakdown
A

skeletal muscle

112
Q

muscle cells with elongated shapes

A

muscle fibers

113
Q

complete organ surrounded by muscular fascia + epimysium; had m any blood vessels + nerves, including motor neurons that stimulate contraction

A

whole muscle

114
Q

bundle of muscle fibers within the entire muscle; surrounded but he connective tissue layer, perimysium

A

muscle fascicle

115
Q

individual muscle cell with a disciple; surrounded but he connective tissue layer, endomysium

A

muscle fiber

116
Q

groups of contractile protein within individual fibers; surrounded red by specialized endoplasmic reticulum called sarcoplasmic reticulum

A

myofibril

117
Q

protein filaments, either myosin or actin; interact to shorten the muscle fiber during contraction

A

myofilament

118
Q

provide routes for blood vessels and nerves to enter the muscle, stabilize their positions

A

connection tissue sheaths

119
Q

sheet of connective tussle that separates neighboring muscles or groups from each other or subcutaneous tissue

A

fascia

120
Q

dense irregular connective tissue

A

epimysium

121
Q

surrounds disciples (bundles of 2-60 fibers)

A

perimysium

122
Q

delicate, loose connective tussle sheath, chemical environment is important for muscle function

A

endomysium

123
Q

each nucleus in skeletal muscle corresponds to one ___

A

myoblast

124
Q

spindle shaped precursors to muscle cells that fuse together to form long cylindrical cells
- repair is possible because some myoblasts remain as adult stem cells called statellite cells

A

myoblasts

125
Q

mature fibers are filled with actin and myosin proteins – regulated arrangement gives ____ pattern

A

striated

126
Q

plasma mem

A

sacrolemma

127
Q

cytoplasm

A

sarcoplasm

128
Q

long protein cords

A

myofibrils

129
Q

aerobic cellular respiration

A

mitochondria

130
Q

transverse tubule + terminal cistern of sarcoplasmic reticulum

A

triads

131
Q

myofibrils are ___ during contraction

A

shortened

132
Q

A band

A

dArk

133
Q

I band

A

lIght

134
Q

Thin filaments are associated with ____

A

actin (more light shines through)

135
Q

Thick filaments are associated with ____

A

myosin(less light shines through)

136
Q

elastic filament (titin) attach thick filaments to ___ line and facilities recoil to resting length to avoid overstretching

A

z

137
Q

actin + myosin are considered ____ proteins

A

contractile

138
Q

tropomyosin + troponin are considered ___ proteins

A

regulatory

139
Q

links actin to the sacrolemma – ultimately helps transfer the endomysium + and ultimately the tendon

A

dystrophin

140
Q
  • H bands & I bands narrow, ones of overlap widen
  • z lines move closer together
  • width of A band remains constant
A

during contraction

141
Q

how do we get contraction of all the sarcomeres within a muscle fiber at once

A

excitation-contraction coupling

142
Q

protein anions are outside or inside the cell more

A

inside

143
Q

skeletal muscles only contract when they receive signals from ___ neurons

A

motor

144
Q

which NT is involved in muscle contraction

A

ACH

145
Q

area where the signals are received

A

motor endplate

146
Q

space that separates axon terminal from the motor endplate

A

synaptic cleft

147
Q

postsynaptic membranes folds increase the surface area for ___

A

receptors

148
Q

ACH binds ligand gated channels –> ?

A

end plate potential (mem potential at the motor endplate becomes less neg)

149
Q

voltage gated channels will propagate the action potentials along the sarcolemma and down the ?

A

transverse tubules

150
Q

voltage sensitive tubule proteins of T tubules change shape, which opens __ ion channels in terminal cisterns of the sarcoplasmic reticulum

A

calcium

151
Q

acetylcholinesterase breaks down _____ –> ligand-gated channels close

A

acetylcholine

152
Q

calcium is taken back into the sarcoplasmic reticulum
- troponin will return to it s original shape / position
- moves tropomyosin back to origin position
- active sites covered
- cross-bridges unable to form
- contraction ends

A

muscle relaxation

153
Q
  1. length of sarcomere at the start of contraction
  2. frequency of the stimulus
  3. which motor units are contracting
  4. total number of motor units contracting (recruitment)
A

what affects the amount of tension produced

154
Q
  1. action potential propagates along sarcolemma and down t tubules
  2. calcium ions are released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum
  • ca binds to troponin
  • troponin gets moved
  • ## active sites exposed thick and thin filaments
A

muscle contraction

anatomy 1 (6 decks)

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