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anatomy 1 > exam 5 > Flashcards

exam 5 Flashcards

1
Q
  • skeletal
  • usually voluntary
  • neuromuscular junction
  • one nerve fiber from CNS to effector; no ganglia
  • ACh
  • always excitatory
  • flaccid paralysis
A

somatic NS

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2
Q
  • glands, smooth muscle, cardiac muscle
  • usually involuntary
  • usually varicosities
  • 2 nerve fibers from CNS to effector; synapse at a ganglion
  • ACh + NE
  • excitatory + inhibitory
  • denervation hypersensitiivty
A

autonomic

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3
Q

LMN has cell body in brainstem or spinal cord, axon leaves + synapses with the effector (skeletal muscle)

A

somatic NS

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4
Q

2 motor neuron chain starting at brainstem or spinal cord
- preganglionic neuron with cell body in CNS. axon leaves
- ganglionic (postganglionic) neuron with cell body in ganglia

A

ANS

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5
Q
  • release signaling molecules which lets them function as endocrine signals (enables more widespread effects)
A

sympathetic NS

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6
Q
  1. always polysnaptic
  2. involve visceral sensory neurons
  3. integrating centers is not necessarily in the CNS
  4. effectors are things like glands, smooth muscle, or cardiac muscle
A

visceral arc compared to somatic reflex arcs

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7
Q

ANS splits into?

A

PNS + SNS

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8
Q

PNS + SNS typically have ____ ____ of viscera with opposing effects

A

dual innervation

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9
Q
  • usually the primary controller of heart rate + maintenance functions; promotes energy conservation
  • cranial + sacral region
  • tightly controlled
A

PNS

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10
Q

fight/flight; deals with threatening situations

A

SNS

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11
Q
  • fibers originate in the thoracic and lumbar spinal cord
  • pre-ganglionic fivers are short
  • post-ganglionic fibers are long
  • ganglia are close to the spinal cord

ON EXCEPTION IN HTE ADRENAL MEDULLA

A

SNS

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12
Q
  • fibers originate in the brainstem and sacral spinal cord
  • pre-ganglionic fibers are long
  • post-ganglionic fibers are short
  • ganglia are within or near visceral effector organs
A

PNS

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13
Q
  • pre-ganglioninc neurons have cell bodies in lateral horns of spina cord
  • axons pass through communicating rami (aka rami communicant)
  • may synapse at sympathetic chain of ganglia (sympathetic chain ganglia) or pre-ganglionic axons pass through them
  • arrestor pili muscles and sweat glands of skin; smooth muscle of most blood vessels
A

SNS

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14
Q

myelinated(pre-ganglionic axons)

A

white communication rami

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15
Q

unmyelinated(post-ganglionic axons)

A

grey communicating rami

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16
Q
  1. synapse at the same level of sympathetic chain ganglia
  2. synapse art a higher or lower level of sympathetic chain ganglia
  3. synapse in a distant ganglia (emerges from chain ganglia without synapsing)
A

where pre-ganglionic neurons synapse (SNS)

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17
Q
  • oculomotor 3
  • facial 7
  • glossopharyngeal IX
  • vagus X
  • neurons with cell bodies in the sacral region and send motor info to pelvic organs
A

PNS associated with cranial nerves + sacral region of the spinal cord

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18
Q

all pre-ganglionic release ____ but major NTs used by post ganglionic axons differs

A

ACh

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19
Q

synapses that use ___ are adrenergic

A

NE

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20
Q

synpases that use _____ are called cholinergic

A

ACh

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21
Q
  • preganglionic
  • brainstem or sacral region
  • long axon
    ACh
  • msec
A

PNS pre-ganglia

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22
Q
  • post-ganglionic
  • near or in organ
  • short axon
    -ACh
  • msec
A

PNS post ganglia

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23
Q

pre-ganglionic
- lateral horns of spinal cord (thoracic and lumbar regions)
- short axon
- ACh
- sec

A

SNS pre-ganglionic

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24
Q

post-ganglionic
- sympathetic chain, collateral, adrenal medullar
- long axon
- NE (usually at varicosities) (seconds)

  • adrenal medulla (mostly EPI + some NE into blood) (mins)
A

sympathetic post-ganglionic

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25
Q

T/F

ACh łasts ~20 msec <NE at synapsę a few seconds < NE + E in blood lasts minutes

A

T

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26
Q

boss; overall integration of ANS

A

hypothalamus

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27
Q

regulates pupil size, HR, BP, airflow, salivation, etc.

A

brainstem (reticular formation)

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28
Q

reflexes for urination, defecation, erection, and ejaculation

A

spinal cord

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29
Q

process centers in ____ ____ coordinate complex reflexes

A

medulla oblongata

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30
Q
  • receptors transduce stimuli –> convert stimulus into change in membrane potential (graded potential) –> action potential
  • receptors monitors an area called receptive field
  • receptors can display specificity for particular stimuli
  • In the presence of a stimulus, receptors may be 1. always active (tonic = slow-adapting) or only active for a short period in response to environmental change(PHASIC = FAST-ADAPTING)
A

receptor characteristics

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31
Q

graded potential is called a _____ ___ when another cell type is the receptor –> graded potential in this case alters the rate of NT release by the sensory receptor cell

A

receptor potential

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32
Q

receptive field size affects ability to ___ ___

  • 2 pt discrimination
A

localize stim

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33
Q
  • free nerve endings
  • association with accessory structures
  • connective tussle around her endings
  • nerve endings wrapped in glial cells or connective tissue are called ___
A

encapsulated; structural complexity can affect receptor specificity

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34
Q

always active
- AP are generated at a freq that reflects the background level of stimulation
- when stem increases or decreases the rate of AP generation changes accordingly

  • transmit info that has protective importance
    ex. proprioception, pain
A

tonic (slow-adapting) receptors

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35
Q

normally inactive
- AP are generated only for a short time in response to a change in conditions they are monitoring
- useful for detecting changes in internal or external environment
ex. smell, hair movement, vibration

A

phasic (fast-adapting) receptor

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36
Q
  1. nociceptors
  2. thermoreceptors
  3. mechanoreceptors
  4. chemoreceptors
  5. photoreceptors
A

stimulus detection by receptors

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37
Q
  • detect physical distortion of the membrane
  • free nerve endings : distal ends may be modified (“swelling” or “disc like endings”)
  • endings enclosed in connective tissue capsules (capsules help shield form other types of stimuli)

ex. tactile receptors, baroreceptors, proprioceptors

A

mechanoreceptors

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38
Q

detection of dissolved chemical stimuli
- to smell and taste things, we also have to dissolve the chemical compounds in a fluid

A

chemoreceptors

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39
Q
  • sensory info from skin, special senses

0 receptors at or neat body surface
- outside body

A

exteroceptors

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40
Q
  • inside body
  • viscera
  • stretch of organ or tissue, chemical changes, pain, temp
A

interoceptors

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41
Q

inside body
- skeletal muscles, tendons, ligaments, joints, connective tissue coverings of bones and muscles

  • stretch, length, movement at joint
A

proprioceptors

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42
Q
  • temp
  • pain
  • touch
  • pressure
  • vibration
  • proprioception
  • vibration
  • dissolved chemicals
A

general senses

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43
Q
  • olfaction
  • gustation
  • vision
  • equilibrium
  • hearing
A

special senses

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44
Q

____ can reduce the ant of sensory info reaching the CNS and cerebral cortex

A

adaptation

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45
Q

frequency and pattern of _____ provides info about the stimulus such as strength duration and variation

A

AP

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46
Q

the ____ ____ that is activated tells the brain about the types of stimulus and where it is coming from

A

the labeled line

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47
Q

your perception of the nature of stim depends on the path it takes in the ___

A

CNS

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48
Q

which 2 senses are dissolved chemical stimuli detected by chemoreceptors associated with special epithelium

A
  1. olfaction
  2. gustation
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49
Q

light detected by photoreceptors (rods _ cones) located on the retina of the eye

A

vision

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50
Q

hair cells located within specialized structures in the inner ear detect mechanical stimuli

A
  1. hearing
  2. equilibrium
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51
Q

gustation is associated with taste buds found in?

A

lingual papillae, pharynx, larynx

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52
Q

______ papillae dont have taste buds, instead main role is to help provide friction for manipulating food; associated sensory neurons convey info about food texture

A

filiform

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53
Q

receptors associated with the dendrites of sensory neurons
- __ hairs(microvilli) of receptor cells are bathed in saliva, are the area of the cell that detects the stimuli

  • basal cells divide to produce new taste cells
A

taste

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54
Q

oranifc substance

A

sweet

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55
Q

mental ions

A

salty

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56
Q

acids

A

sour

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57
Q

alkaloid s

A

bitter

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58
Q

glutamate + asparatate

A

umami

59
Q

taste involves what cranial nerves

A

facial 7, glossopharyngeal 9 + vagus 10

60
Q

relay info to cerebral cortex, hypothalamus, + other limbic system structures

A

thalamus relay pathway

61
Q

at ___, can also initiate digestive reflexes, protective reflexes

A

medulla

62
Q

olfactory organs are located itch superior portion of the ____ ____ on each side of of the nasal septum

A

nasal cavity

63
Q

olfactory receptors are modified ____ ____ neurons

A

bipolar sensory

64
Q

outer(external) _ middle ear are involved in sound ___

A

conduction

65
Q

inner(internal) ear has the organs of ____ & ____ that transduce stimuli

A

hearing + equilibrium

66
Q

what are the 2 layers of olfactory organs

A
  • lamina propria
  • olfactory epithelium
67
Q

pattern of which neurons are activated determine the ____

A

odor

68
Q

axons from neurons with the same kind of receptor ____ in hearing

A

converge

69
Q

olfactory info is relayed directly to the _____ cortex; NO THALAMUS

A

olfactory

70
Q

sound travels as waves of _____ ____

A

compressed air

71
Q

______ ____ is a series of sacs and ducts that is within the path of the b body labyrinth

A

membranous labyrinth

72
Q

____ similar to CS, found btw bony and membranous labyrinths

A

perilymph

73
Q

sacs and ducts contain ____ which is similar to the intracellular fluid

A

endolymph

74
Q

___ is. based on freq sound

A

pitch

75
Q

based on sound energy, intensity, or amp

A

loudness

76
Q

_____ ____ stiffens the tympanic mem

A

tensor tympani

77
Q

____ reduces the movement of the stapes

A

stapedius

78
Q

superior passageway, oval window to apex, contains perilymph

A

scala vestibuli

79
Q

inferior passageway, apex to round window, contains perilymph

A

scala tympani

80
Q

in middle, contains endolymph + spiral organ of cortical (where mechanoreceptors are found)

A

cochlear duct

81
Q

mechanoreceptors are located on the top of a thick, but flexible ____ ____

A

basilar membrane

82
Q

hairs or ____ are stiffened microvilli that bend(distort) at their base, the pushed up against the stationary tectorial membrane

A

stereocilia

83
Q

basilar mem is stiffest at its ___

A

base

84
Q

high freq sounds vibrate near the ____ and low freq sounds towards the ____

A

base; end

85
Q

location of maximal distortion

A

pitch

86
Q

freq of action potentials

A

loudness

87
Q

rotational movements

A

semicircular canals

88
Q

horizontal movement

A

vestibule MACULA OF UTRICLE

89
Q

vertical movement

A

vestibule MACULA OF saccule

90
Q

displacement of gelatinous material distorts hairs altering ____ release

A

NT

91
Q

where do u find hair cells within the vestibular complex

A

anterior, posterior, lateral semicircular ducts

92
Q

in maculae, hairs are embedded in ____ _____

A

otolith membranes

otoliths increase’s membrane’s weight + inertia

93
Q

hair cells associated with semicircular canals are found in expanded areas called ____

A

ampullae

94
Q

hair cells associated with ampule transduce information about ______ movement

A

rotational

95
Q

eyeball is located within the orbit and surrounded by ____ ___

A

orbital fat

96
Q

____ ___ + adipose serve protective functions

A

bony orbit

97
Q

_____ eye muscles help maintain shape of eyeball, hold it in place

A

extrinsic

98
Q

shade + keep perspiration from reaching the eye

A

eyebrows

99
Q

reflexive ____ of eyelids help protect the eye from debris, spread secretions across eye

A

blinking

100
Q

associating with lots of Neve endings, reflexive blinking

A

eyelash hair

101
Q

what are the strictures of orbital region

A

eyebrows, eyelashes, and eyelids (palpebral), tarsal glands, conjunctiva, lacrimal apparatus

102
Q

modified sebaceous glands with ducts that open at the eyelid edge –> oil films help prevent evaporative water loss/dryign out of the eyes

A

tarsal glands

103
Q

mucous membranes comprised of stratified squamous epithelium –> aids in keeping the eye most and lubricated, protection

A

conjunctiva

104
Q
  • provide nutrients, 02 to epithelial cells of cornea
  • contain lysozyme (antibacterial) & antibodies
  • mix with other secretions help clean and lubraicte the eye, dilute/wash away irritants, keep eye from drying out
A

tears

105
Q
  • 3 layers that form the wall of eye = ?
A

fibrous layer vascular layer + inner layer

106
Q

optical competes that admit and focus light?

A

cornea, aqueous humor, lens, vitreous body

107
Q

detect light stimuli and relay visual info ?

A

retina + optic nerve

108
Q
  • clear, avascular
  • collagen covered by stratified squamous epithelium
  • significant role in refraction (bending of light)
A

cornea

109
Q

white of the eye
- protects and shapes eye
attachment extrinsic eye muscle

A

sclera

110
Q

controls the diameter of the pupil

A

iris

111
Q

holds the lens in place, controls lens shape, and produces aqueous humor (drains at scleral venous sinus)

A

ciliary body

112
Q

contains blood vessels and melanocytes

A

choroid

113
Q

___ body consists of ciliary muscles, ciliary processes, and ciliary zones

A

ciliary

114
Q

light travels:

cornea –> aqueous humor –> _____ –> virtuous humor –> neural layer of ____ –> reaches outer segments of rods + cones embedded in pigmented layer

A

lens; retina

115
Q

light is refracted (bent) as it enters ____, enters the ____, and leaves the _____

A

cornea; lens; lens

116
Q

as object distance changes, lens shape can be changes to focus on object (_______)

A

accommodation

117
Q

far object —> _____ focal distance –> need to lengthen (increase) focal distance to get the light to spike the retina properly

A

short

118
Q

near object —> _____ focal distance –> need to shorten (decrease ) focal distance to get the light to spike the retina properly

A

long

119
Q

image lands on the retina ____ ____, left to right reversed

A

upside down

120
Q
  • transmitting light
  • supporting the lens + retina
  • counteracting pulling forces exerted by extrinsic eye muscles
A

vitreous humor

121
Q

secreted by cells in local area; influences the activity of the same cell from which it was secreted

A

autocrine

122
Q

produced by a wide variety of tissues + secreted into extracellular fluid; has localized effect on nearby tissues

A

paracrine

123
Q

produced by neurons; secreted into synaptic cleft by presynaptic nerve terminals; travels short distances; influences postsynaptic cells

A

NT

124
Q

secreted into blood by specialized cells; travels some distance to target tissues; results in coordinated regulation of cell function; called hormones

A

endocrine

125
Q
  1. reproduction
  2. growth + development
  3. regulation of cellular metabolism + energy balance
  4. electrolyte, water, and nutrient balance
  5. mobilization of body defense
A

endocrine system coordinates + regulates complex processes including:

126
Q
  • monoamines or biogenic amines
  • can be stored in vesicles
  • free hormone dissolved in plasma
  • cell surface associated receptors
  • involve 2nd messenger system
  • typical shorter half life
A

hydrophilic

127
Q
  • lipid soluble hormones (steroids)
  • cannot be produced + stored — will be secreted as it is produced
  • bound hormones – bound to carrier protein
  • intracellular
  • hormone receptor complex usually affects transcription
  • typically longer half life
A

hydrophobic

128
Q

receptors for hormones can be in the plasma membrane or ______

A

intracellular

129
Q
  1. hormone concentration
  2. amplification
  3. relative receptor conceptions (upregulation or down regulation)
  4. receptor affinity for hormone
  5. interactions with other hormones
A

affects the magnitude of the response to a hormone

130
Q

more receptors with higher affinity for the hormone, the effect will be more ____

A

pronounced

131
Q

fewer receptors with lower affinity, there is either ____ responsiveness or endocrine dysfunction

A

reduced

132
Q

hormones have opposing effects

A

antagonistic

133
Q

hormones have additive effects

A

synergistic

134
Q

one hormone enhances target’s response to second one that come later

A

permissive

135
Q
  1. bind targets
  2. cleared or broken own at kidneys or liver
  3. broken down by enzymes
A

hormones can be inactivated

136
Q

regulating concentrations typically involve _____ feedback

A

negative

137
Q

hormones that bind transport proteins are broken down more ______

A

slowly

138
Q

regulating hormones can be ______ or ______ hormones

A

releasing; inhibiting

139
Q
  • tropic hormones
  • GH, prolactin, melanocyte situating hormone ACTH
  • glandular
  • makes hormones that it secretes
  • hormonal – releasing hormones from hypothalamus
  • associate with portal system (vein capillary vein) — hormones must travel through blood to reach pituitary
A

anterior pituitary

140
Q
  • ADH
  • Oxytocin
  • neural tissue
  • manufactured by hypothalamus, stored in posterior pituitary
  • neural — hypothalamus nuerons fires an action potential which travels down its axons (axon terminal is in posterior pituitary)
  • neural stimulus
A

posterior pituitary

141
Q

deals with LH + FSH

A

GnRH

142
Q

_____ cortex secrete corticoids and androgens

A

adrenal

143
Q

____ _____ secretes neuroendocrine signals associated with the sympathetic division

A

adrenal medulla

anatomy 1 (7 decks)

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