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SYSTEMATICS > UNIT 3 > Flashcards

UNIT 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Where did Darwin exactly discover the plants and animals that are nowhere to be found on earth

A

In Santa Cruz Island in Galapagos Island

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2
Q

How many island does galapagos does

A

12/13 island

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3
Q

The orgin of new species, at the focal point of evolutionary theory

A

Speciation

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4
Q

Explain how new species orginate and how populations evolve

A

Evolutionary theory

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5
Q

Change in allele in a particular population

A

Microevolution

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6
Q

Consists of adaptations that evolve within a population, confined to one gene pool

A

Microevolution

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7
Q

Evolutipmary chnage above the species level

A

Macroevolution

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8
Q

Species is a latin word meaning ____ and ____

A

Kind
Appearance

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9
Q

How biologists group organism/species

A

Based on their
Morphology
Physiology
Biochemistry
DNA Sequences

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10
Q

3 things that constitutes a species

A

-Capable of interbreeding and producing fertile offspring
-Reproductively isolated from other such groups
-Fundamentally similar in structures

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11
Q

Explain Biological species concpet

A

It is about the capability of a population to interbreed and produce a viable and fertile offspring.
The similarities between different species
Diversity with a species

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12
Q

Group of individuals of the same species

A

Population

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13
Q

They are defined by the capacity to interbreed

A

Human

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14
Q

Results from The breeding of population to another population

A

New species

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15
Q

Transfer of allele, holds the phenotype of population together

A

Gene flow

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16
Q

Combination of gene in a reproducing population

A

Gene pool

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17
Q

Existence of biological factors(barriers) that impede 2 species from producing viable fertile offspring
To limit hybrid

A

Reproductive isolation

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18
Q

T/F
Same species breed with soecies create speciation

A

False, it does not create speciation

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19
Q

Offspring of corsses between different species

A

Hybrids

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20
Q

It is classified by wether factors act before or after fertilization

A

Reproductive isolation

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21
Q

2 types of barriers

A

Prezygotic barriers
Postzygotic barriers

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22
Q

It block fertilization from occuring

A

Prezygotic barrier

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23
Q

Explain prezygotic barrier

A

Impede different species from attempting to mate
Preventing the successful completion of mating
Hinder fertilization if mating is succesful

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24
Q

5 types of prezygotic barriers

A

Habitat Isolation
Temporal Isolation
Behavioral Isolation
Mechanical Isolation
Gametic Isolation

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25
Q

2 species encounter each other rarely, or not at all, because they occupy different habitats, even thougj not isolated by physical barriers

A

Habitat Isolation

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26
Q

Lower the probability of mating

A

Habitat Isolation

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27
Q

Species that breed at different times of the day, different seasons, or different years cannot mix their gametes

A

Temporal isolatiom

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28
Q

Differences on timing on reproductive event

A

Temporal isolatiom

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29
Q

Courtship rituals and other behaviors unique to a soecies are effective barriers

A

Behavioral isolation

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30
Q

Morphological differences can prevent succesful mating

A

Mechanical Isolation

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31
Q

Sperm of one species may not be able to fertilize eggs of another species

A

Gametic Isolation

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32
Q

Prevent the hybrid zygote from developing into a viable , fertile adult

A

Postzygotic barriers

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33
Q

3 effects or types of postzygotic barriers

A

Reduced Hybrid Viability
Reduced hybrid fertility
Hybrid breakdown

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34
Q

Genes of different parent may intearct and impair the hybrids development(may produced a weak offspring)

A

Reduced hybrid viability

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35
Q

Even if hybrid are vigorous, they may be sterile(cannot produxe offspring

A

Reduced hybrid fertility

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36
Q

Some first generation hybrids are fertile, but when they mate with another species or with either oarent species, offspring of tge next generation are feeble or sterile(cannot prpduce 3rd generation)

A

Hybrid breakdown

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37
Q

It cannnot be applied to fossils or asexual organisms inclyding all prokaryotes

A

Biological species concept

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38
Q

When this was made, it has not yet be en studied on nature before

A

Biological species concept

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39
Q

It down ray the natural selection

A

Biological species concept

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40
Q

5 other species concept

A

-morphological species concept
-Ecological species concept
-Phylogenetic speciès concept
-Evolutionary species concept
-Recognition species concept

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41
Q

It emphasize the unity within a species rather than separateness of different species

A

Species concept

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42
Q

Defines specis by structural features
Applies to sexual and asexual species but relies on subjective criteria

A

Morphological species concept

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43
Q

4 problems/term that may encounter on the morphological species concept

A

Sibling species
Sexual dimorphism
Polymorphism
Monogamous

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44
Q

Not same species but related

A

Sibling species

45
Q

One partner at a time

A

Monogamous

46
Q

Sviews species in terms of its ecological niche, applies to sexual and sexual species

A

Ecological species concept

47
Q

Emphasizes the role of disruptive selection,adaptation to resources

A

Ecological species concept

48
Q

T/F
No species have the same niche

A

True

49
Q

Defines a species as the smallest group of individuals

A

Phylogenetic species concept

50
Q

It is applied to sexual and asexual speciees but it can be difficult to determine the degree of difference required for separate species(same ancestors)

A

Phylogenetic species concept

51
Q

A single lineage of ancestor-descendant populations of organisms which maintains its identity from other such lineages(on space anf time)

A

Evolutionary species concept

52
Q

Addresses the case of asexual species and extinct soecies

A

Evolutionary species concept

53
Q

Refey to species as that most inclusive populatiom of inidividual bioarental organisms which share a common fertilization system

A

Recognition species concept

54
Q

Give the 2 concept where recognition species concept focuses

A

-Focuses on fertilization processes and genetic compatibilities
-Focuses on specific mate recognitiom systems(SMRS)

55
Q

2 types of speciation

A

Allopatric
Sympatric

56
Q

Geographical isolation

A

Allopatric speciation

57
Q

Reproductive isolation

A

Sympatric isolation

58
Q

Other country

A

Allopatric speciation

59
Q

Same coyntry

A

Sympatruc speciation

60
Q

It is interruptive or reduced when a populatipm is divided into geographically isolated subpopulations

A

Allopatric isolation

61
Q

The definitiom of barrier depends on the ___

A

Ability of a population to disperse

62
Q

3 prcess how separate population can still evolve independetly

A

Mutation
Natural selection
Genetic drift

63
Q

Changes in gene that produce new soecies

A

Mutation

64
Q

Changes in gene of an existing species

A

Genetic drift

65
Q

It happens due to the rapid changes in the environment

A

Genetic drift

66
Q

3 evidence of allopatric speciatiom

A

-Regions with many geographic Barriers typically have more species than do regions with fewer barriers
-Reproductive isolation between populations generally increases as the distance betweem them increase
-Barriers to reproduction are intrisic; separation itself is not a biological barriers

67
Q

Speciation takes place on geographically overlapping populatioms

A

Sympatruc speciation

68
Q

Together and same geographic but still prodyce a hybrid offspring

A

Sympatruc speciation

69
Q

It is not common and no geographic barrier

A

Zymoatric speciation

70
Q

Presence of extra sets of chromosomes due to the accidents during the cell division

A

Polyploidy

71
Q

It is much more common in plants than animals

A

Polyploidy

72
Q

Example of crops that are polyploidy

A

Oats
Cotton
Potatoes
Tobacco
Wheat

73
Q

Individyal with more than 2 chromosomes sets derived from one species

A

Autopolyploid

74
Q

2 types of polyploidy

A

Autopolyploid
Allopolyploid

75
Q

Species with multiple stes of chromoses derived feom different species

A

Allopolyploid

76
Q

It is the result ffrom the appearance of of new ecological niches

A

Sympatruc speciation

77
Q

2 types of mating/breeding

A

Intraspecific mating
Interspecific mating

78
Q

Breeding/mating within species

A

Intraspecific mating

79
Q

Breeding/mating of different species

A

Interspecific mating

80
Q

It ca drive sympatric speciation(mates of different color has likely contributef to the speciation of cichlid in lake victoria

A

Sexual selection

81
Q

Geographical isolation restricts gene flow between populations

A

Allopatric speciation

82
Q

It may then be natural slection, genetic drift, arise by sexual selection in the isolated populations

A

Reproductive isolation

83
Q

T/F
Even if contact is restored between populations, interbreeding is not prevented

A

False, it is prevented

84
Q

Reproductive barrier isolates a subset of population without geographic separation from the parent species

A

Sympatric speciation

85
Q

It can result from polyploidy, natural selection or sexual selection

A

Sympatric speciation

86
Q

Region in which members of different species mate and produce hybrids(narrown area that can extend up to 4 or 10 km

A

Hybrid zone

87
Q

It can occur in a single band where adjacent species meet

A

Hybrid zone

88
Q

They have often reduced fitness compared with parent species

A

Hybrids

89
Q

Explain why distribution of hybrid zone can be more complex

A

If the parent found in a multiple habitat within the same region

90
Q

3 outcomes when the closely related species meet in a hybrid zone

A

REinforcement:strengthening reproductive barrier
Fusion:Weaking reproductive barrier
Stability:Continued formation of hybrid individuals

91
Q

It occurs when the hybrids are less fit than the oarent species

A

Reinforcement of barriers

92
Q

T/f
Over time, rate of hybridization increases

A

Falese, it decreases

93
Q

It strengthen the reproductive barrier

A

Symoatric speciation

94
Q

If hybrud are as fit as parents, there can be substantial ____ between species

A

Gene flow

95
Q

If gene flow is great enough, the parent species can ___ into a singlenspecies

A

Fuse

96
Q

____ from outside the hybrid zone can overwhelem selection for increased isolation inside the hybrid zone

A

Extensive gene flow

97
Q

In cases where hybrids have increased fistness, locak extinctions of oarent spexies within the hybrid zone can ____

A

Prevenet the breakdown of reproductive barrier

98
Q

2 ways for speciation to occur

A

Rapid
Slow

99
Q

3 ways to study the broad pattern in specia

A

Fossil record
Morphological data
Molecular data

100
Q

What are the 3 things that fossil can record

A

Sudden appearance
Apparently dissappear
Persist essentially unchanged for some time

101
Q

2 people that coined the term Punctuated equillibrium

A

Niles Eldredge
Jay Gould

102
Q

It describes periods of apparent stasis p by sudden change

A

Punctuated equillibrium

103
Q

Difference between punctuatuated adn grafual

A

In ounctuated, there is a seudden change and a big distance on speciation while on gradual, it is the slow process, meaning, we can ses the prpgress or the changes

104
Q

Interval between soeciation

A

4k to 40M

105
Q

Average interval

A

6500000

106
Q

It enable researches to identify the specific gene involved in some cases of speciation

A

Explosion of genomics

107
Q

Allele that gives color

A

YUP

108
Q

Cummulative effect of many speciation and extinction events

A

Macroevolution

SYSTEMATICS (6 decks)

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