UNIT 3 Flashcards
1
Q
Where did Darwin exactly discover the plants and animals that are nowhere to be found on earth
A
In Santa Cruz Island in Galapagos Island
2
Q
How many island does galapagos does
A
12/13 island
3
Q
The orgin of new species, at the focal point of evolutionary theory
A
Speciation
4
Q
Explain how new species orginate and how populations evolve
A
Evolutionary theory
5
Q
Change in allele in a particular population
A
Microevolution
6
Q
Consists of adaptations that evolve within a population, confined to one gene pool
A
Microevolution
7
Q
Evolutipmary chnage above the species level
A
Macroevolution
8
Q
Species is a latin word meaning ____ and ____
A
Kind
Appearance
9
Q
How biologists group organism/species
A
Based on their
Morphology
Physiology
Biochemistry
DNA Sequences
10
Q
3 things that constitutes a species
A
-Capable of interbreeding and producing fertile offspring
-Reproductively isolated from other such groups
-Fundamentally similar in structures
11
Q
Explain Biological species concpet
A
It is about the capability of a population to interbreed and produce a viable and fertile offspring.
The similarities between different species
Diversity with a species
12
Q
Group of individuals of the same species
A
Population
13
Q
They are defined by the capacity to interbreed
A
Human
14
Q
Results from The breeding of population to another population
A
New species
15
Q
Transfer of allele, holds the phenotype of population together
A
Gene flow
16
Q
Combination of gene in a reproducing population
A
Gene pool
17
Q
Existence of biological factors(barriers) that impede 2 species from producing viable fertile offspring
To limit hybrid
A
Reproductive isolation
18
Q
T/F
Same species breed with soecies create speciation
A
False, it does not create speciation
19
Q
Offspring of corsses between different species
A
Hybrids
20
Q
It is classified by wether factors act before or after fertilization
A
Reproductive isolation
21
Q
2 types of barriers
A
Prezygotic barriers
Postzygotic barriers
22
Q
It block fertilization from occuring
A
Prezygotic barrier
23
Q
Explain prezygotic barrier
A
Impede different species from attempting to mate
Preventing the successful completion of mating
Hinder fertilization if mating is succesful
24
Q
5 types of prezygotic barriers
A
Habitat Isolation
Temporal Isolation
Behavioral Isolation
Mechanical Isolation
Gametic Isolation
25
2 species encounter each other rarely, or not at all, because they occupy different habitats, even thougj not isolated by physical barriers
Habitat Isolation
26
Lower the probability of mating
Habitat Isolation
27
Species that breed at different times of the day, different seasons, or different years cannot mix their gametes
Temporal isolatiom
28
Differences on timing on reproductive event
Temporal isolatiom
29
Courtship rituals and other behaviors unique to a soecies are effective barriers
Behavioral isolation
30
Morphological differences can prevent succesful mating
Mechanical Isolation
31
Sperm of one species may not be able to fertilize eggs of another species
Gametic Isolation
32
Prevent the hybrid zygote from developing into a viable , fertile adult
Postzygotic barriers
33
3 effects or types of postzygotic barriers
Reduced Hybrid Viability
Reduced hybrid fertility
Hybrid breakdown
34
Genes of different parent may intearct and impair the hybrids development(may produced a weak offspring)
Reduced hybrid viability
35
Even if hybrid are vigorous, they may be sterile(cannot produxe offspring
Reduced hybrid fertility
36
Some first generation hybrids are fertile, but when they mate with another species or with either oarent species, offspring of tge next generation are feeble or sterile(cannot prpduce 3rd generation)
Hybrid breakdown
37
It cannnot be applied to fossils or asexual organisms inclyding all prokaryotes
Biological species concept
38
When this was made, it has not yet be en studied on nature before
Biological species concept
39
It down ray the natural selection
Biological species concept
40
5 other species concept
-morphological species concept
-Ecological species concept
-Phylogenetic speciès concept
-Evolutionary species concept
-Recognition species concept
41
It emphasize the unity within a species rather than separateness of different species
Species concept
42
Defines specis by structural features
Applies to sexual and asexual species but relies on subjective criteria
Morphological species concept
43
4 problems/term that may encounter on the morphological species concept
Sibling species
Sexual dimorphism
Polymorphism
Monogamous
44
Not same species but related
Sibling species
45
One partner at a time
Monogamous
46
Sviews species in terms of its ecological niche, applies to sexual and sexual species
Ecological species concept
47
Emphasizes the role of disruptive selection,adaptation to resources
Ecological species concept
48
T/F
No species have the same niche
True
49
Defines a species as the smallest group of individuals
Phylogenetic species concept
50
It is applied to sexual and asexual speciees but it can be difficult to determine the degree of difference required for separate species(same ancestors)
Phylogenetic species concept
51
A single lineage of ancestor-descendant populations of organisms which maintains its identity from other such lineages(on space anf time)
Evolutionary species concept
52
Addresses the case of asexual species and extinct soecies
Evolutionary species concept
53
Refey to species as that most inclusive populatiom of inidividual bioarental organisms which share a common fertilization system
Recognition species concept
54
Give the 2 concept where recognition species concept focuses
-Focuses on fertilization processes and genetic compatibilities
-Focuses on specific mate recognitiom systems(SMRS)
55
2 types of speciation
Allopatric
Sympatric
56
Geographical isolation
Allopatric speciation
57
Reproductive isolation
Sympatric isolation
58
Other country
Allopatric speciation
59
Same coyntry
Sympatruc speciation
60
It is interruptive or reduced when a populatipm is divided into geographically isolated subpopulations
Allopatric isolation
61
The definitiom of barrier depends on the ___
Ability of a population to disperse
62
3 prcess how separate population can still evolve independetly
Mutation
Natural selection
Genetic drift
63
Changes in gene that produce new soecies
Mutation
64
Changes in gene of an existing species
Genetic drift
65
It happens due to the rapid changes in the environment
Genetic drift
66
3 evidence of allopatric speciatiom
-Regions with many geographic Barriers typically have more species than do regions with fewer barriers
-Reproductive isolation between populations generally increases as the distance betweem them increase
-Barriers to reproduction are intrisic; separation itself is not a biological barriers
67
Speciation takes place on geographically overlapping populatioms
Sympatruc speciation
68
Together and same geographic but still prodyce a hybrid offspring
Sympatruc speciation
69
It is not common and no geographic barrier
Zymoatric speciation
70
Presence of extra sets of chromosomes due to the accidents during the cell division
Polyploidy
71
It is much more common in plants than animals
Polyploidy
72
Example of crops that are polyploidy
Oats
Cotton
Potatoes
Tobacco
Wheat
73
Individyal with more than 2 chromosomes sets derived from one species
Autopolyploid
74
2 types of polyploidy
Autopolyploid
Allopolyploid
75
Species with multiple stes of chromoses derived feom different species
Allopolyploid
76
It is the result ffrom the appearance of of new ecological niches
Sympatruc speciation
77
2 types of mating/breeding
Intraspecific mating
Interspecific mating
78
Breeding/mating within species
Intraspecific mating
79
Breeding/mating of different species
Interspecific mating
80
It ca drive sympatric speciation(mates of different color has likely contributef to the speciation of cichlid in lake victoria
Sexual selection
81
Geographical isolation restricts gene flow between populations
Allopatric speciation
82
It may then be natural slection, genetic drift, arise by sexual selection in the isolated populations
Reproductive isolation
83
T/F
Even if contact is restored between populations, interbreeding is not prevented
False, it is prevented
84
Reproductive barrier isolates a subset of population without geographic separation from the parent species
Sympatric speciation
85
It can result from polyploidy, natural selection or sexual selection
Sympatric speciation
86
Region in which members of different species mate and produce hybrids(narrown area that can extend up to 4 or 10 km
Hybrid zone
87
It can occur in a single band where adjacent species meet
Hybrid zone
88
They have often reduced fitness compared with parent species
Hybrids
89
Explain why distribution of hybrid zone can be more complex
If the parent found in a multiple habitat within the same region
90
3 outcomes when the closely related species meet in a hybrid zone
REinforcement:strengthening reproductive barrier
Fusion:Weaking reproductive barrier
Stability:Continued formation of hybrid individuals
91
It occurs when the hybrids are less fit than the oarent species
Reinforcement of barriers
92
T/f
Over time, rate of hybridization increases
Falese, it decreases
93
It strengthen the reproductive barrier
Symoatric speciation
94
If hybrud are as fit as parents, there can be substantial ____ between species
Gene flow
95
If gene flow is great enough, the parent species can ___ into a singlenspecies
Fuse
96
____ from outside the hybrid zone can overwhelem selection for increased isolation inside the hybrid zone
Extensive gene flow
97
In cases where hybrids have increased fistness, locak extinctions of oarent spexies within the hybrid zone can ____
Prevenet the breakdown of reproductive barrier
98
2 ways for speciation to occur
Rapid
Slow
99
3 ways to study the broad pattern in specia
Fossil record
Morphological data
Molecular data
100
What are the 3 things that fossil can record
Sudden appearance
Apparently dissappear
Persist essentially unchanged for some time
101
2 people that coined the term Punctuated equillibrium
Niles Eldredge
Jay Gould
102
It describes periods of apparent stasis p by sudden change
Punctuated equillibrium
103
Difference between punctuatuated adn grafual
In ounctuated, there is a seudden change and a big distance on speciation while on gradual, it is the slow process, meaning, we can ses the prpgress or the changes
104
Interval between soeciation
4k to 40M
105
Average interval
6500000
106
It enable researches to identify the specific gene involved in some cases of speciation
Explosion of genomics
107
Allele that gives color
YUP
108
Cummulative effect of many speciation and extinction events
Macroevolution
