Unit 3 Flashcards
what are the 9 Gardner’s Theory of Multiple Intelligences?
Linguistic
Logico-mathematical
Spatial
Musical
Body-kinesthetic
Interpersonal
Intrapersonal
Naturalist
Existential
“Logan Loves So Many Bolts In Igloos Now Everyone”
what is linguistic intelligence?
-Sensitivity to sound, rhythm, meaning of language
-Comprehension, analogies
what is logico-mathematical intelligence?
-Sensitivity to logical & numerical patterns
-MATH
what is spatial intelligence?
-Ability to perceive, mentally transform, & recreate visuospatial world accurately
-Matching picture to real life
what is musical intelligence?
-Ability to produce & appreciate pitch, rhythm, and melody
what is Body-kinesthetic intelligence?
-Ability to use body skillfully for expressiveness & to achieve goals
-ATHLETIC
what is interpersonal intelligence?
-Ability to detect & respond to moods & intentions of others
-OTHER PEOPLE
what is intrapersonal intelligence?
-Ability to discriminate own feelings, strengths, desires and use them to guide bx
-YOURSELF
what is naturalist intelligence?
Ability to recognize & classify animals, minerals, plants
what is Existential intelligence?
-Considering ultimate issues (purpose of life, nature of death)
-Handling death
what is Reliability?
Does it yield that same score consistently?
-If I take it today, it should be the same score next week
what is Validity?
Does it measure what you intend for it to measure?
-Is it really measuring intelligence
what is Dynamic Testing?
-Measures learning potential by having child learn something new with examiner’s help
-Instead of static knowledge
-Reveals potential to acquire skill, not current level of skill
-Vygotsky approach
what are four Group Differences in IQ?
Socioeconomic status (SES)
Race / ethnicity
Gender
Generation
how does SES impact intelligence?
-higher occupations -> higher IQ for children
-Areas of poverty having lower quality schools
-Parents unable to help child with HW and learning
-No encouragement
-Nutrition
-Home environment
-In US, middle SES children score 9 points higher than low SES children
how does Race / ethnicity impact intelligence?
-Asian > White > Hispanics > Blacks
-Can be related to SES
-Cultural differences
-priority of school work
-Language differences
-In US, Asian children score 3 points higher than whites, who score 7 points higher than hispanics, who score 8 points higher than blacks
how does gender impact intelligence?
Females: better with language
Males: better with visuospatial items, abstract math / science
VERY SMALL DIFFERENCE
how does generation impact intelligence?
Flynn Effect
-IQ scores have increased 15-20 points since 1950
-Difference in environments (EX: technology)
what are four general factors that can impact IQ?
Genetic influences
Test Bias
Stereotype threat
Home environment and community
how can genetic influences impact IQ?
Twin studies
-IQ correlation higher b/w MZ twins (identical) than b/w DZ twins
Adoption studies
-IQ more related to biological mom’s IQ than adoptive mother’s home
-Environment impacts
how does test bias impact IQ?
If it tests culturally specific knowledge & skills that not all had an equal opportunity to learn, then it’s not a fair measurement of intelligence
EX: “a conductor is to an orchestra as a teacher is to what”
how does the stereotype threat impact IQ?
Knowledge of stereotypes leads to anxiety and reduced performance
“Girls perform worse than men on math”, girls then perform worse
what is Socialization when it comes to parenting?
Teaching children values, roles, and bxs of their culture
-Not automatic, must be TAUGHT!
-Parents, peers, media, teachers, etc. play an important role
what is the parenting style called that has high control and high warmth?
Authoritative Parenting
what is the parenting style called that has low control and high warmth?
Indulgent-permissive
what is the parenting style called that has high control and low warmth?
Authoritarian Parenting
what is the parenting style called that has low control and low warmth?
Indifferent-uninvolved
what is authoritative parenting?
Explains rules and how to follow them
Encourages discussion & communication
Responsive to child’s emotional needs and cognitive abilities
what is the outcome of authoritative parenting?
responsible, self-reliant, and friendly children
-They are able to discuss and learn from mistakes
-See other POVs and their opinion
what is authoritarian parenting?
Rules expected to be followed without discussion
-Childrens POV isn’t valued
-Expect hard work, respect, obedience
-Common in military families and families with low socioeconomic status (Due to high stressed parents)
what is the outcome of authoritarian parenting?
lower self-esteem, fewer social skills, aggressive
-Aggression due to feeling like they aren’t valued, follow their role models
what is indulgent-permissive parenting?
-Let children do as they please
-Little punishment
-Parents act like a friend
what is the outcome of indulgent-permissive parenting?
impulsive, easily frustrated
-Don’t understand how to live in the real world
-Don’t know how to follow rules
what is indifferent-uninvolved parenting?
-Provide for basic needs, but little else
-Minimal time spent with children
-Not emotionally involved with children
what is the outcome of indifferent-uninvolved parenting?
low self-esteem, impulsive, aggressive, moody
-Don’t know how to regulate emotions
-Try to get their parents attention
what are three ways parents influence children? how?
Direct Instruction: telling child what to do, when, why
Modeling: learn by watching and doing the same
Feedback: indicate which bxs are appropriate
what is (+) and (-) reinforcement?
(+): adding something to increase Bx
EX: Add a star to sticker chart
(-): taking away something to increase Bx
EX: taking away chores
what is (+) and (-) punishment?
(+): adding something to decrease Bx
EX: Adding spanking
(-): taking away something to decrease Bx
EX: taking away phone
what are ways you can have Effective Feedback?
-Directly follows bx
-Consistent
-Accompanied by explanation and steps to take in the future
-In context of warm parent-child relationship
-Appropriate for child’s cognitive and socioemotional development (Time-Out vs liking alone time)
what is the Negative Reinforcement Trap?
Giving in to whining, yelling, or arguing
-Parents unintentionally reinforce Bxs they wish to discourage
what is the Developmental Trend of peers as you age?
-When you are younger, you are friends with those that you are surrounded by
-As you get older, you are friends with people that you have similar interests with
what is a friend to a preschooler?
-Who is in your proximity
-Enjoy playing together
what is a friend to an 8-11 yr old?
“real” friendships start to form
-Similar interests
-Trust & assistance (telling secrets)
what is a friend to an Adolescent?
-Reciprocity
-Loyalty
-Intimacy
what are the 5 categories in which children are placed based on peer acceptance?
Popular Children
Rejected Children
Controversial Children
Average Children
Neglected Children
what makes them a popular child?
Highest levels of sociability & academic functioning
-Lots of positive votes (23%)
-short lived but stable
what makes them a rejected child?
-More aggressive, hostile, hyperactive, socially awkward, unhappy, alienated, poorly achieving
-Actively disliked (20%)
-Children are bullied
-long lives and stable
what makes them a controversial kid?
Combination of positive and negative, TOP or BOTTOM (7%)
-Aggressive, social, decent academics
-unstable position
what makes them an average kid?
Mixture of ratings, MIDDLE (30%)
-Seem average, usually well adjusted
-unstable position
what makes them a neglected kid?
Few positive or negative (20%)
-Usually well adjusted (they like to be alone)
-unstable position
can parents have an impact on if their child is rejected?
YES
poor discipline -> impulsive -> rejection -> hanging out with bad kids -> bad bxs as an adult
what are peer groups?
Focal point of social relationships during late childhood and early adolescence
-each have unique values & standards for bx
what is the difference b/w Cliques and crowds?
Cliques: 5-7 good friends
Crowds: jocks, brains, druggies, partiers, preps, etc.
They don’t’ all necessarily all hang out with each other
what main position do peer groups thrive under?
Dominance hierarchy
-Leader & members w/ various levels of power
do highschoolers or elementary kids hang out mainly with kids of the same sex as them?
elementary kids
what three roles do parents have in Peer Relationships early in development?
Gatekeeping (deciding who is good or bad friend)
Coaching (teaching them how to make friends)
Modeling (model good bx)
when does adolescence begin?
Onset of puberty
Shift from elementary school to middle school (~11 yrs)
when does adolescence end?
Economically self-sufficient
Assume several adult roles (~mid-20s)
what are primary and secondary characteristics in puberty?
primary: linked to reproduction
secondary: physical appearance
for girls that mature early, do they feel they are at an advantage or disadvantage? (characteristics)
Disadvantage relative to later maturing girls
-Below average popularity, lack self-confidence, withdrawn, less positive body image, do adult things
for boys that mature early, do they feel they are at an advantage or disadvantage? (characteristics)
Disadvantage relative to later maturing boys
-Depression, substance abuse, sexual activity
what characteristics do girls who mature later have?
Physically attractive, poised, leader
what characteristics do boys who mature later have?
Anxious, less poised, attention seeking bx
for adolescence, what are mood changes associated with?
changes in activities and social settings
-GOOD mood when with friends
-BAD mood when with parents
what is Morality?
set of principles that allows person to determine right from wrong
what are three components to morality?
emotional, cognitive, behavioral
what is Kohlberg’s Theory of Moral Development?
Moral dilemmas (conflict situations)
-Interested in reasoning to justify decision, not decision itself
-Not yes or no for the decision, it’s the WHY
-Stage theory!
what are the three levels of moral reasoning? describe them
preconventional: external forces (authority, reward & punishment, low morality, EX: children)
conventional: conform to social norms, medium morality, adults
postconventional: personal moral code, personal principles, high morality, everyone has their own principle of morality
what are the six stages of moral reasoning?
- Obedience Orientation
- Instrumental Orientation
- Interpersonal Norms Orientation
- Social System Orientation
- Social Contract Orientation
- Universal Ethical Principle Orientation
what is Obedience Orientation?
Obey authority and avoid punishment
They don’t want a punishment
Authority isn’t necessarily the law (wife, God, etc.)
what is Instrumental Orientation?
Nice bx in exchange for future favors (self-interest)
All about ME (getting a reward)
what is interpersonal norms orientation?
Meet others’ expectations to maintain affection & approval
Want to be looked at as a good boy/girl
Approval from others
what is social system orientation?
Follow rules to maintain social system
Follow the law!
Not to avoid punishment
Just to avoid total chaos in the public
what is social contract orientation?
Rules = flexible instruments for furthering human purposes
Adhere when valid to further human purposes
Must save the life!
what is the universal ethical principle?
Personal, abstract principles are valid for all
Justice, caring for others
I apply this no matter what circumstances, UNIVERSAL
What aids moral understanding?
Discussion (see other POVs)
Gains in perspective-taking skills
Disequilibrium (actively grappling with moral issues, listening and changing your opinion)
according to Erik Erikson, what stage am I in? describe it
Identity vs Role Confusion (11–21 yrs)
-You must figure out who you are to move on to participate in a romantic relationship
according to Maria, what are the four states of adolescent identity formation?
Diffusion
Moratorium
Foreclosure
Identity Achievement
what is diffusion?
low commitment, low Crisis/Exploration
-Overwhelmed with the task of achieving identity
Common in children
EX: doesn’t vote, didn’t bother to look into it
what is Moratorium?
low commitment, high crisis/exploration
-Examining different alternatives but has not found satisfactory one
EX: do all the research, but still don’t know who to vote for
Too much information
what is foreclosure?
high Commitment, low Crisis/Exploration
-Status determined by adults, not personal exploration
-Committed because of other people’s opinions
EX: voted, but parents told you who to vote for
what is identity achievement?
high Commitment, high Crisis/Exploration
-Has explored alternatives and chosen specific identity
-Common in adults
EX: did the research, and voted
How can adults help adolescents achieve identity? (3)
Teen’s autonomy
-They are different from other siblings & parents
Encourage exploration or alternatives
-Don’t stress them out
Exemplify mature, thoughtful problem solving and living
-Having a why for their decision
what are the four characteristics of adolescent thought?
-Adolescent egocentrism
-Imaginary audience
-Personal Fable
-Illusion of invulnerability
what is adolescent egocentrism?
Overly concerned with own thoughts & feelings (ME!)
-They know other perspectives, but just don’t care
what is imaginary audience?
Believe other are watching constantly
-“Everyone is looking at my pimple”
what is personal fable?
Believe own experiences & feelings are unique
-“You just don’t understand”
what is illusion of invulnerability?
Misfortune only happens to others
-“Its not gonna happen to me”
-Linked to risky bxs
-Do not understand the consequences and the reality
what is Super’s Theory?
Choosing a career is a developmental process
what are the seven stages of Super’s Theory?
- Crystallization (13-14 yrs)
- Specification (18 yrs)
- Implementation (late teens, early 20s)
- Establishment (young adulthood)
- Maintenance (middle adulthood)
- Deceleration (middle adulthood)
- Retirement
what is the crystallization stage?
Use talents & interests to limit career choices
what is the specification stage?
Learn about specific career and begin training
-Stage i am currently in!!
what is the implementation stage?
Enter workforce and learn first hand about job
what is the establishment stage?
Select specific occupation and advance in that position
-Work is their main priority
what is the maintenance stage?
Transition during which adults decrease time for work roles
-Able to do more stuff with their kids
what is the deceleration stage?
Planning for retirement
what is the retirement stage?
Stop working full time
-Can do part-time work
what are some criticisms of Super’s Theory?
-Assumes people choose one occupation and keep it until retirement
-Simply not true in the US
what is Holland’s Personality-Type Theory?
Finding work fulfilling when it fits your personality
what are the six personality types?
Realistic
Investigative
Social
Conventional
Enterprising
Artistic
what is the realistic personality type? what are jobs in this field?
-Enjoy physical labor & concrete problems
Mechanic, construction
what is the investigative personality type? what are jobs in this field?
-Task oriented, enjoy thinking about abstract relations
-Working independently
Scientist
what is the social personality type? what are jobs in this field?
-Skilled verbally and interpersonally
-Enjoy solving social problems
-Working with others
Teacher, counselor
what is the conventional personality type? what are jobs in this field?
-Enjoy structured, well-defined taste assigned by others
-Working with numbers
-Go with the flow
Bank teller, Secretary
what is the enterprising personality type? what are jobs in this field?
-Enjoy using verbal skills in positions of power, status & leadership
Business executive, Sales
what is the artist personality type? what are jobs in this field?
-Enjoy expressing self through unstructured tasks, creative
-FREEDOM
Poet, musician
when is part time work beneficial? when is it not?
-Working less than 15 hours per week (or summer) can be beneficial
-Working more than 15 hours per week is detrimental
why is working more than 15 hours per week detrimental for adolescents?
School performance suffers
Mental health and behavior problems
Misleading affluence
what is Misleading affluence?
-Misunderstanding of money
-You think you can buy everything you want since you don’t have to pay bills
-When they enter adulthood is ends up being hard for them to manage money
what are the two types of Adolescent Delinquency?
-Adolescent-limited antisocial bx
-Life-course persistent antisocial bx
what is Adolescent-limited antisocial bx?
-Youth engage in relatively minor criminal acts
-One way to achieve adult status & privilege
-Usually disappears by early adulthood
what is Life-course persistent antisocial bx?
Antisocial bx emerges at early age and persists throughout life
what are four risk factors for Delinquency? describe them
Socioeconomic status
-More frequent for low income adolescents
Family processes
-Inadequate parental supervision, inconsistent discipline
Self control
-unable to regulate own behavior and be able to delay gratification
Biological forces
-aggression and impulsivity
