Semester 1 Flashcards
Puritans
A religious group who wanted to purify the Church of England. They came to America for religious freedom and settled Massachusetts Bay.
Slavery in the colonies
There was a need for cheap laborers to grow cash crops. This encouraged white settlers to use African slaves
First Great Awakening
Religious revival in the colonies in 1730s and 1740s; George Whitefield and Jonathan Edwards preached a message of atonement for sins by admitting them to God. The movement attempted to combat the growing secularism and rationalism of mid-eighteenth century America. Religious splits in the colonies became deeper.
US Constitution
A document that embodies the fundamental laws and principles by which the United States is governed.
Proclamation of 1763
by King George III after the French and Indian War
aimed to regulate the relationship between Native American tribes, colonial settlers, and the British government in North America.
It said that colonists could not move west of the Appalachian Mts.
Declaration of Independence
This document lists a series of specific grievances against King George III and the British government, including issues related to taxation without representation, the presence of British troops in the colonies, and violations of colonial charters.
Albany Plan
A proposal in 1754 by Benjamin Franklin.
*early attempt at creating unified government structure for defense and mutual cooperation.
Pinckney Treaty
won the right to unrestricted, duty free access to world markets via the mississippi river.
recognized 3st parallel as southern border
got rid of forts
discouraged native attacks on western settlers.
Jefferson Republican Ideals
Marbury v Madison
established judicial review
Hartford Convention
convention of federalists
- no president from same state in a row
- one term limit for president
- end of 3/5ths compromise
- 2/3 majority should be needed for an embargo
- 2/3 needed for war too
- discussed secession as well (this caused americans to turn on them and led the decline of the federalist party)
Jackson’s Bank War
Tariff Crisis
Texas Annexation
Mexican War
American Colonization Society
Compromise of 1850
Election of 1860
Black Soliders in Civil War
Lincoln’s Civil War goal
Transportation Improvements
New England Industry
Republican Motherhood
This was a concept and ideal that emerged in the United States during and after the American Revolutionary War in the late 18th century. It emphasized the role of women, particularly mothers, in shaping the character and values of future citizens in the newly established American republic.
British Colonies
Established by settlers who wanted to escape persecution and worship freely
Roger Williams
He founded Rhode Island for separation of Church and State. He believed that the Puritans were too powerful and was ordered to leave the Massachusetts Bay Colony for his religious beliefs.
Navigation Acts
Laws that governed trade between England and its colonies. Colonists were required to ship certain products exclusively to England. These acts made colonists very angry because they were forbidden from trading with other countries.
Continental Army
The official army of the colonies, created by second continental congress and led by George Washington
Franco-American Alliance
Agreement by France to fund American military aids and loans to American colonies. France wanted to piss of Britain basically.
Tories
Between 1775-1783, they were individuals or groups who opposed the move toward independence and sought to maintain their allegiance to Britain.
Quebec Act
Created a massive colony in modern day Canada and protected religious freedom for Catholics.
Passed by the British Parliament in 1774, was an important piece of legislation that had significant implications for the American colonies in the years leading up to the American Revolution.
Jay Treaty
got british off of our western land and forts, didn’t handle impressment
Missouri Compromise
an agreement in 1820 between pro-slavery and anti-slavery factions in the United States concerning the extension of slavery into new territories
missouri = slave state & maine = free state
Louisiana Purchase
In 1803 Thomas Jefferson purchased 828,000 square miles of land for 15 million dollars from Napoleon the leader of France. The land mass stretched from the Gulf of Mexico all the to Rocky Mountains and Canada. The purchase of this land sprouted national pride and ensured expansion.
War Hawks
The War Hawks were members of Congress who put pressure on President James Madison to declare war against Britain in 1812. The War Hawks tended to be from southern and western states, and were prompted by expansionist tendencies, in particular the desire to add Canada and Florida to the territory of the United States.
Jacksonian Democracy
A policy of spreading more political power to more people. It was a “Common Man” theme.
Corrupt Bargain
Refers to the presidential election of 1824 in which Henry Clay, the Speaker of the House, convinced the House of Representatives to elect Adams rather than Jackson.
Whigs
Patriots (also known as Revolutionaries, Continentals, Rebels, or Whigs) were colonists in the Thirteen Colonies who opposed the Kingdom of Great Britain’s control over the colonies during the American Revolution.
political party:
Manifest Destiny
A notion held by a nineteenth-century Americans that the United States was destined to rule the continent, from the Atlantic the Pacific.
Wilmot Proviso
1846 proposal that outlawed slavery in any territory gained from the War with Mexico
Dred Scott Decision
sued for freedom, arguing that living on free soil made him free
Abolitionists
people who believed that slavery should be against the law
Know Nothings
the American Party; anti-immigrant and anti-Catholic
Civil War Causes
the prohibition of slavery between the north and the south along with the Fugitive Slave Act, Election of 1860, etc.
Civil War Advantages
North- huge numbers, lots of resources. South- defensive war, fight for life, experienced military officers, cotton better outdoors men
14th Amendment
Lowell Massachusetts
Grew to be the second largest city in New England with the arrival of the Boston Manufacturing Company. Famous historical site where women worked in mills and slept in company boarding houses. Located on the Merrimack River.
Market Revolution
economic changes where people buy and sell goods rather than make them themselves
Separate Spheres
Nineteenth-century idea in Western societies that men and women, especially of the middle class, should have different roles in society: women as wives, mothers, and homemakers; men as breadwinners and participants in business and politics
Dutch New Netherlands
Later became part of New York. Established fur trade and trading posts. The English then took over.
John Winthrop
Puritan leader who became the first governor of the Massachusetts Bay Colony
Mercantilism
An economic policy under which nations sought to increase their wealth and power by obtaining large amounts of gold and silver and by selling more goods than they bought
Federalist Papers
These 85 essays were published between 1787 and 1788 in various New York newspapers and other publications. The purpose of The Federalist Papers was to promote the ratification of the United States Constitution, which had been proposed at the Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia in 1787.
- written by jay hamilton, and madison
Common Sense
Published in 1776 by Thomas Payne, it questioned why a tiny island should govern a whole continent. It called for the creation of a republic.
Northwest Ordinance
Established a process for the territories to achieve statehood and contained an important provision known as the “anti-slavery clause.”
Hamilton’s Financial Plan
Pay off all war debts, raise government revenues, create a national bank
Washington’s Farewell
His key points were to warn Americans against
- the danger of political parties
- to remain neutral in foreign conflicts
Monroe Doctrine
an American foreign policy opposing interference in the Western hemisphere from outside powers
Embargo Act
The Embargo Act of 1807 was a law passed by Congress forbidding all exportation of goods from the United States.
- Britain and France had been continuously harassing the U.S. and seizing U.S. ship’s and men.
The U.S. was not prepared to fight in a war, so Pres. Jefferson hoped to weaken Britain and France by stopping trade. The Embargo Act ended up hurting our economy more than theirs. It was repealed in 1809. The Embargo Act helped to revive the Federalists. It eventually led to the War of 1812
John Marshall’s Decision
bostered the power of the federal government at the expense of the states. Also put judicial barriers against democratic or demagogic attacs on property rights. Helped create a nationally uniform environment for business and checked the excesses of popularly elected legislatures. Shaped the Constitution along centralizing lines. Molding father of the Constitutuion
Election of 1840
Martin Van Buren vs. William Henry Harrison MVB hurt by Panic of 1837. Significance: massive voter turnout & use of slogans: “Tippecanoe and Tyler Too”, “Log cabin and hard cider” Created second national two-party system
Auburn System
Prison reform in 1790, based on concept that solitary confinement would induce meditation and moral reform; actually led to many mental breakdowns; Auburn system, 1816, allowed congregation of prisoners during the day
German Immigrants
Settled in the rural Midwest and Texas.
Many were farmers and craftsmen.
Many were well-educated and helped start the system of universal education in the United States.
James K Polk
president in March 1845. wanted to settle oregon boundary dispute with britain. wanted to aquire California. wanted to incorperate Texas into union.
Antebellum White South
Free Blacks
They were ex-slaves were either freed by their owners or escaped. The were considered free, but were still held under many restrictions and racial laws and found limited work. They developed their own communities, cultures, found work and were able to develop economically.
Republican Party
1854 - anti-slavery Whigs and Democrats, Free Soilers and reformers from the Northwest met and formed party in order to keep slavery out of the territories
Kansas Nebraska Act
1854 - Created Nebraska and Kansas as states and gave the people in those territories the right to chose to be a free or slave state through popular sovereignty.
Emancipation Proclamation
Issued by abraham lincoln on september 22, 1862 it declared that all slaves in the confederate states would be free
Irish Immigration
Caused largely by the potato famine in Ireland. Irish immigrants came and received much discrimination due to their Catholic faith as well as exploitation in factories due to their limited skills. Archbishop John Hughes urges them to maintain their identity, which leads to the development of Catholic schools.
Temperance
restraint or moderation, especially in regards to alcohol or food
