Unit 1 Flashcards
- Interstitial fluid
- Blood plasma
- Lymph
- Cerebrospinal fluid
extracellular materials
- Physical isolation – defines the cell boundary
- Regulation of exchange with the environment
- Sensitivity to the environment
- Structural support
- Involved interactions with other cells
plasma mem functions
–protection
-immunity to infection
-defense against cancer
-transplant compatibility
-cell adhesion
-fertilization
-embryonic development
functions of glycocalyx
tissue composed of layers of closely spaced cells that cover organ surfaces form glands, + serve for protection, secretion, and absorption
epithelial
epidermis, inner lining of digestive tract, liver + other glands
tissue with more matrix tab cell volume, often specialized to support and protect organs and to bind other tissues and organs to each other
connective
tendons, ligaments, cartilage, bone, blood
tissue containing excitable cells specialized for rapid transmission of coded info to other cells
nervous
Brain, spinal cord, + nerves
tissue composed of elongated, excitable muscle cells specialized for contraction
muscular
skeletal muscles, heart, walls of viscera (smooth muscle)
what are the essential functions of epithelial tissue
(“Please Stop Eating All Fried Snacks”)
- protection
- secretions
- excretion
- absorption
- filtration
- provide sensation
Please = Protection
Stop = Secretions
Eating = Excretion
All = Absorption
Fried = Filtration
Snacks = Provide Sensation
one or more layers of cells similar to “brick and mortar” of a wall
-cells packed closely together – very little extracellular matrix
avascular – lack of blood vessels
-display polarity
-apical, basal, + lateral surfaces
-attached to other structures via basement
-high regeneration capacity
-highly innervated
*features on apical surface (microvilli, cilia) and/or junctions btw cells may be important for function
epithelial tissue
ways epithelial tissue can be specialized
- cutaneous (dry) barriers
- movement of fluids over epithelia
- movement of of fluids through epithelia
- productions of secretions
when there is more-than 1 layer, shape is deterred by appearance of cells at the ___ ____
apical surface
-one layer of square or round cells
-ciliated in bronchioles of lungs
-flat + thin
functions: absorption + secretion; production of protective mucous coat; movement of respiratory mucus
simple cuboidal squamous
-single layer of tall, narrow cells; oval and vertically oriented
-usually in basal half of cell; apical portion of cell often shows secretory vesicles visible with TEM
often shows a brush border of microvilli; ciliated in some organs
Location: inner lining of stomach, intestines, gallbladder, uterus, uterine tubes, some kidney tubules
Function: absorption, secretion of mucus + other products; movement of egg + embryo in uterine tube
simple columnar epithelium
-looks multilayered
-ALL CELLS ARE IN CONTACT WITH BASEMENT MEMBRANE
-often ciliated
location: respiratory tract from nasal cavity to bronchi; portion of male urethra
functions: secretes + propels mucus
pseudostratified columnar epithelium
may be keratinized or non keratinized
stratified squamous epithelium
multiple cell layers with cells becoming increasingly flat and scaly toward surface w/ compact dead cells w/o nuclei
locations: epidermis; palms; soles
functions: resists abrasions and penetration by pathogenic organisms
keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
same as keratinized epithelium but w/o the surface layers of dead cells
locations: tongue, oral mucosa, esophagus, anal canal, vagina
functions: resists abrasion + penetration by pathogenic organisms
nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium
similar to stratified squamous epithelium but surface cells rounded, not flattened, + often bulge at surface; typically 5-6 cells thick when relaxed & 2-3 cells thick when stretched
locations: urinary tract – part of kidney, ureter, bladder, part of urethra
functions: stretched to allow filling of urinary tract; protects underlying tissues from osmotic damage by urine
transitional epithelium (urothelium)
-no ducts
-secreted products (hormones) enter bloodstream
endocrine
-have ducts
-secreted products travel via the duct to an epithelium surface
exocrine
-unbranched (simple) or branched (compound) duct
-tubular (secretory portion has a uniform diameter), alveolar/acinar (secretory portion is a dilated sac), tubule-alveolar
ex. coiled (sweat), compound acinar gland
exocrine
exocrine method of secretion
eccrine secretion
secrete their products
ex. sweat, salivary glands
eccrine secretion
apical portion of cytoplasm is lost
ex. mammary glands
apocrine secretion
the WHOLE CELL is lost
ex. sebaceous glands
holocrine secretion
- mucous glands
- serous glands (watery)
- mixed exocrine glands
- lipid-rich secretions
exocrine gland secretion types
goblet cells are considered ____ glands that perform ______ secretion
exocrine; merocrine (eccrine)
main function his secreting musician proteins that hydrate to form mucus
goblet cells
functions:
- binding of organs
- support
- physical protections
- immune protection
- movement
- storage
- heat production + insulation
- transport
connective tissue functions
-generally from mesoderm (mesenchyme)
-MORE MATRIX THAN CELLS
structural comments: ground substance, fibers, cells
connective tissues
what are the structural components of connective tissues
structural comments: ground substance, fibers, cells
ground substance = fibers = ECM
-intersitial fluid
-GAG to help absorb + retain water
-proteoglycans – protein + GAGs make thicker to slow spread of pathogens
-adhesive glycoproteins
-other substances may be added
ground substance
generally insoluble proteins (expect fibrinogen in blood)
Major types: collagenous, reticular, and elastic fibers
Fibers
dense connective tissue = ____ connective tissue
fibrous
____ + ______ are considered supporting connective tissues
cartilage + bone
_____ + ____ are considered fluid connective tissues
blood + lymph
type 1 collagen fibers — long + straight fibers that are cross-linked, bundled together into strands
-gives ability to resist tension
collagenous fibers
fine fibers with some branching, wavy appearance
-ability to recoil when tension released
elastic fibers
comprised of type 3 collagen
-fine, delicate, branching fivers that forms a network or net-like structure
reticular
what are the cell types in connective tissue proper
fibroblasts
adipocytes
macrophages, WBCs, plasma cells, mast cells
-loose arrangement of collagenous + elastic fibers; scattered cells of various types; abundant ground substance numerous blood vessels
locations: nearly all epithelia, blood vessels, ect.
functions: loosely bind to deeper tissues; allows passage of nerves and blood vessels through other tissues ; provides arena for immune defense; blood vessels provide nutrients and wast removal for overlying epithelia
loose connective tissue: areolar tissue
in areolar tissue, which lines are pink + thick
collagen fibers
in areolar tissue, which lines are purple/black + thin
elastic fibers
what are reticular fibers supporting
loose cells (unattached)
-loose network of reticular fibers and cells, infiltrated with numerous leukocytes, especially lymphocytes
locations: lymph nodes, sleep, thymus, bone marrow
functions: forms supportive storm for lymphoid organs
reticular tissue
appearance is like chicken wire or bubble wrap
-comprised of adipocytes
adipose
-large, empty looking cells with thin margins; tissue sections often pale; nucleus present against plasma membrane; blood vessels present
representative locations: subcutaneous fat beneath skin; breast; heart surface; mesenteries; surrounding organs such as kidneys and eyes
functions: energy storage, thermal insulation, heat production by brown fat; protective cushion for some organs; filling space, shaping body
adipose
build matrix
-blast
maintain matrix
-cyte
thick, pink lines in areolar tissue
collagen fibers
think black/purple lines in areolar tissue
elastic fibers
_____ tissue is a type of dense regular tissue with abundant elastic fibers
elastic tissue
- decently packed, parallel, often wavy collagen fibers; slender fibroblast nuclei compressed btw collagen bundles; scanty open space (ground substance); scarcity of blood vessels
- location: tendons and ligaments
- functions: ligament slightly bind bones together and resist stress; tendons attach muscle to bone and transfer muscular tension to bones
dense regular connective tissue
- densely packed collagen fibers running in random directions; scanty open space (ground substance); few visible cells; scarcity of blood vessels
- location: deep in dermis; capsules around viscera in organs; fibrous sheaths around cartilage + bones
- functions: withstands stresses applied in unpredictable directions; imparts durability to tissues
dense irregular connective tissue
- matrix composition: GAG adds rubbery texture
- single cell type in mature tissue
— chondroblasts secrete matrix and become trapped in little cavities called lacunae –> chondrocytes - lack nervous tissue
- avascular – nutrients + wastes circulate through diffusion
- surrounded by perichondrium: applies only to hyaline, elastic cartilage
cartilage
- clear, glass/glossy like appearance: has lots of GAG in matrix that helps to hold water
- has different type of collagen fiber in matrix that ice thinner, not bundled, and widely dispersed
- chondrocytes located in spaces called lace
hyaline cartilage
similar to hyaline cartilage, but with dense network of elastic fiber in matrix
- provides flexible support
elastic cartilage
- textured matrix that looks fibrous (dense) – has large, visible bundles of collagen fibers.
- fewer chondrocytes than hyaline, chondrocytes aligned with fiber bundles
- offer strong support and can better withstand compression
fibrocartilage
- matrix contains collagen fibers, calcium salts gives bones it hardness
- osteocytes reside in spaces called lacunae
- resources can’t diffuse through matrix, spread through canaliculi
- types: compact, spongy (trabecular)
Bone (osseous tissue)
____ is a fluid connective tussle, helps connect body systems together
blood
- specialized for communication
- cell types: neurons (nerve cells) and glial cells (neuroglia)
nervous tissue
- striated
- voluntary
- multiple nuclei per cell
skeletal muscle
- striated
- involuntary
- one nucleus per cell
cardiac muscle
- nonstriated
- involuntary
- one nucleus per cell
smooth muscle
regulates what comes in
tight junctions
anchoring
redistribution of force
desmosomes
pores btw cells
gap junctions
2+ layers of cells; surface cells square or round
contribution to sweat secretions; secretes ovarian hormones; produces sperm
– sweat gland ducts; ovaries; sperm ducts
stratified cuboidal epithelium
