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SYSTEMATICS > Unit 1 > Flashcards

Unit 1 Flashcards

1
Q

It documents the history of life

A

Fossil record

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2
Q

Change over time

A

Evolution

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3
Q

Factor that give way for an evolutiom

A

Enviromment

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4
Q

Organism that has a backbone

A

Vertebratez

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5
Q

3 fossil recodd that shows/prove that macro evolution happened before

A

EIO
Emergence of terrestrial vertebrates
Impact of mass extinction
Origin of fligjt in birds

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6
Q

Large changes over time

A

Macroevolutionary

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7
Q

A kind of bird, and the anscestors of birds

A

Cyroloposaurus

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8
Q

Give a key events in life’s history

A

Origin of unicellular and multicellular organisms
Colonization of land

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9
Q

What are the things that are present during the early earth that are non-living things

A

Chemical and Physical processes

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10
Q

4 stages when thw very simple cells may have been produced by the chemical and physical properties?

A

AJPO
Abiotic synthesis of small organic molecules
Joining of theses small molecules into a macromolecules
Packaging of molecules into protocells
Origin of self-replicating molecules

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11
Q

Environment before was _____

A

CHAOTIC

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12
Q

How many years earth and the rest of the solar system was formed

A

4.6 billion years ago

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13
Q

Effects of Bombardmebt of earth by rocks and ice

A

Vaporized water
Prevent the formation of seas

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14
Q

Years before the bombardment pf earth

A

4.2 to 3.9 billion years ago

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15
Q

Energy that are present in the early earth’s athmosphere

A

Thunderstorm
Lighting
Meteors

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16
Q

Give a chemicals released by the volcanic eruption that are present during the early earth

A

Nitrogen
Nitrogen oxide
Carbon dioxide
Methane
Ammonia
Hydrogen
Hydrogen sulfide

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17
Q

2 people that hyphothesized that the early earth was a reducinv environment and what year

A

Oparin
Haldane

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18
Q

2 people that conducted a lab experiment that proved the hyphothezis of Oparin and Haldane that the abiotic synthesis of organic molecules are possible in a reducing environment

A

Stanley Miller
Harold Urey

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19
Q

Little or no free oxygen dissolved

A

Reducing environment

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20
Q

Due to a lack of evidence for a reducing environment, it was said that the 1st organic molecules may have been synthesize where?

A

Near the volcanoes and deep-sea vents

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21
Q

T/F
Miller-Urey type experiments demonstrate that organic molecules cannot formed with various possible athmospheres

A

False

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22
Q

It is rich in Carbon

A

Amino acids

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23
Q

They have been found in meteorites

A

Amino acids

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24
Q

Discovery of amino acids in meteorites proved what

A

proved the hyphothesis/experiments of Oparin and Haldane

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25
Q

1st to came before DNA

A

RNA

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26
Q

They prpduced spontaneously from simple molecules

A

RNA monomers

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27
Q

They polymerize in rocks

A

RNA monomers

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28
Q

Small organice molecules polymerize when they are concentrated on_____

A

Hot sand
Clay
Rock

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29
Q

Fluid-filled vesicles with a membrane-like structure

A

Protocells

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30
Q

Key properties of life that may have appeared together

A

Replication
Metabolism

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31
Q

It is not a cell as it has no organelle and it is not a loving organism

A

Protocells

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32
Q

In ____,_____ and _____ can spontaneously form vesucles with a lipid bilayer

A

Water
Lipid
Other organic molecules

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33
Q

It occurs for about a million or billion years

A

Natural selection

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34
Q

It increase the rate of vesicle formation

A

Clay

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35
Q

Vesicles exhibit what

A

Simple reproduction and metabolism

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36
Q

Vesicle maintain what

A

Internal chemical environment

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37
Q

1st genetic material

A

RNA

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38
Q

They act as ___ for reproduction

A

Ribozymes

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39
Q

It has been yo catalyze many different reactions

A

RNA

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40
Q

It has the fastest replication

A

RNA

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41
Q

It produced a self-replicating RNA molecules

A

Natural selection

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42
Q

The 1st genetic system

A

RNA world

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43
Q

They could have been protocells

A

Vesicles with RNA capable of replication

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44
Q

It is more stable than RNA

A

DNA

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45
Q

Fossil record reveals what

A

Changes in the history of life

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46
Q

Thay are deposited into layers called strata

A

Sedimentary rock

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47
Q

Layers of sedimentary rock

A

Strata

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48
Q

They are the richest rouce of fossils

A

Sedimentary rock

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49
Q

Oldest fossil

A

Fossilized stromatolite

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50
Q

T/F
Most of the individules have fossilized

A

False

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51
Q

T/F
even fewer have been discovered

A

True

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52
Q

Fossil record is biased in favor of species that (EWH)

A

Existed for a long time
Were abundant and wides spread
Had hard parts

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53
Q

They found tiktaalik

A

Paleontologist

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54
Q

Early terrestrial vertebrate to land

A

Tiktaalik

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55
Q

Human 1st transitional fossil

A

Tiktaalik

56
Q

It reavel the relative ages of fossils

A

Sedimentary strata

57
Q

Used to determine the absoulte ages of fossils

A

Radiometric dating

58
Q

Used to date sedimentary rock layers above and velow the fossil

A

Isotopes

59
Q

Isotopes has what?

A

Half-lige

60
Q

Radiocarbon dating can be used to date fossils up to ____

A

75k years old

61
Q

Mammals are belong to what group

A

Tetrapods

62
Q

It is divided into the archaean

A

Geologic record

63
Q

2kinds of geologic record

A

Proterozoic
Phanerozoic eons

64
Q

It encompasses multicellular eukaryotic life

A

Phanerozoic

65
Q

3 eras of phanerozoic

A

Paleozoic
Mesozoic
Cenozoic

66
Q

6 periods in Paleozoic

A

Permian
Carboniferous
Devonian
Silurian
Ordovician
Cambrian

67
Q

3 periods in Mesozoic

A

Cretaceous
Jurassic
Triassic

68
Q

3 periods in Cenozoic

A

Quarternary
Neogene
Paleogene

69
Q

Mahor boundaries between geological divisions corresponds to what

A

Extinction events

70
Q

It is formed by the accumulation of sedimentary layers on bacterial mats

A

Stromatolites rocks

71
Q

Stromatolotes date back ___

A

3.5 billiom years ago

72
Q

They were the earth’ sole inhabitants from 3.5 to about 2.1 billion years ago

A

Prokaryotes

73
Q

O2 is produced by ____

A

Oxygenic photosynthesis

74
Q

By about 2.7 billiom years ago, O2 began ____

A

Accumulating in the athmosphere and rusting iron

75
Q

Rich terrestrial rocks

A

Rusting iron

76
Q

It causes the extinction of many prokaryotic groups

A

Oxygen revolution

77
Q

How some prokayotic group adapated and survied

A

They used cellular respiration to harvest energy

78
Q

Type of bacteria that first came to earth

A

Anaerobic

79
Q

The early rise in O2 was likely caused by ___

A

Ancient cynobacteria

80
Q

A later increase in the rise of O2 might have been caused by the

A

Evolution of eukaryoyic cells containing chloroplasts

81
Q

Oldest fossils of eukaryotic cells date back ___

A

2.1 billiom years

82
Q

Parts of eukaryotic

A

Nuclear envelope
Mitochondria
Endoplasmic reticulum
Cutoskeleton

83
Q

Process that mitochondria and plastids were formely dmall prokaryotes living withim larger host cells

A

Endosymbiont theory

84
Q

Cells that lives witjim a host cell

A

Endosymbiont

85
Q

They can reproduce because they have their own set up of mechanism

A

Mitochondria and plastids

86
Q

Prokaryostic ancestors of mitochondria and plastids probabyl gained entry to the host cell as ___

A

Undigested prey or internal parasites

87
Q

Suppose that mitochondria evolved before plastids through a sequence of endosymbiotic events

A

Serial endosymbiosis

88
Q

4 key evidence that supports an endosymbiotic orogim of mitochondria and plastids

A
  1. Inner membrane are similar to the plasma membrane of prokaryotes
  2. Division is similar in these organells and some prokaryotes
  3. These organelle cN transcribe and translate their own dna
    4.ribosomes are more similar to prokaryotics than the eukaryotic ribosomes
89
Q

Allowed for a greater range of unicellular forms

A

Evolution of eukaryotic cells

90
Q

Give rise to algae, plants, fungi and animals

A

Multicellularity

91
Q

Oldest know fossils of multicellular eukaryotes that lived about 1.2 billion years ago

A

Small algae

92
Q

Periods of extreme glaciation

A

Snowball earth

93
Q

Confined life to the eqyatorial region or deep-sea vents

A

Snowball earth-periods of extreme glaciation

94
Q

Assemblage of larger and more diverse sof5-bodied organisms

A

Ediacaran biota

95
Q

Sudden appearance of fossils resembling modern animal phyla

A

Cambrian explosion

96
Q

Cambrian explosion is the 1st evidence of what

A

Predator-prey interactions

97
Q

T/f
DNA analysrd suggesy that few animaly phyla diverged before the cambrian explosion

A

False

98
Q

It suggested that the xambrian explosipn had a long fused

A

Chinese fossils

99
Q

They began to colonized the land aboir 500 million years ago

A

Plants
Fungi
Animals

100
Q

They are the most widespread and diverse land animals

A

Arthropods and tetrapods

101
Q

Evolved from a lobe-finnes fishes around 365 million years ago

A

Tetrapods

102
Q

3 times when the super continent was formed

A

1.1 billion years ago
600 milliom years ago
250 milliom years ago

103
Q

Earth’ crust is composed of what

A

Plate floating in the mantle

104
Q

Tectonic plates move slowly through the process of ___

A

Continental drift

105
Q

3 moves of oceanic and continental plates

A

Collide- Convergent
Separate- Divergent
Slide past each other- Transform

106
Q

Effects of the interaction between plates

A

Formation of mountain, island and earthquakes

107
Q

Supercontinent is called ___

A

Pangea

108
Q

Effects of the formation of pangea

A

Deepening of oceans basins
Reduction on shallow water habitat
Colder and Drier climate in lands

109
Q

Give example of effectf of continental drift

A

Climate change as the continent moves north or south
Separation of land causes for allopatric speciation

110
Q

It is a geographical isolation

A

Allopatric speciation

111
Q

Extinction can cause by ____

A

Changes in the species’ environment

112
Q

The rate of extinction has increased dramticall and caused a ___

A

Mass extinction

113
Q

Result of disruptive global environmental changes

A

Mass extinction

114
Q

In each of the 5 mass extinctiom events, more than ___ of earth’s species became extinct

A

50%

115
Q

Extiction of avout 96% of marine animal species

A

Permian mass extinction

116
Q

How long when the permian mass extinctio occured

A

Less than 5 milliom years ago

117
Q

It creates boundary betweek the paleozoic and mesozoic eras

A

Permian mass extinction

118
Q

How long since the permian mass extinction happened

A

251 milliom years ago

119
Q

Factors that could have affect the permian mass extinction(IGRO)

A

Intense volcanism in what is now siberia
Global warming resulted from the emmision of large amount of CO2 from the volcanoes
Reduced temperature gradient from equator to poles
Oceanic anoxia from reduced mixing of oceanic waters

120
Q

How long since the Cretaceous mass extinction happened

A

65 million years ago

121
Q

Causes for the separation of Mesozoic and Cenozoic era

A

Cretaceous mass extinction

122
Q

What are the organism that because extinct in Cretaceous mass extinction

A

Half of all marined species
Many terrestrial plants and animals
Most dinosaurs

123
Q

Presence of ___ in ___ suggests a meteorite kmpact about 65 million years ago

A

Iridium
Sedimentary rock

124
Q

____ caysed by the impact would have ___ and ____

A

Dust cloud
Blocked sunlight
Disturbed global climate

125
Q

An evidence that proved the meteorite that causes for the cretaceous mass extinction

A

Chicxulub crater

126
Q

Location of Chicxulub crater

A

Coast of mexico

127
Q

What is the current rate for the 6th mass extinction

A

100 to 1000 times the typical background rate

128
Q

What causes for the extinction rate to increase

A

When the global temperatures increases

129
Q

Give 4 consequences of a mass extinction

A

Alter the ecological communites
It is about 5 to 100 milliom years for a diversity to recover
The permian and cretaceous mass extinction left an increase of the percentage of predators
It paved way for an adaptive radiation

130
Q

Evolutiom of a animal/plant grohp into a wide variety of types adapted to a specialized modes of life

A

Adaptive radiation

131
Q

Evolution of diversely adapted species from a common ancestors

A

Adaptive radiation

132
Q

Adapative radiation follows:

A

Mass extinction
Evolutiom of novel characteristic
Colonization of new regions

133
Q

2 types of adaptive radiatiom

A

Worldwide adaptive radiation
Regional adaptive radiation

134
Q

Mammals underwent an adaptive radiation after the___

A

Exntinction of terrestrial dinosaurs

135
Q

The disappearance of dinosaurs (except birds) allowed for the

A

Expansion of mammals in diversity and size

SYSTEMATICS (6 decks)

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