Unit 3 Flashcards
executive departments
establishment of the national cabinet under george washington
judiciary act of 1789
established the structure and jurisdiction of the federal court system and created the position of attorney general.
infant industries
the manufacturing enterprises that sprung up while trade with Britain had been suspended; because they faced intense competition from low-cost imported goods
Hamilton proposed to protect the young nation’s new and developing industries by imposing high tariffs on imported goods
french revolution
- citizen genet was released onto america by french to gather support for this. <- caused proclamation of neutrality
- southerners/dem-republicans supported the french
- notherners/federalists supported the british
proclamation of neutrality
issued by U.S. President George Washington on April 22, 1793, that declared the nation neutral in the conflict between revolutionary France and Great Britain.
public land act
intended to lower the price of land so that Americans could spread out into unsettled areas. However, it was almost always spectators who bought the land, rather than settlers. 640 acres, encourage westward
washington’s farewell
His key points were to warn Americans against
- the danger of political parties
- to remain neutral in foreign conflicts
xyz affair
a diplomatic incident (french agents asked for bribes before allowing americans to speak with marquis) between French and United States diplomats that resulted in a limited, undeclared war known as the Quasi-War.
kentucky and virginia resolutions
Drafted in secret by Thomas Jefferson and James Madison, the resolutions condemned the Alien and Sedition Acts as unconstitutional and claimed that because these acts overstepped federal authority under the Constitution, they were null and void.
national bank
- cost taxpayers nothing
- make loans to the government
- issue paper notes to circulate as money
citizen genet
Citizen Genêt was Edmond-Charles Genêt, the first Ambassador to the United States from the Republic of France. Genêt was responsible for encouraging Americans to go to war with Great Britain and France. This led to President Washington’s 1793 Proclamation of Neutrality and the passage of the Neutrality Act of 1794.
right of deposit
via a treaty w Spain, americans could send goods down the Mississippi River and store them in New Orleans without paying export duties.
permanent alliances
george washington warned against them
alien and sedition acts
- alien friend and enemy: allow to deport any foreigner in time of peace or war
- naturalization act: lengthened naturalization process from 5 to 14 years because immigrants voted for democratic-republicans (affected irish)
- sedition: anyone who attempted to defame public officials can be imprisoned
- act should last until march 3rd 1801 (this was a political move because federalists thought jefferson would win and wanted to be able to defame him w/o repurcussions)
henry knox
under washington he was the first secretary of war; came to power in 1789; was the first to be entrusted with the infant army and navy
tariffs
taxes/fees on imports
jay treaty
got british off of our western land and forts, didn’t handle impressment
battle of fallen timbers
- resulted in treaty of greenville (we secured ohio)
- An attack made by American General “Mad Anthony Wayne” against invading Indians from the northwest.
- The defeat of the Indians ended the alliance made with the British and Indians.
two term tradition
george washington’s actions set the precedent to not serve more than two terms as president
revolution of 1800
Vice President Thomas Jefferson, defeated the Federalist Party candidate, incumbent president John Adams.
edmund randolph
washington’s attorney general
excise taxes
Tax on good produced domestically. Excise taxes, particularly the 1791 tax on whiskey were highly controversial component of Alexander Hamilton’s financial program.
pinckney treaty
- won the right to unrestricted, duty free access to world markets via the mississippi river.
- recognized 3st parallel as southern border
- got rid of forts
- discouraged native attacks on western settlers.
whiskey rebellion
excise tax on domestic whisjey caused a violent protest in pennsylvania, washington gathered an army and put down the rebellion
john adams
- 2nd pres and a Federalist
- passed the Alien and Sedition Acts. (hurt popularity)
- kept peace after the XYZ Affair.
thomas jefferson
A prominent statesman,this man became George Washington’s first secretary of state. Along with James Madison, he took up the cause of strict constructionists, advocating limited federal government.
strict interpretation
to strictly follow the words of the consitution to a T
marbury v madison
established judicial review
james madison
- 4th Pres
- Oversaw the War of 1812
- non-intercourse act and macon’s bill #2
the prophet
tecumseh’s brother who wanted to avoid the white people and had visions, his influence decreased after the battle of tippacanoe
henry clay
- “Great Compromiser”
- Missouri Compromise and squashed the Nullification Crisis.
- During the War of 1812, he was a leader of the War Hawks faction of Congress.
battle of horseshoe bend
during the War of 1812 in central Alabama.
- american forces and Indian allies under General Andrew Jackson defeated the Red Sticks, a part of the Creek Indian tribe inspired by the Shawnee leader Tecumseh, effectively ending the Creek War.
hartford convention
convention of federalists
- no president from same state in a row
- one term limit for president
- end of 3/5ths compromise
- 2/3 majority should be needed for an embargo
- 2/3 needed for war too
- discussed secession as well (this caused americans to turn on them and led the decline of the federalist party)
james monroe
He was the fifth President of the United States. He is the author of the Monroe Doctrine.
second bank of US
- chartered under President Madison
- became a depository for federal funds and a creditor for (loaning money to) state banks.
- It became unpopular after being blamed for the panic of 1819
- Jackson fought against this institution, proclaiming it to be an unconstitutional extension of the federal government and a tool that rich capitalists used to corrupt American society.
mcculloch v maryland
1819, chief justice john marshall limits of the US constition and of the authority of the federal and state govts. one side was opposed to establishment of a national bank and challenged the authority of federal govt to establish one. supreme court ruled that power of federal govt was supreme that of the states and the states couldnt interfere
tallmadge amendment
not officially passed
at age 25 slaves are set free
This was an attempt to have no more slaves to be brought to Missouri and provided the gradual emancipation of the children of slaves. In the mind of the South, this was a threat to the sectional balance between North and South.
florida purchase treaty
1819 - Under the Adams-Onis Treaty, Spain sold Florida to the U.S., and the U.S. gave up its claims to Texas. gave american southwest to spain
non-intervention
abstention by a nation from interference in the affairs of other nations or in those of its own political subdivisions.
louisiana purchase
In 1803 Thomas Jefferson purchased 828,000 square miles of land for 15 million dollars from Napoleon the leader of France. The land mass stretched from the Gulf of Mexico all the to Rocky Mountains and Canada. The purchase of this land sprouted national pride and ensured expansion.
lewis and clark
The explorers who were sent to explore the Louisiana Purchase. They were sent mainly to find a water route connecting the Missouri River to the Pacific Ocean. They expanded America’s knowledge of the vast territory and warned of the hardships settlers would face moving west. However, they failed finding an all-water route.
aaron burr
one of the leading Democratic-Republicans of New york. He was the principal opponent of Alexander Hamilton’s Federalist policies. In the election of 1800, Burr tied with Jefferson in the Electoral College. The House of Representatives awarded the Presidency to Jefferson and made Burr Vice- President.
impressments
Impressment was the action of compelling men into a navy by force and without notice.
non-intercourse act
formally reopened trade with all nations except England and France on March 1, 1809. A replacement of the Embargo Act. Made by the Republican Congress in an attempt to make England and France stop harassing the American ships and recognize the neutrality of America.
william henry harrison
9th President of the United States; caught pneumonia during his inauguration and died shortly after. Longest inauguration speech. Shortest presidency term.
war of 1812
- fought between Britain & the United States largely over the issues of trade & impressment. Though the war ended in a relative draw, it demonstrated America’s willingness to defend its interest militarily, earning the young nation newfound respect from European powers.
the creeks
a native american tribe
era of good feelings
political era when the Federalist party faded away and there were almost no divisions; James Monroe was President.
economic nationalism
The core belief of economic nationalism is that the economy should serve nationalist goals.
ex. american system
internal improvements
the program for building roads, canals, bridges, and railroads in and between the states. there was a dispute over whether the federal government should fund internal improvements, since it was not specifically given that power by the constitution.
gibbons v ogden
steamboat case, state of NY tried to grant a private concern a monopoly of waterborne commerce between NY and NJ … developed interstate trade
missouri compromise
an agreement in 1820 between pro-slavery and anti-slavery factions in the United States concerning the extension of slavery into new territories
missouri = slave state & maine = free state
napoleon
French general who became emperor of the French (1769-1821)
john marshall
the last federalist
important supreme court justice
quids
john randolph was a part of this group and was basically the high federalist counterpart in the democrat-republicans.. said jefferson was too federalist
chesapeake-leopard
final event of impressment/british harassment that results in the embargo act
macon’s bill no. 2
1810 - Forbade trade with Britain and France, but offered to resume trade with whichever nation lifted its neutral trading restrictions first. France quickly changed its policies against neutral vessels, so the U.S. resumed trade with France, but not Britain.
battle of tippecanoe
Battle between Americans and Native Americans. Tecumseh and the Prophet attempted to oppress white settlement in the West, but defeated by William Henry Harrison. Led to talk of Canadian invasion and served as a cause to the War of 1812.
francis scott key
United States lawyer and poet who wrote a poem after witnessing the British attack on Baltimore during the War of 1812 which became the national anthem
battle of new orleans
Jackson led a battle that occurred when British troops attacked U.S. soldiers in New Orleans on January 8, 1815; the War of 1812 had officially ended with the signing of the Treaty of Ghent in December, 1814, but word had not yet reached the U.S.
sectionalism
excessive or narrow-minded concern for local or regional interests as opposed to the interests of the whole
american system
An economic system based upon the ideas of Hamilton. It included a high tariff to support
- internal improvements and a
- national bank to encourage enterprise.
- henry clay developed a plan for profitable home markets called this in 1824
panic of 1819
The first major financial crisis in the United States, which occurred at the end of the Era of Good Feelings.
- a dramatic decline in cotton prices,
dartmouth college v. woodward
1816- A Supreme Court case, under John Marshall. The state of New Hampshire tried to turn private university Dartmouth into a public school. The Supreme Court decided that Dartmouth’s charter was a contract between private parties, and could not be interfered with by the government.
rush bagot agreement
a treaty between the United States and Britain which provided for the demilitarization of the Great Lakes and Lake Champlain, where many British naval arrangements and forts still remained. The treaty laid the basis for a demilitarized boundary between the U.S. and British North America.
monroe doctrine
an American foreign policy opposing interference in the Western hemisphere from outside powers
erie canal
A canal between the New York cities of Albany and Buffalo, completed in 1825. The canal, considered a marvel of the modern world at the time, allowed western farmers to ship surplus crops to sell in the North and allowed northern manufacturers to ship finished goods to sell in the West.
toussaint l’ouverture
led the revolution in haiti
judicial review
established by marbury v madison (the judiciary’s job is to review if things are constitutional or not)
barbary pirates
The name given to several renegade countries on the Mediterranean coast of North Africa who demanded tribute in exchange for refraining from attacking ships in the Mediterranean. From 1795-1801, the U.S. paid the Barbary states for protection against the pirates.
Jefferson stopped paying the tribute, and the U.S. fought the Barbary (Tripolitan) Wars (1801-1805) against the countries of Tripoli and Algeria.
The war was inconclusive and the U.S. went back to paying the tribute.
embargo act
The Embargo Act of 1807 was a law passed by Congress forbidding all exportation of goods from the United States.
- Britain and France had been continuously harassing the U.S. and seizing U.S. ship’s and men.
The U.S. was not prepared to fight in a war, so Pres. Jefferson hoped to weaken Britain and France by stopping trade. The Embargo Act ended up hurting our economy more than theirs. It was repealed in 1809. The Embargo Act helped to revive the Federalists. It eventually led to the War of 1812
tecumseh
A Shawnee chief who, along with his brother, Tenskwatawa, a religious leader known as The Prophet, worked to unite the Northwestern Indian tribes. The league of tribes was defeated by an American army led by William Henry Harrison at the Battle of Tippecanoe in 1811. Tecumseh was killed fighting for the British during the War of 1812 at the Battle of the Thames in 1813.
war hawks
The War Hawks were members of Congress who put pressure on President James Madison to declare war against Britain in 1812. The War Hawks tended to be from southern and western states, and were prompted by expansionist tendencies, in particular the desire to add Canada and Florida to the territory of the United States.
andrew jackson
- 7th Pres
- general in the War of 1812
- defeated the British at New Orleans
- opposed the Bank of America
- objected to the right of individual states to nullify disagreeable federal laws
- increased the presidential powers.
treaty of ghent
treaty that ended the war of 1812 – status quo antebellum (maintaining the prewar conditions)
tariff of 1819
A law made to protect the US economy from the build up of British goods that had accumulated during the War of 1812.
treaty of 1818
a treaty between the United States and Britain that set the 49th parallel as the boundary between British North America and the US across the West.
non-colonization
was a principle of the Monroe Doctrine proclaimed by United States president James Monroe in 1823. It stated that the Americas should undergo no further colonization by European powers.
john quincy adams
Secretary of State, He served as sixth president under Monroe. In 1819, he drew up the Adams-Onis Treaty in which Spain gave the United States Florida in exchange for the United States dropping its claims to Texas. The Monroe Doctrine was mostly Adams’ work.
convention of 1800
normalized relationship with france and without it we might have not bought the louisiana territory
