UNIT 2 Flashcards by Cayle Flores

Give 6 reasons why should we study systematics(PBIPJC)

1.Provide information about the diversity of life
2.Basis for acquiring information about life’s diversity
3.Integrative and unifying science
4.Provide scientific basis for defining that these are distinct from other, closely rated and similar taxa
5. Joy of exploring
6. Challeng intellectual activity

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

13 people that contributed in the history of taxony

Aristotle
Theophrastus
Pierre Belon
Carolus Linnaeus
Georges Leclerc(Comte De Buffon)
Jean-baptiste Lamarck
Georges Cuvier
Etienne Saint-Hilaire
Johan Coethe
Lorenz Oken
Richard Owen
Charles Darwin
Ernst Haeckel

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

He divided animals into 3 using functional features

Aristotle

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

3 categories of animals by aristotle

Blooded animals
Non-blooded animals
Dualizing species

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

They are egg-laying, live-bearing animals like mammals, human,birds and fish

Blooded animals

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

3types of Non-blooded sea animals

Hard-shelled(Testau)
Soft-shelled(Crustacea)
Non-shelled(Cephalopods)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Give example of Non-blooded animals

Insects
Bees

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

They are called potential terata and a result of error in nature

Dualizing species

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Give example of dualizing species

Bat with wings
Sponges-like that can walk
Porpoises in water
Whales
Seals

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

He study plants and on the causes of plants based on dichotomous distinction like growth form and color of leaves and fruits

Theophrastus

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

He contribudted in the field of comparative analysis and modern embryology is based on his work

Pierre Belon

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

He analyze similarities on the skeletal system of human and birds

Pierre Belon

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

He is the father of taxonomy, he grouped organisms into 3 kingdoms and he started binomial nomeclature

Carolus Linnaeus

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Works:
Classification of Minerals
Species Plantarum
Systema Naturae
Hierarchical system of classification

Carolus Linnaeus

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

His works are based on the observable similarities between groups of organism

Carolus Linnaeus

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

He discovered that animals of different species can crossbreed but the offspring is infertile
He also belived in the mutation of species

Georges Leclerc(Comte De Buffon)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

His works
Natural History
The Varieties of the Human species

Georges Leclerc

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Group of animals that can produce their own food

Species

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

He coined the word Biologie
He belived that organism does not extinct
Presence and absence of blood

Jean-Baptiste Lamarck

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

His work
Theory of transmutation
Theory of use and disuse

Jean-Baptiste Lamarck

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

He work is Theory of Catastrophism because he believed in the process of extinction

Georges Cuvier

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

4 branches of animals according to Georges Cuvier(VAMR)

Vertebrata
Articulata
Mollusca
Radiata

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

He was a naturalist who establish the principle of “Unity of Composition”

Etienne Saint-Hilaire

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

He belived that environmental conditiom motivated changes

Etienne Saint-Hilaire

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

He coined the term Morphology His work is Metamorphosis of Plants

Johann coethe

Entirety of organism's form throught development to adult

Johann Coethe

Once a leader of Naturalphilosophie

Lorenz Oken

Fundamental units of life

Infusoria

5 fundamental unit of life by Lorenz Oken(DGROO)

Dermatozoa-invertebrate Glussozoa fish(with tongue) Rhinozoa-reptiles(with nose opening) Otozoa birds(with external ears) Ophthalmozoa-mammals(ear, nose and eyes)

Homology:Same organ, same structure but different animals

Richard Owen

Analogy: different parts, different animals but same function

Richard Owen

To generate and explaim the hierarchical distribution of biological variation

Theory of evolution

Evolutionary trees

Charles Darwin

He transformed owen's archetype into ancestors

Charles Darwin

Ontogeny recapitulated phylogeny

Ernst Haeckel

Coined the word Phylogeny

Ernst Haeckel

To describe the scheme of genealogical relationships

Phylogeny

Who promulgated the evolutionary taxonomy

Simpson(1961 Mayr(1969)

All the members of a taxonomic group should be descended from a single common ancestors

Evolutionary taxonomy

System of classification based on the overall similaritied of the organisms being classified

Phenetics taxonomy

Phylogenetic taxonomy is commonly known as

Cladistics

Phylogenetic taxonoy has uts foundatiom in the work of

Hennig(1950)

Classified into clades(groups) based on the collective characteristic and having a common ancestry

Phylogenetic systematics

Systematics is defined as the field that(6) (PDPPIC)

1.Provide scientific name for tge organism 2. Describes them 3. Preserves collectiom of them 4. Provides classification for the organism, key for their identification, and data of their distribution 5.Investigates their evolutiomary histories 6.Considers their environmental adaptations

Studies evolutionary relationship of organisms which are later applied in the developement of taxonomic groups

Systematics

3 components of systematics

Evolution Descent Modification

Component of systematics Changes that may occur for million/billion years

Evolutiom

Component of systematics Transfer of DNA

Descent

Component of systematics Changes for the better

Modification

Word where taxonomy is derived

Taxis-arrangement Nomos-law

The french form of taxonomy is propsed by ____on 1813

De candolle

Theory and practice of classifying organisms

Taxonomy

4 components of taxonomy

Description Identification Nomenclature Classification

7 taxa

Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species

Assignment of features or attributes to a taxon

Description

2 or more forms of character is called

Character state

It is toll for communication, for concisely categorizing and delimiting the attributes of a taxon, an organism, or some pafts of the organism

Description

Process of associating an unknown taxon into a known one

Identification

Consist of a 2 contrasting statements

Dichotomous key

Pair of lead

Couplet

Formal naming of taxa acoording to some standardized system

Nomclature

Translated into the latin language

Scientific name

Arrangment of entities into some type of order

Classification

To prodive a system for cataloguinh and expressing relationships between these entities

Classification

Classifying organisms that utilizes categroies called ___

Ranks

Classificatiom involves 2(DG)

1. Devising schemes to aid in recognizing different kinds of organisms 2. Grouping organisms in a filing system so that information about them can be readily recalled

5 kinds of classification

Artificial Natural Phenetic Phylogenetic Evolutionary

Based on arbitrary, easily onservable characters

Artificial classification

Uses overall similarity in grouping taxa

Natural classification

Based on overall similarities

Phenetic classification

Based on evolutionary history, or pattern of descent

Phylogenetic classification

It accepts leaving ouy certain descendants of a commom ancestor

Evolutionary classification

Give scope of systematics

1.Deals with the population, species, and higher taxa 2.Using Comparative method to determines: *what the unique properties of each species& highet taxon are *What properties certain taxa have in common *What the biological causes of the differences or sared characters are 3. concerned with variation within taxa 4. Classification makes organic diversity accessivle to the other biological discipline

Give an aims of systematics

1. To invetory the world's kinds of organism(Flora and fuana) 2. To provide a metjod for identification and communication 3. To produce a coherent and universal system of classification 4. To demonstrate the evolutionary implicatioms of biodiversity 5. To prove an integration of all available information 6. To provide an information references, supplying the methodology for information storage, retrievL, exchange and utilization 7. To provide new concepts, reinterpret the old, and develop new procedures 8. To provide integrated databases

7 component fields of systematics

Biodiversity Taxonomy Classification Nomenclature Biogeography Evolutionary biology Phylogenetics

Supposed vector of malaria i. Europe

Anopheles maculpennis Meigen

Correct identification and classification of soecies in:

Agriculture Public heath Ecology Conservation Genetics

6 characters used in systematics

Morphological Physiological Molecular Behavioral Ecological Geographic

Give roles and products of systematics in modern biology

1.systematics identify and document earth's biodiversity and organize this information in a form that can be utilized by others 2. Systematics is the stidy of the history of lofe on earth 3. Phylogenetic patterns that result from systematic studies, and classificationn derived from them have predictive value 4. Systematucs prodive a basis for biodiversity conservation priorities 5. Systematicd provides independent evidence for patterns of geological change 6. Systematics and systematic collections provide identification services and documentation of identity.