Unit 1 (Ch. 2) Flashcards
what is the order from smallest to biggest? (cell, chromosomes, genes, DNA, nucleus)
cell -> nucleus -> chromosomes -> DNA -> genes
what are genes?
-Segment of DNA (stored in the nucleus)
-Provide instructions
-Production of proteins
what is a genotype? phenotype?
genotype: genetic material a person inherits and is expressed in their genome
phenotype: physical, bx, and psychological features a person expresses
what is Phenylketonuria (PKU)?
-chromosome 12 recessive disorder
-unable to metabolize phenylalanine
-damages CNS
-With an early diagnosis & restricted diet, it can be avoided
what chromosome is down syndrome an abnormality in?
chromosome 21
-Extra 21st chromosome
-leads to intellectual disability
what is the name of the blood test that pregnant women can do at 10-12 weeks?
MaterniT21 plus
what is behavioral genetics?
Behavioral traits are inherited through many genes that are affected by the environment
what is Reaction Range?
Range of phenotypes determined by genotype & environment
EX: Same plant (one genotype) and 3 different environments
-Produces three different phenotypes even though they all have the SAME genotype
what is are the three stages in prenatal development?
Zygote -> Embryo -> Fetus
what weeks is a baby considered a zygote? what are the two series?
0-2 weeks
Fertilization -> Implantation
what weeks is a baby considered an embryo? what are the two series?
Week 3-8
Implantation -> Organogenesis
what weeks is a baby considered a fetus? what are the two series?
Week 9-38
Organogenesis -> Birth
what are the two parts of an embryo?
Inner Mass: embryo
Outer Mass: support system (Placenta, Umbilical Cord, Amniotic Sac)
what is the waxy substance that coats a fetus at 20 weeks?
Vernix
what is the week range of viability?
week 22-28
what week are the organs the most efficient?
week 38
what is the weight and length of a full term baby?
7-8lbs
20inches
what is the touch fetal experience?
Passively: bumping walls of uterus
Actively: grasping, sucking, rubbing
what is the taste fetal experience?
swallowing amniotic fluid
-Fetus has a sweet tooth!
what is the smell fetal experience?
-Amniotic fluid has odor of what mom ate
-During fetal breathing, amniotic fluid comes into contact with olfactory receptors
what is the hearing fetal experience?
Internally generated sounds (mom’s heartbeat, breathing, etc.)
Externally generated sounds (mom’s voice, people talking)
what is the sight fetal experience?
Vision not fully developed. but may react to bright light
what hormone is dependent on the sex of the baby?
the absence / presence of androgens (testosterone)
what are the three nutrients vital for a mother to have while pregnant? what are each of them they needed for?
folic acid: prevent neural tube defect
calcium: bone development
iron: oxygen supply
how many more calories per day does a mother need while pregnant?
300 more calories
what are three general risk factors during pregnancy?
-nutrition
-stress
-age
what are teratogens?
Environmental agents that cause abnormal prenatal development
what does drinking alcohol during pregnancy lead to? what can this lead to in the baby?
Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS)
-Mother drinks heavily during pregnancy (more than 5oz. several times per week)
Leads to…
-Face abnormalities
-Heart problems
-Underdeveloped brain & intellectual disability
-Bx problems (irritability, hyperactivity)
why shouldn’t you smoke nicotine during pregnancy?
it produces NMK
-cancer causing agent
Leads to
-Low birth weight
-Increases infant mortality
-Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)
-Pregnancy complications
-Short stature
-Lower reading scores
-Ear infections
what is CMV (cytomegalovirus)?
Primary infection of a virus when you are pregnant
leads to…
-walking issues, seizures, hearing & sight issues, cerebral palsy
what are four factors contribute to teratogens exposure?
-time of exposure
-amount and length of exposure
-cumulative exposure
-individual differences
what is teratogen exposure the most dangerous to a fetus?
embryo stage!
what occurs at each stage when a teratogen is exposed to the fetus?
Zygote: spontaneous miscarriage
Embryo: major abnormality in structures
Fetus: improper functioning of systems
what is the Dose-response relation?
A lot of the dose over a long period of time -> more effects
Little bit only a couple times -> less effects
what is cumulative exposure?
using multiple teratogens at the same time
-alcohol + nicotine + poor maternal nutrition
what are Sleeper Effects?
Impact isn’t apparent for many years
EX: hormone DES was used to prevent miscarriages
-led to a higher chance of cancer later in the child’s life
what are three reasons why it is hard to pinpoint the effects of teratogens?
-sleeper effects
-Presence of multiple risks
-individual differences
