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anatomy 1 > Unit 1 > Flashcards

Unit 1 Flashcards

1
Q
  • Interstitial fluid
  • Blood plasma
  • Lymph
  • Cerebrospinal fluid
A

extracellular materials

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2
Q
  1. Physical isolation – defines the cell boundary
  2. Regulation of exchange with the environment
  3. Sensitivity to the environment
  4. Structural support
  5. Involved interactions with other cells
A

plasma mem functions

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3
Q

–protection
-immunity to infection
-defense against cancer
-transplant compatibility
-cell adhesion
-fertilization
-embryonic development

A

functions of glycocalyx

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4
Q

tissue composed of layers of closely spaced cells that cover organ surfaces form glands, + serve for protection, secretion, and absorption

A

epithelial

epidermis, inner lining of digestive tract, liver + other glands

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5
Q

tissue with more matrix tab cell volume, often specialized to support and protect organs and to bind other tissues and organs to each other

A

connective

tendons, ligaments, cartilage, bone, blood

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6
Q

tissue containing excitable cells specialized for rapid transmission of coded info to other cells

A

nervous

Brain, spinal cord, + nerves

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7
Q

tissue composed of elongated, excitable muscle cells specialized for contraction

A

muscular

skeletal muscles, heart, walls of viscera (smooth muscle)

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8
Q

what are the essential functions of epithelial tissue

(“Please Stop Eating All Fried Snacks”)

A
  1. protection
  2. secretions
  3. excretion
  4. absorption
  5. filtration
  6. provide sensation

Please = Protection
Stop = Secretions
Eating = Excretion
All = Absorption
Fried = Filtration
Snacks = Provide Sensation

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9
Q

one or more layers of cells similar to “brick and mortar” of a wall
-cells packed closely together – very little extracellular matrix
avascular – lack of blood vessels
-display polarity
-apical, basal, + lateral surfaces
-attached to other structures via basement
-high regeneration capacity
-highly innervated
*features on apical surface (microvilli, cilia) and/or junctions btw cells may be important for function

A

epithelial tissue

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10
Q

ways epithelial tissue can be specialized

A
  1. cutaneous (dry) barriers
  2. movement of fluids over epithelia
  3. movement of of fluids through epithelia
  4. productions of secretions
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11
Q

when there is more-than 1 layer, shape is deterred by appearance of cells at the ___ ____

A

apical surface

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12
Q

-one layer of square or round cells
-ciliated in bronchioles of lungs
-flat + thin

functions: absorption + secretion; production of protective mucous coat; movement of respiratory mucus

A

simple cuboidal squamous

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13
Q

-single layer of tall, narrow cells; oval and vertically oriented
-usually in basal half of cell; apical portion of cell often shows secretory vesicles visible with TEM
often shows a brush border of microvilli; ciliated in some organs

Location: inner lining of stomach, intestines, gallbladder, uterus, uterine tubes, some kidney tubules

Function: absorption, secretion of mucus + other products; movement of egg + embryo in uterine tube

A

simple columnar epithelium

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14
Q

-looks multilayered
-ALL CELLS ARE IN CONTACT WITH BASEMENT MEMBRANE
-often ciliated

location: respiratory tract from nasal cavity to bronchi; portion of male urethra

functions: secretes + propels mucus

A

pseudostratified columnar epithelium

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15
Q

may be keratinized or non keratinized

A

stratified squamous epithelium

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16
Q

multiple cell layers with cells becoming increasingly flat and scaly toward surface w/ compact dead cells w/o nuclei

locations: epidermis; palms; soles

functions: resists abrasions and penetration by pathogenic organisms

A

keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

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17
Q

same as keratinized epithelium but w/o the surface layers of dead cells

locations: tongue, oral mucosa, esophagus, anal canal, vagina

functions: resists abrasion + penetration by pathogenic organisms

A

nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium

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18
Q

similar to stratified squamous epithelium but surface cells rounded, not flattened, + often bulge at surface; typically 5-6 cells thick when relaxed & 2-3 cells thick when stretched

locations: urinary tract – part of kidney, ureter, bladder, part of urethra

functions: stretched to allow filling of urinary tract; protects underlying tissues from osmotic damage by urine

A

transitional epithelium (urothelium)

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19
Q

-no ducts
-secreted products (hormones) enter bloodstream

A

endocrine

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20
Q

-have ducts
-secreted products travel via the duct to an epithelium surface

A

exocrine

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21
Q

-unbranched (simple) or branched (compound) duct

-tubular (secretory portion has a uniform diameter), alveolar/acinar (secretory portion is a dilated sac), tubule-alveolar

ex. coiled (sweat), compound acinar gland

A

exocrine

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22
Q

exocrine method of secretion

A

eccrine secretion

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23
Q

secrete their products

ex. sweat, salivary glands

A

eccrine secretion

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24
Q

apical portion of cytoplasm is lost

ex. mammary glands

A

apocrine secretion

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25
Q

the WHOLE CELL is lost

ex. sebaceous glands

A

holocrine secretion

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26
Q
  1. mucous glands
  2. serous glands (watery)
  3. mixed exocrine glands
  4. lipid-rich secretions
A

exocrine gland secretion types

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27
Q

goblet cells are considered ____ glands that perform ______ secretion

A

exocrine; merocrine (eccrine)

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28
Q

main function his secreting musician proteins that hydrate to form mucus

A

goblet cells

29
Q

functions:

  1. binding of organs
  2. support
  3. physical protections
  4. immune protection
  5. movement
  6. storage
  7. heat production + insulation
  8. transport
A

connective tissue functions

30
Q

-generally from mesoderm (mesenchyme)
-MORE MATRIX THAN CELLS

structural comments: ground substance, fibers, cells

A

connective tissues

31
Q

what are the structural components of connective tissues

A

structural comments: ground substance, fibers, cells

ground substance = fibers = ECM

32
Q

-intersitial fluid
-GAG to help absorb + retain water
-proteoglycans – protein + GAGs make thicker to slow spread of pathogens
-adhesive glycoproteins
-other substances may be added

A

ground substance

33
Q

generally insoluble proteins (expect fibrinogen in blood)
Major types: collagenous, reticular, and elastic fibers

A

Fibers

34
Q

dense connective tissue = ____ connective tissue

A

fibrous

35
Q

____ + ______ are considered supporting connective tissues

A

cartilage + bone

36
Q

_____ + ____ are considered fluid connective tissues

A

blood + lymph

37
Q

type 1 collagen fibers — long + straight fibers that are cross-linked, bundled together into strands

-gives ability to resist tension

A

collagenous fibers

38
Q

fine fibers with some branching, wavy appearance
-ability to recoil when tension released

A

elastic fibers

39
Q

comprised of type 3 collagen
-fine, delicate, branching fivers that forms a network or net-like structure

A

reticular

40
Q

what are the cell types in connective tissue proper

A

fibroblasts

adipocytes

macrophages, WBCs, plasma cells, mast cells

41
Q

-loose arrangement of collagenous + elastic fibers; scattered cells of various types; abundant ground substance numerous blood vessels

locations: nearly all epithelia, blood vessels, ect.

functions: loosely bind to deeper tissues; allows passage of nerves and blood vessels through other tissues ; provides arena for immune defense; blood vessels provide nutrients and wast removal for overlying epithelia

A

loose connective tissue: areolar tissue

42
Q

in areolar tissue, which lines are pink + thick

A

collagen fibers

43
Q

in areolar tissue, which lines are purple/black + thin

A

elastic fibers

44
Q

what are reticular fibers supporting

A

loose cells (unattached)

45
Q

-loose network of reticular fibers and cells, infiltrated with numerous leukocytes, especially lymphocytes

locations: lymph nodes, sleep, thymus, bone marrow

functions: forms supportive storm for lymphoid organs

A

reticular tissue

46
Q

appearance is like chicken wire or bubble wrap
-comprised of adipocytes

A

adipose

47
Q

-large, empty looking cells with thin margins; tissue sections often pale; nucleus present against plasma membrane; blood vessels present

representative locations: subcutaneous fat beneath skin; breast; heart surface; mesenteries; surrounding organs such as kidneys and eyes

functions: energy storage, thermal insulation, heat production by brown fat; protective cushion for some organs; filling space, shaping body

A

adipose

48
Q

build matrix

A

-blast

49
Q

maintain matrix

A

-cyte

50
Q

thick, pink lines in areolar tissue

A

collagen fibers

51
Q

think black/purple lines in areolar tissue

A

elastic fibers

52
Q

_____ tissue is a type of dense regular tissue with abundant elastic fibers

A

elastic tissue

53
Q
  • decently packed, parallel, often wavy collagen fibers; slender fibroblast nuclei compressed btw collagen bundles; scanty open space (ground substance); scarcity of blood vessels
  • location: tendons and ligaments
  • functions: ligament slightly bind bones together and resist stress; tendons attach muscle to bone and transfer muscular tension to bones
A

dense regular connective tissue

54
Q
  • densely packed collagen fibers running in random directions; scanty open space (ground substance); few visible cells; scarcity of blood vessels
  • location: deep in dermis; capsules around viscera in organs; fibrous sheaths around cartilage + bones
  • functions: withstands stresses applied in unpredictable directions; imparts durability to tissues
A

dense irregular connective tissue

55
Q
  1. matrix composition: GAG adds rubbery texture
  2. single cell type in mature tissue
    — chondroblasts secrete matrix and become trapped in little cavities called lacunae –> chondrocytes
  3. lack nervous tissue
  4. avascular – nutrients + wastes circulate through diffusion
  5. surrounded by perichondrium: applies only to hyaline, elastic cartilage
A

cartilage

56
Q
  • clear, glass/glossy like appearance: has lots of GAG in matrix that helps to hold water
  • has different type of collagen fiber in matrix that ice thinner, not bundled, and widely dispersed
  • chondrocytes located in spaces called lace
A

hyaline cartilage

57
Q

similar to hyaline cartilage, but with dense network of elastic fiber in matrix
- provides flexible support

A

elastic cartilage

58
Q
  • textured matrix that looks fibrous (dense) – has large, visible bundles of collagen fibers.
  • fewer chondrocytes than hyaline, chondrocytes aligned with fiber bundles
  • offer strong support and can better withstand compression
A

fibrocartilage

59
Q
  • matrix contains collagen fibers, calcium salts gives bones it hardness
  • osteocytes reside in spaces called lacunae
  • resources can’t diffuse through matrix, spread through canaliculi
  • types: compact, spongy (trabecular)
A

Bone (osseous tissue)

60
Q

____ is a fluid connective tussle, helps connect body systems together

A

blood

61
Q
  • specialized for communication
  • cell types: neurons (nerve cells) and glial cells (neuroglia)
A

nervous tissue

62
Q
  • striated
  • voluntary
  • multiple nuclei per cell
A

skeletal muscle

63
Q
  • striated
  • involuntary
  • one nucleus per cell
A

cardiac muscle

64
Q
  • nonstriated
  • involuntary
  • one nucleus per cell
A

smooth muscle

65
Q

regulates what comes in

A

tight junctions

66
Q

anchoring
redistribution of force

A

desmosomes

67
Q

pores btw cells

A

gap junctions

68
Q

2+ layers of cells; surface cells square or round

contribution to sweat secretions; secretes ovarian hormones; produces sperm

– sweat gland ducts; ovaries; sperm ducts

A

stratified cuboidal epithelium

anatomy 1 (6 decks)

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