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APUSH > Unit 2 > Flashcards

Unit 2 Flashcards

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AP® U.S. History flashcards
1
Q

French and Indian War/Seven Years War

A
  • 1754-63
  • Started because of conflicts in upper ohio river valley
  • French and Natives versus Brits and colonists
  • Stamp and Sugar Act were used to pay for the war
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2
Q

George Washington

A
  • Virginian
  • Commander-in-Chief of the Continental Army
  • President of the Constitutional Convention.
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3
Q

Edward Braddock

A
  • commander of military in british colonies during french and indian war
  • overconfidently led battle at fort duquesne
  • died and made and george washington leader
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4
Q

Albany Plan of Union

A
  • A proposal in 1754 by Benjamin Franklin.
    *early attempt at creating unified government structure for defense and mutual cooperation.
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5
Q

Peace of Paris (1763)

A

Ended the french and indian war, and forced french to give all their land to the brits

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6
Q

Salutary Neglect

A
  • hands-off approach or policy of minimal British government intervention and enforcement of laws and regulations in the American colonies.
  • followed for roughly 150 years.
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7
Q

George III

A
  • British monarch associated with the American Revolution and the political turmoil of the late 18th century.
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8
Q

Whigs/Patriots

A

Patriots (also known as Revolutionaries, Continentals, Rebels, or Whigs) were colonists in the Thirteen Colonies who opposed the Kingdom of Great Britain’s control over the colonies during the American Revolution.

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9
Q

Pontiac’s Rebellion

A
  • significant conflict from tensions between Native American tribes and British colonial authorities following end of the French & Indian War.
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10
Q

Proclamation of 1763

A
  • by King George III after the French and Indian War
  • aimed to regulate the relationship between Native American tribes, colonial settlers, and the British government in North America.

It said that colonists could not move west of the Appalachian Mts.

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11
Q

Sugar Act

A
  • new taxes on imported goods, sugar, molasses, etc in colonies
  • one of several revenue-raising measures imposed by British on the colonies in the years leading up to the American Revolution.
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12
Q

Quartering Act

A

Required colonists to provide housing and basic necessities, such as food and bedding, to British soldiers stationed in the colonies.

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13
Q

Stamp Act

A
  • a tax on all paper products and required a stamp to confirm tax paid
  • Colonial merchants and organizations organized boycotts of British goods and protested this act through various means, including demonstrations, petitions, and the formation of groups like the Sons of Liberty.
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14
Q

Patrick Henry

A

American attorney, orator, and politician who played a prominent role in the lead-up to the American Revolution. He is best known for his stirring speeches and passionate advocacy for American independence; such as Give Me Liberty or Give Me Death!

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15
Q

Stamp Act Congress

A
  • early example of colonial unity in the face of British taxation and control.
    *passed a “Declaration of Rights and Grievances,”
  • protested taxation without representation
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16
Q

Sons and Daughters of Liberty

A

This group was formed in the years leading up to the conflict to protest British taxation and other policies seen as oppressive by the American colonists.

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17
Q

Declatory Act

A

Passed by the British Parliament in 1766, was a legislative response to the repeal of the Stamp Act. It affirmed the British government’s right to make laws for the American colonies “in all cases whatsoever,” asserting its authority over the colonies.

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18
Q

Townshend Duties

A

Levied on several products imported into the American colonies, including tea, glass, paper, paint, and lead.
* a way to tax the colonists indirectly -> pay higher prices for these imported goods.

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19
Q

Writs of Assistance

A

These were legal documents issued by British colonial authorities in the American colonies, granted customs officers and other law enforcement officials broad and sweeping powers to search for and seize goods that were suspected of being smuggled or of violating customs regulations.

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20
Q

John Dickinson

A

An American lawyer, politician, and Founding Father who played a significant role in the lead-up to the American Revolution and the early years of the United States. Gained fame for his series of essays known as the “Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania,” which he began writing in 1767.

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21
Q

Letters from a Farmer

A
  • said grievances of the American colonies against the Townshend Acts
  • to rally support for colonial rights. The author was not really a farmer
  • john dickinson
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22
Q

Samuel Adams

A

An American statesman, political philosopher, and one of the Founding Fathers of the United States. He played a crucial role in the events leading up to the American Revolution as a founder of the Sons of Liberty.

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23
Q

James Otis

A

He is best known for his advocacy for colonial rights and his opposition to British policies, particularly those related to taxation without representation. He is perhaps best known for his involvement in the famous Writs of Assistance case in 1761.

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24
Q

Lord Frederick North

A

His tenure was marked by significant challenges, including escalating tensions with the American colonies. He is often associated with the passing of the Townshend Acts and the Coercive Acts (Intolerable Acts), which exacerbated tensions.

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25
Q

Boston Massacre

A
  • A violent confrontation between British soldiers and a crowd of American colonists that occurred in 1770.
  • one of the key events leading up to the American Revolution.
  • colonists were protesting british occupation
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26
Q

Crispus Attacks

A

He is often recognized as one of the first martyrs of the American Revolution and an important figure in American history. He is remembered for his role in the Boston Massacre, a pivotal event that occurred on March 5, 1770, in Boston, Massachusetts.

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27
Q

Committees of Correspondence

A

A network of local committees established in the American colonies during the pre-revolutionary period leading up to the American Revolution. They played a crucial role in fostering communication and coordination among the colonies, spreading information about British actions and policies, and organizing resistance to British rule.

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28
Q

Gaspee Incident

A
  • colonists lit a brit ship on fire that was beached after trying to pursue a smuggling ship
    This event was part of the broader pattern of colonial resistance and protest leading up to the American Revolution. It underscored the increasing willingness of colonists to challenge British rule in the years before the outbreak of the Revolutionary War. It happened off the coast of Rhode Island.
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29
Q

Tea Act

A

Imposed by the Townshend Acts, it allowed the British East India Company to export tea to the American colonies without having to pay the export duties normally required.

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30
Q

Boston Tea Party

A
  • colonists were protesting tea tax
  • “no representation without taxation”

brit parliament passed the Intolerable Acts in 1774 in retaliation

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31
Q

Intolerable (Coercive) Acts

A
  • Impartial Admin of Justice Act
  • Boston Port Act
  • Massachusetts Government Act
  • Quartering Act.

IMBQ

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32
Q

Port Bill

A

This specific act closed the port of Boston until the East India Company was compensated for the lost tea and until order was restored. This severely impacted Boston’s economy.

33
Q

Massachusetts Government Act

A
  • altered the Massachusetts colonial government by reducing self-governance
  • revoked the Massachusetts Charter of 1691 and restricted town meetings, transferring power to the governor and Crown-appointed council.
34
Q

Impartial Admin of Justice Act

A

This specific act allowed British officials accused of crimes in the colonies to be tried in England or other colonies, making it difficult to hold them accountable for their actions.

35
Q

Quarter Act (2nd one)

A

Unlike the previous Quartering Act of 1765, the Quartering Act of 1774 allowed British troops to be housed in private homes and facilities.

36
Q

Quebec Act

A
  • Created a massive colony in modern day Canada and protected religious freedom for Catholics.

Passed by the British Parliament in 1774, was an important piece of legislation that had significant implications for the American colonies in the years leading up to the American Revolution.

37
Q

John Locke

A

(1632-1704) social contract guy

38
Q

First Continental Congress

A

A significant political gathering of delegates from twelve of the thirteen American colonies.
* Held in 1774, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
* The purpose was to address grievances and seek redress against British policies that the colonies perceived as oppressive and a threat to their rights and liberties.

39
Q

John Adams

A

He had a distinguished career as a lawyer, diplomat, and statesman. He played a key role in editing the Declaration of Independence, which was adopted on July 4, 1776.

40
Q

John Jay

A

He is best known for his diplomatic work, including his role in negotiating the Treaty of Paris of 1783, which ended the American Revolutionary War, and his contributions to the Federalist Papers, which advocated for the ratification of the U.S. Constitution.

41
Q

Suffolk Resolves

A

A response denouncing the Coercive Acts as unconstitutional and oppressive.
Calling on Massachusetts residents to disobey these acts and to prepare for armed resistance if necessary and
advocated for non-importation and non-exportation agreements with Britain to protest these measures.

42
Q

Economic Sanctions

A

Economic sanctions are commercial and financial penalties applied by states or institutions against states, groups, or individuals. Economic sanctions are a form of coercion that attempts to get an actor to change its behavior through disruption in economic exchange.

43
Q

Declaration of Rights and Grievances

A

A colonial document adopted by the Stamp Act Congress in 1765. It articulated the grievances of American colonists against British policies and protested the Stamp Act, a highly unpopular British tax on various paper goods and legal documents.

44
Q

Paul Revere

A

He was tasked with warning the colonial militias in Massachusetts, particularly in Lexington and Concord, of the impending British troop movements. He rode through the night, alerting residents along the way with the famous phrase, “The British are coming!”

45
Q

Minutemen

A
  • A small hand-picked elite force which were required to be highly mobile and able to assemble quickly.
  • Minutemen were selected from militia muster rolls by their commanding officers. Typically 25 years of age or younger, they were chosen for their enthusiasm, reliability, and physical strength.
  • Usually about one quarter of the militia served as Minutemen
46
Q

Lexington and Concord

A

Marked the official start of the American Revolutionary War. It galvanized the colonists and led to the mobilization of additional militias and troops throughout the colonies.

47
Q

Bunker Hill

A

This battle is remembered as a symbol of American courage and determination in the early days of the Revolutionary War. The famous phrase “Don’t fire until you see the whites of their eyes” is often associated with the battle.

48
Q

Second Continental Congress

A

met on May 10 1775, this time with all 13 colonies represented. They still sought to redress colonial grievances, but were rejected by the crown

49
Q

Olive Branch Petition

A

It was a last-ditch effort by the American colonies to seek reconciliation with Great Britain and avoid further escalation of hostilities in the early stages of the American Revolutionary War.

50
Q

Thomas Paine

A

He published this pamphlet that passionately argued for American independence from British rule and challenged the idea of monarchy. It was widely read and had a significant influence on public opinion, helping to galvanize support for independence.

51
Q

Common Sense

A

Published in 1776, it questioned why a tiny island should govern a whole continent. It called for the creation of a republic.

52
Q

Declaration of Independence

A

This document lists a series of specific grievances against King George III and the British government, including issues related to taxation without representation, the presence of British troops in the colonies, and violations of colonial charters.

53
Q

Thomas Jefferson

A

He was an American statesman, philosopher, diplomat, and Founding Father of the United States. He is perhaps best known for his role in drafting the Declaration of Independence and serving as the third President of the United States from 1801 to 1809.

54
Q

Loyalists (Tories)

A

Between 1775-1783, they were individuals or groups who opposed the move toward independence and sought to maintain their allegiance to Britain.

55
Q

Valley Forge

A

It is best known as the winter encampment of the Continental Army under the command of General George Washington during a pivotal period in the war. Many consider it to be the low point in the war.

56
Q

Continentals

A

Historically referred to the paper currency issued by the Continental Congress during the American Revolution. These Continental currency notes were the first national currency of the United States and played a significant role in financing the American Revolution.

57
Q

George Rogers Clark

A

Frontiersman who led the seizing of three British forts in 1777, British gave north region of Ohio River to Americans…. conceived and executed a plan to recapture posts along the Ohio River that England had taken from France, and his actions possibly forced the British to cede the region north of the Ohio River to the US at the peace table in Paris.

58
Q

Battle of Saratoga

A

Often considered a turning point in the war as it marked a significant American victory and played a crucial role in gaining support from France, which ultimately proved instrumental in securing American independence.

59
Q

Yorktown

A

A decisive military engagement that took place from September 28 to October 19, 1781, during the American Revolutionary War. It was the final major battle of the war and marked a significant American and French victory over British forces.

60
Q

Treaty of Paris 1783

A

The agreement that officially ended the American Revolutionary War and recognized the independence of the United States from Great Britain.

61
Q

Articles of Confederation

A

Established a framework for the governance of the United States during and after the American Revolutionary War. They were intended to create a union of sovereign states working together for mutual defense and cooperation.

62
Q

Land Ordinance of 1785

A

This provided a systematic framework for the surveying and sale of public lands in the western territories of the United States

63
Q

Northwest Ordinance

A

Established a process for the territories to achieve statehood and contained an important provision known as the “anti-slavery clause.”

64
Q

Shay’s Rebellion

A

This was a response to economic hardships and grievances among debt-ridden farmers and working-class individuals, and it highlighted the weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation.

65
Q

baron von steuben

A

He was appointed as the inspector general of the Continental Army and played a crucial role in training and discipline. His efforts helped transform the Continental Army into a more effective fighting force.

66
Q

deborah sampson

A

She was a remarkable woman who disguised herself as a man in order to serve as a soldier in the Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War.

67
Q

molly pitcher

A

This name is a pseudonym or nickname that has become synonymous with a woman who fought alongside American troops during the Revolutionary War. The name is often used to refer to various women who performed similar roles.

68
Q

republican motherhood

A

This was a concept and ideal that emerged in the United States during and after the American Revolutionary War in the late 18th century. It emphasized the role of women, particularly mothers, in shaping the character and values of future citizens in the newly established American republic.

69
Q

“remember the ladies”

A

Abigail Adams wrote this phrase in a letter to her husband John in March 1776, while he was in Philadelphia attending the Continental Congress.

70
Q

manumission

A

This is the act of voluntarily and legally freeing enslaved individuals or granting them their freedom. It is typically carried out by the slaveholder or owner, and it results in the formerly enslaved person being recognized as a free individual under the law.

71
Q

loyal nine

A

A violent faction of the Sons of Liberty that often carried out acts of violence toward those loyal to the crown. Tarring and feathering was carried out on occasion.

72
Q

new jersey plan

A
  • equal representation among the states
  • in contrast to the Virginia Plan –> representation based on a state’s population or financial contributions.
73
Q

federalist papers

A

These 85 essays were published between 1787 and 1788 in various New York newspapers and other publications. The purpose of The Federalist Papers was to promote the ratification of the United States Constitution, which had been proposed at the Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia in 1787.

74
Q

Newburgh conspiracy

A

This was a political and military crisis that took place in March 1783 during the American Revolutionary War. It involved a group of Continental Army officers who were frustrated with the lack of pay and support from the Continental Congress and considered taking drastic action against the civilian government.

75
Q

Marquis de lafayette

A

His dedication to the American cause and his support for democratic ideals left a lasting mark on both American and French history. He remains a revered figure in both countries and is celebrated as a hero of liberty.

76
Q

Hessians

A

Use of this group by the British during the American Revolution was a significant aspect of the conflict, contributing to the tensions between the American colonies and the British government.

77
Q

“join or die”

A

a famous political cartoon in the Pennsylvania Gazette on May 9, 1754. What was the famed caption that was included?

78
Q

virtual representation

A

It was the idea that members of the British Parliament represented not only the interests of their own constituents who had elected them but also the interests of all British subjects, including those in the American colonies

79
Q

Who were three authors of the Federalist Papers?

A

Jay, Hamilton, Madison

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