exam 5 Flashcards
- skeletal
- usually voluntary
- neuromuscular junction
- one nerve fiber from CNS to effector; no ganglia
- ACh
- always excitatory
- flaccid paralysis
somatic NS
- glands, smooth muscle, cardiac muscle
- usually involuntary
- usually varicosities
- 2 nerve fibers from CNS to effector; synapse at a ganglion
- ACh + NE
- excitatory + inhibitory
- denervation hypersensitiivty
autonomic
LMN has cell body in brainstem or spinal cord, axon leaves + synapses with the effector (skeletal muscle)
somatic NS
2 motor neuron chain starting at brainstem or spinal cord
- preganglionic neuron with cell body in CNS. axon leaves
- ganglionic (postganglionic) neuron with cell body in ganglia
ANS
- release signaling molecules which lets them function as endocrine signals (enables more widespread effects)
sympathetic NS
- always polysnaptic
- involve visceral sensory neurons
- integrating centers is not necessarily in the CNS
- effectors are things like glands, smooth muscle, or cardiac muscle
visceral arc compared to somatic reflex arcs
ANS splits into?
PNS + SNS
PNS + SNS typically have ____ ____ of viscera with opposing effects
dual innervation
- usually the primary controller of heart rate + maintenance functions; promotes energy conservation
- cranial + sacral region
- tightly controlled
PNS
fight/flight; deals with threatening situations
SNS
- fibers originate in the thoracic and lumbar spinal cord
- pre-ganglionic fivers are short
- post-ganglionic fibers are long
- ganglia are close to the spinal cord
ON EXCEPTION IN HTE ADRENAL MEDULLA
SNS
- fibers originate in the brainstem and sacral spinal cord
- pre-ganglionic fibers are long
- post-ganglionic fibers are short
- ganglia are within or near visceral effector organs
PNS
- pre-ganglioninc neurons have cell bodies in lateral horns of spina cord
- axons pass through communicating rami (aka rami communicant)
- may synapse at sympathetic chain of ganglia (sympathetic chain ganglia) or pre-ganglionic axons pass through them
- arrestor pili muscles and sweat glands of skin; smooth muscle of most blood vessels
SNS
myelinated(pre-ganglionic axons)
white communication rami
unmyelinated(post-ganglionic axons)
grey communicating rami
- synapse at the same level of sympathetic chain ganglia
- synapse art a higher or lower level of sympathetic chain ganglia
- synapse in a distant ganglia (emerges from chain ganglia without synapsing)
where pre-ganglionic neurons synapse (SNS)
- oculomotor 3
- facial 7
- glossopharyngeal IX
- vagus X
- neurons with cell bodies in the sacral region and send motor info to pelvic organs
PNS associated with cranial nerves + sacral region of the spinal cord
all pre-ganglionic release ____ but major NTs used by post ganglionic axons differs
ACh
synapses that use ___ are adrenergic
NE
synpases that use _____ are called cholinergic
ACh
- preganglionic
- brainstem or sacral region
- long axon
ACh - msec
PNS pre-ganglia
- post-ganglionic
- near or in organ
- short axon
-ACh - msec
PNS post ganglia
pre-ganglionic
- lateral horns of spinal cord (thoracic and lumbar regions)
- short axon
- ACh
- sec
SNS pre-ganglionic
post-ganglionic
- sympathetic chain, collateral, adrenal medullar
- long axon
- NE (usually at varicosities) (seconds)
- adrenal medulla (mostly EPI + some NE into blood) (mins)
sympathetic post-ganglionic
T/F
ACh łasts ~20 msec <NE at synapsę a few seconds < NE + E in blood lasts minutes
T
boss; overall integration of ANS
hypothalamus
regulates pupil size, HR, BP, airflow, salivation, etc.
brainstem (reticular formation)
reflexes for urination, defecation, erection, and ejaculation
spinal cord
process centers in ____ ____ coordinate complex reflexes
medulla oblongata
- receptors transduce stimuli –> convert stimulus into change in membrane potential (graded potential) –> action potential
- receptors monitors an area called receptive field
- receptors can display specificity for particular stimuli
- In the presence of a stimulus, receptors may be 1. always active (tonic = slow-adapting) or only active for a short period in response to environmental change(PHASIC = FAST-ADAPTING)
receptor characteristics
graded potential is called a _____ ___ when another cell type is the receptor –> graded potential in this case alters the rate of NT release by the sensory receptor cell
receptor potential
receptive field size affects ability to ___ ___
- 2 pt discrimination
localize stim
- free nerve endings
- association with accessory structures
- connective tussle around her endings
- nerve endings wrapped in glial cells or connective tissue are called ___
encapsulated; structural complexity can affect receptor specificity
always active
- AP are generated at a freq that reflects the background level of stimulation
- when stem increases or decreases the rate of AP generation changes accordingly
- transmit info that has protective importance
ex. proprioception, pain
tonic (slow-adapting) receptors
normally inactive
- AP are generated only for a short time in response to a change in conditions they are monitoring
- useful for detecting changes in internal or external environment
ex. smell, hair movement, vibration
phasic (fast-adapting) receptor
- nociceptors
- thermoreceptors
- mechanoreceptors
- chemoreceptors
- photoreceptors
stimulus detection by receptors
- detect physical distortion of the membrane
- free nerve endings : distal ends may be modified (“swelling” or “disc like endings”)
- endings enclosed in connective tissue capsules (capsules help shield form other types of stimuli)
ex. tactile receptors, baroreceptors, proprioceptors
mechanoreceptors
detection of dissolved chemical stimuli
- to smell and taste things, we also have to dissolve the chemical compounds in a fluid
chemoreceptors
- sensory info from skin, special senses
0 receptors at or neat body surface
- outside body
exteroceptors
- inside body
- viscera
- stretch of organ or tissue, chemical changes, pain, temp
interoceptors
inside body
- skeletal muscles, tendons, ligaments, joints, connective tissue coverings of bones and muscles
- stretch, length, movement at joint
proprioceptors
- temp
- pain
- touch
- pressure
- vibration
- proprioception
- vibration
- dissolved chemicals
general senses
- olfaction
- gustation
- vision
- equilibrium
- hearing
special senses
____ can reduce the ant of sensory info reaching the CNS and cerebral cortex
adaptation
frequency and pattern of _____ provides info about the stimulus such as strength duration and variation
AP
the ____ ____ that is activated tells the brain about the types of stimulus and where it is coming from
the labeled line
your perception of the nature of stim depends on the path it takes in the ___
CNS
which 2 senses are dissolved chemical stimuli detected by chemoreceptors associated with special epithelium
- olfaction
- gustation
light detected by photoreceptors (rods _ cones) located on the retina of the eye
vision
hair cells located within specialized structures in the inner ear detect mechanical stimuli
- hearing
- equilibrium
gustation is associated with taste buds found in?
lingual papillae, pharynx, larynx
______ papillae dont have taste buds, instead main role is to help provide friction for manipulating food; associated sensory neurons convey info about food texture
filiform
receptors associated with the dendrites of sensory neurons
- __ hairs(microvilli) of receptor cells are bathed in saliva, are the area of the cell that detects the stimuli
- basal cells divide to produce new taste cells
taste
oranifc substance
sweet
mental ions
salty
acids
sour
alkaloid s
bitter
glutamate + asparatate
umami
taste involves what cranial nerves
facial 7, glossopharyngeal 9 + vagus 10
relay info to cerebral cortex, hypothalamus, + other limbic system structures
thalamus relay pathway
at ___, can also initiate digestive reflexes, protective reflexes
medulla
olfactory organs are located itch superior portion of the ____ ____ on each side of of the nasal septum
nasal cavity
olfactory receptors are modified ____ ____ neurons
bipolar sensory
outer(external) _ middle ear are involved in sound ___
conduction
inner(internal) ear has the organs of ____ & ____ that transduce stimuli
hearing + equilibrium
what are the 2 layers of olfactory organs
- lamina propria
- olfactory epithelium
pattern of which neurons are activated determine the ____
odor
axons from neurons with the same kind of receptor ____ in hearing
converge
olfactory info is relayed directly to the _____ cortex; NO THALAMUS
olfactory
sound travels as waves of _____ ____
compressed air
______ ____ is a series of sacs and ducts that is within the path of the b body labyrinth
membranous labyrinth
____ similar to CS, found btw bony and membranous labyrinths
perilymph
sacs and ducts contain ____ which is similar to the intracellular fluid
endolymph
___ is. based on freq sound
pitch
based on sound energy, intensity, or amp
loudness
_____ ____ stiffens the tympanic mem
tensor tympani
____ reduces the movement of the stapes
stapedius
superior passageway, oval window to apex, contains perilymph
scala vestibuli
inferior passageway, apex to round window, contains perilymph
scala tympani
in middle, contains endolymph + spiral organ of cortical (where mechanoreceptors are found)
cochlear duct
mechanoreceptors are located on the top of a thick, but flexible ____ ____
basilar membrane
hairs or ____ are stiffened microvilli that bend(distort) at their base, the pushed up against the stationary tectorial membrane
stereocilia
basilar mem is stiffest at its ___
base
high freq sounds vibrate near the ____ and low freq sounds towards the ____
base; end
location of maximal distortion
pitch
freq of action potentials
loudness
rotational movements
semicircular canals
horizontal movement
vestibule MACULA OF UTRICLE
vertical movement
vestibule MACULA OF saccule
displacement of gelatinous material distorts hairs altering ____ release
NT
where do u find hair cells within the vestibular complex
anterior, posterior, lateral semicircular ducts
in maculae, hairs are embedded in ____ _____
otolith membranes
otoliths increase’s membrane’s weight + inertia
hair cells associated with semicircular canals are found in expanded areas called ____
ampullae
hair cells associated with ampule transduce information about ______ movement
rotational
eyeball is located within the orbit and surrounded by ____ ___
orbital fat
____ ___ + adipose serve protective functions
bony orbit
_____ eye muscles help maintain shape of eyeball, hold it in place
extrinsic
shade + keep perspiration from reaching the eye
eyebrows
reflexive ____ of eyelids help protect the eye from debris, spread secretions across eye
blinking
associating with lots of Neve endings, reflexive blinking
eyelash hair
what are the strictures of orbital region
eyebrows, eyelashes, and eyelids (palpebral), tarsal glands, conjunctiva, lacrimal apparatus
modified sebaceous glands with ducts that open at the eyelid edge –> oil films help prevent evaporative water loss/dryign out of the eyes
tarsal glands
mucous membranes comprised of stratified squamous epithelium –> aids in keeping the eye most and lubricated, protection
conjunctiva
- provide nutrients, 02 to epithelial cells of cornea
- contain lysozyme (antibacterial) & antibodies
- mix with other secretions help clean and lubraicte the eye, dilute/wash away irritants, keep eye from drying out
tears
- 3 layers that form the wall of eye = ?
fibrous layer vascular layer + inner layer
optical competes that admit and focus light?
cornea, aqueous humor, lens, vitreous body
detect light stimuli and relay visual info ?
retina + optic nerve
- clear, avascular
- collagen covered by stratified squamous epithelium
- significant role in refraction (bending of light)
cornea
white of the eye
- protects and shapes eye
attachment extrinsic eye muscle
sclera
controls the diameter of the pupil
iris
holds the lens in place, controls lens shape, and produces aqueous humor (drains at scleral venous sinus)
ciliary body
contains blood vessels and melanocytes
choroid
___ body consists of ciliary muscles, ciliary processes, and ciliary zones
ciliary
light travels:
cornea –> aqueous humor –> _____ –> virtuous humor –> neural layer of ____ –> reaches outer segments of rods + cones embedded in pigmented layer
lens; retina
light is refracted (bent) as it enters ____, enters the ____, and leaves the _____
cornea; lens; lens
as object distance changes, lens shape can be changes to focus on object (_______)
accommodation
far object —> _____ focal distance –> need to lengthen (increase) focal distance to get the light to spike the retina properly
short
near object —> _____ focal distance –> need to shorten (decrease ) focal distance to get the light to spike the retina properly
long
image lands on the retina ____ ____, left to right reversed
upside down
- transmitting light
- supporting the lens + retina
- counteracting pulling forces exerted by extrinsic eye muscles
vitreous humor
secreted by cells in local area; influences the activity of the same cell from which it was secreted
autocrine
produced by a wide variety of tissues + secreted into extracellular fluid; has localized effect on nearby tissues
paracrine
produced by neurons; secreted into synaptic cleft by presynaptic nerve terminals; travels short distances; influences postsynaptic cells
NT
secreted into blood by specialized cells; travels some distance to target tissues; results in coordinated regulation of cell function; called hormones
endocrine
- reproduction
- growth + development
- regulation of cellular metabolism + energy balance
- electrolyte, water, and nutrient balance
- mobilization of body defense
endocrine system coordinates + regulates complex processes including:
- monoamines or biogenic amines
- can be stored in vesicles
- free hormone dissolved in plasma
- cell surface associated receptors
- involve 2nd messenger system
- typical shorter half life
hydrophilic
- lipid soluble hormones (steroids)
- cannot be produced + stored — will be secreted as it is produced
- bound hormones – bound to carrier protein
- intracellular
- hormone receptor complex usually affects transcription
- typically longer half life
hydrophobic
receptors for hormones can be in the plasma membrane or ______
intracellular
- hormone concentration
- amplification
- relative receptor conceptions (upregulation or down regulation)
- receptor affinity for hormone
- interactions with other hormones
affects the magnitude of the response to a hormone
more receptors with higher affinity for the hormone, the effect will be more ____
pronounced
fewer receptors with lower affinity, there is either ____ responsiveness or endocrine dysfunction
reduced
hormones have opposing effects
antagonistic
hormones have additive effects
synergistic
one hormone enhances target’s response to second one that come later
permissive
- bind targets
- cleared or broken own at kidneys or liver
- broken down by enzymes
hormones can be inactivated
regulating concentrations typically involve _____ feedback
negative
hormones that bind transport proteins are broken down more ______
slowly
regulating hormones can be ______ or ______ hormones
releasing; inhibiting
- tropic hormones
- GH, prolactin, melanocyte situating hormone ACTH
- glandular
- makes hormones that it secretes
- hormonal – releasing hormones from hypothalamus
- associate with portal system (vein capillary vein) — hormones must travel through blood to reach pituitary
anterior pituitary
- ADH
- Oxytocin
- neural tissue
- manufactured by hypothalamus, stored in posterior pituitary
- neural — hypothalamus nuerons fires an action potential which travels down its axons (axon terminal is in posterior pituitary)
- neural stimulus
posterior pituitary
deals with LH + FSH
GnRH
_____ cortex secrete corticoids and androgens
adrenal
____ _____ secretes neuroendocrine signals associated with the sympathetic division
adrenal medulla
