Unit 3 Flashcards by Evita Azcona

What are three potential uses of exposure assessment results?

determine

(1) Determine the need for health hazard controls.
(2) Build or add to the longitudinal exposure record (LER).
(3) Demonstrate regulatory compliance.

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According to the American Industrial Hygiene Association (AIHA) exposure assessment model, what actions are taken when an exposure’s
acceptability is uncertain?

gather

Gather further information.

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What similarities do the AF model and AIHA model share?

rotuine

routine & special surveillance,
determine the acceptability of the exposures,
establish controls

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What are the results from a screening assessment used for?

determine

determine what action should be taken.

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What type of sampling requires equal probability of selecting any exposure period for any
worker in the SEG during the interval of the assessment?

Random sampling.

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Is it possible to assess worker exposure without collecting samples? If so, briefly describe how If
not, briefly describe why collecting samples is always necessary.

exposure may be

Yes. Exposure may be estimated using surrogate data and models to make a predictive assessment.

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What type of OEL should be selected to determine environmental exposure acceptability for
deployed military personal?

Military exposure guidelines (MEG).

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Which of the following OELs is most appropriate for assessing exposure acceptability for emergency responders?
a. PEL.
b. PAC.
c. IDLH.
d. MCL.

Protective action criteria

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What type of sampling method is used to measure exposure over a period of time?

Integrated.

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What is to establish an exposure for a particular worker?

Area

Area samples.

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What sampling method would be effective for assessing cadmium contamination on shop table
surfaces?

Swipe sampling.

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Under what circumstance is it appropriate to sample selectively the worker with maximum
exposure risk?

Compliance sampling.

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What are two main purposes for using the the data quality objectives (DQO) process for environmental sampling?

ensures

ensures the type of data is appropriate

-eliminates unnecessary data.

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How does an OEHSA conceptual site model (CSM) assist with sampling strategy development?

provides

provides data including the who, what, where, for the sampling
strategy.

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What is the difference between QA and QC?

broad plan

Quality Assurance - broad plan for quality in all aspects of a program.

Quality Control - steps you will take to determine the validity of specific sampling

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When is Chain of Custody documentation required?

when samples are collected as evidence in the event a crime was committed.

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Where are sampling and analysis of source and treated water captured?

Sampling, analysis, and monitoring plan

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Who is responsible for developing and updating the installation specific SAM plan?

be and

BE flight and CE.

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What are some of the items listed in the sampling procedure section of the SAM plan?

why

(1) why the samples are being collected.
(2) step-by-step procedures
(3) Include instructions on filling out forms
(4) preservatives need to be added to sample
(5) shipping requirements

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Once a pathway is determined, why would sampling be conducted?

Sampling will be conducted to determine health risks

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Why is sampling conducted in recreational waters?

determine whether

Sample to determine whether contaminants or microorganisms could affect human health is present.

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What is the primary concern associated with exposure to non-potable liquids?

dermal contact &
ingestion

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What is a sampling strategy?

road map

It is the road map which details of the entire sampling process from beginning to end.

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What process is used in developing a sampling strategy?

DQO

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Where can you find information on the selections of OELs? | use your

Use your chain of command. Also contact USAFSAM/OE for guidance on exposure limits.

What water sampling equipment provides on-scene detection, identification and quantification of toxic industrial chemicals and chemical warfare agents? | H

HAPSITE.

What can the HAPSITE be use to analyze? | vocs

VOCs in air, water samples in a gas phase.

What is a major weakness of the HAZMAT ID? | only identify

It can only identify unknown substances, it cannot quantity chemicals.

What equipment is used to determine the acidity or alkalinity of a solution? | p

pH meter.

What is the benefit of ensuring the proper calibration and operation of water sampling equipment? | minimize

To minimize errors and most accurate drinking water sampling results.

Cite the frequencies when water sampling equipment should be calibrated. | manufactuer

According to manufacturer’s operating instructions.

When receiving a new piece of water sampling equipment or you’ve never operated a particular piece of equipment, what is the first step you should take? | read the

Read the instruction manual.

What is the specific order that water samples (required from a specific sampling point) taken? | M

Metals, chemicals, microbiological

If water sampling containers are not perfectly clean, what effect can this have on sampling? | Any residue

Any residue could kill the bacteria or provide a nutrient medium for their growth.

The final step in cleaning sample bottles is: rinse the containers with sterile or deionized water at least three times. Why? | removes

-removes all minerals -provides good environment for bacteria

Why is a dechlorinating agent added to a water sample checked for biological quality? | removes

It removes the chlorine, which if left in the water, could kill the bacteria resulting in a false negative sample.

Before conducting any sampling, what installation-specific document should be referenced? | installation

Your installation’s SAM plan.

Under what condition can you use either glass or plastic containers for water sample collection? | capable of

They must be capable of being sterilized.

What indicators should be looked for to indicate that sodium thiosulfate should not be used? | turbid

If it has become turbid or has sediment.

Why is it important not to rinse the bottle prior to collecting a sample to check for biological quality? | dechlori

You will lose the dechlorinating agent.

Why is it even more critical to test for chlorine residuals when evaluating field water supplies? | in the field

Because in the field you can’t always analyze for bacteria.

What is the most common Air Force sampling device used for measuring chlorine and pH? | color

The colcolor comparator method—DPD kit.

Explain the benefits of running the faucet water for about 2-3 minutes prior to testing for chlorine. | flushes

It flushes the service connections and ensures your water sample comes from the main water distribution line.

What are the effects of low pH on water? | acidic

acidic, soft, & corrosive

Why is it necessary to have the correct pH level in drinking water? | effective

effective disinfection with chlorine and microorganisms

What theory is the presence/absence test based on? | no coliforms

no coliforms should be present in 100 ml of a drinking water sample.

Once it has been determined that a sample contains total coliforms, how can you confirm the presence of E. coli? | sample

If the sample fluoresces when placed within 5 inches of a 6-watt (W) 365 mm UV lamp.

Why is routine monitoring performed for swimming pools, spas and hot tubs, and other natural bathing areas? | provides

It provides patrons with sanitary and safe conditions and a safe and healthful workplace for employees.

When is the use of a certified laboratory for bacteriological analysis of a natural bathing area not required? | adhere

If you adhere to Standard Methods for Examination of Water and Wastewater.

When is bacteriological water sampling of a swimming pool performed? | support

In support of a special request.

What is the purpose of a QA/QC program? | ensure

ensure the integrity of sampling data.

What are the minimum requirements of a QA/QC program?

- periodic equipment calibration data, - personnel training is relevant and current, incorporating proper sample collection techniques, and implementing chain- of-custody tracking of samples.

What does the proper preparation and preservation of samples do? | ensure

ensure samples are maintained in the condition necessary for proper analysis between the collection and analysis time.

What form is used to track samples? | chain

Chain of custody.

Explain two factors that can influence the validity of sample results. | how well

- How well the procedures for the specific type of sampling performed - cleanliness of the sampling equipment used were followed.

What is the importance of decontaminating sampling equipment? | cause

cause invalid sampling results.

Why must caution be used when using reagents and other chemicals to decontaminate sampling equipment? | leave

leave residue

Why is it important to properly interpret sampling results? | results

The results are used as the basis to make OEH decisions and recommendations effecting personnel and the environment.

Why must you ensure the sample analyzed and standard used both have the same name/spelling? | many chemicals

Many chemicals and constituents to have similar names.

List the types of air samples. | g

Grab and Integrated.

Which air sample is taken over a short time? | g

Grab.

Describe how integrated samples are collected. | collected

collected over a period of time

List the sampling instruments that are designed to measure one or a group of compounds. | gas

Combustible gas monitors, oxygen monitors, carbon monoxide monitors, indoor air quality monitors, mercury vapor monitors, colorimetric tubes and badges.

What kind of sampling device detects airborne contaminants without drawing air into the device? | C

Colorimetric tubes.

What instrument is designed for on scene detection of chemical warfare agents and toxic industrial chemicals? | H

HAPSITE

Describe breakthrough. | backup

If the backup section contains a mass greater than 10 percent of the mass of the front section, then breakthrough has occurred.

What is an electrostatic precipitator used for? | required

when the required sample volume is large, high collection efficiency is required for very small particles (such as fumes).

When considering where to sample, how are sampling locations divided? | area

area & personal

Briefly explain full-period consecutive samples. | taking

Taking two or more samples over the work shift.

If you have a recommended flow rate of 0.1 to 0.2 and the minimum volume is 3 liters, how long will you have to let the sample pump run before collecting enough sample to meet the LOD?

15 minutes.

Why are minimum and maximum flow rates set? | provide

provide the greatest collection efficiency for the chemical being sampled.

List the items which require field calibration. | personal

Personal sampling pumps, toxic gas monitors, combustible gas monitors, and oxygen meters.

What happens to items requiring laboratory calibration? | will be

will be entered into a calibration program for periodic recall

List the primary standard devices used for calibrating air-sampling pumps.

Soap-bubble buret and electronic soap-bubble meter.

What is the piece of equipment most commonly used to calibrate sampling pumps?

Soap-bubble buret.

Why is integrated sampling useful for area sampling? | good indication

Integrated sampling can be used to provide a good indication of the airborne concentration of a chemical contaminant in a room/area over a relatively long time (up to 8 hrs).

Where should you place a sampling pump for area sampling? | fixed

fixed location that will obtain the most representative air sample

What is the goal for area air sampling? | most representative

You want to obtain the most representative air sample possible.

Why are blanks sent to the laboratory? | determine

determine if any contamination occurred from the time the media was opened until the time it reached the laboratory.

How should the sampling media be placed? | face

faces downward so dust, particles, etc., cannot contaminate the media.

Why should you be present when the process ends? | record

record the stop time, turn off the pump and close/secure the media.

What is the importance of having a good soil/solid sampling methodology? | sampling

sampling will be performed in an organized process.

What must you consider if a worker is exposed to two or more chemicals on the same shift? | chemical act together

chemicals act together as one chemical in their attack on an organ system.

What is the importance of having a good soil/solid sampling methodology? | ensure

It will ensure your sampling will be performed in an organized and methodical process.

Soil sampling is conducted for what two primary reasons? | hra and

Health risk assessment and remediation.

Why is an auger not used to sample for VOCs? | augers churn

Augers churn the soil which can rapidly release VOCs into the air.

Why are tube samplers a good sampling device to collect VOCs? | provide

They provide the least disturbed collection method.

Trier samplers are primarily used to sample what type of soil? | loose

Loose soil on or just under the surface.

How can you ensure the data from your soil sampling is representative and usable for the intended purpose? | be adhering

By adhering to a good sampling strategy.

Cite some obvious signs of soil contamination. | wet

Wet, oily, or discolored soil or dead vegetation; an unpleasant odor.

What type of soil sampling strategy uses the theory of random chance probabilities to choose representative sampling locations?

Simple random sampling.

If you needed to investigate large sites that encompass a number of soil types, topographic features, or land uses, which type of sampling should you perform?

Stratified random sampling.

For unknown contamination, what actions can you take to determine what analytes to sample? | direct

direct reading sampling equipment to get an idea what type of CBRN material might have contaminated the soil.

What type of sampling is use to sample for metals before analyzing with an x-ray fluorescence survey meter?

Sieving sampling.

Where and why are background soil samples collected? | near the area

Near the area where you collected your contaminated soil samples; used as baseline data for comparison to the contaminated sample results.

Where should you collect samples if soil contamination is obvious? | the least

From the least contaminated areas first.

What effect does soluble contaminates have on soil? | soluble contaminants

Soluble contaminants mix with water and travel through soil better than insoluble contaminants.

Cite the advantage to taking field readings of the soil you will be sampling. | narrow down

It will help narrow down the location and levels of contamination in the soil.

When using a PID/FID, what are some factors that could influence the sampling results? | soil

Soil temperature, soil adsorption capacity, sampling instrument response factor, and time the borehole has been opened.

What are soil sample results used for? | make oeh

To make OEH decisions and recommendations effecting personnel and the environment.