Unit 1 (Ch. 1) Flashcards by AMANDA KUEHNER

Development

stability and change over time

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Lifespan

Change at all ages from prenatal development to death

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Nature-Nurture

Nature: biological / genetic factors that give rise to a certain behavior / characteristic

Nurture: influenced by environment and one’s experiences

*they interact!

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Continuity

Quantitative change
-path marked by smooth progression
-EX: height

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Discontinuity

Qualitative change
-path marked by abrupt shifts
-Any type of stage theory
-EX: Growth spurt

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Universal-Context-specific

Universal: happens regardless of experience
-strong on the NATURE side
-one path that is similar across individuals and cultures
-EX: puberty (milestones)

Context-specific: many paths and the path depends on the experience
-EX: Age of puberty (due to malnutrition, sports early on)

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what are the four interacting forces in Biopsychosocial Framework?

1) biological forces: hormones, genes, health conditions

2) sociocultural forces: background, ethnicity, culture, peers, family

3) psychological forces: personality, emotions

4) Life-cycle forces: same event is going to give a different outcome depending on the stage of development you are in
-EX: Pregnancy (teenage vs adult)

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what should theories provide?

-Description of bx (WHAT the bx looks like)
-Explanation of bx (WHY the bx looks like it does)
-Prediction of bx (Bx should appear in certain ways under certain conditions)

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what is Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory?

-your personality will develop across the lifespan through a sequences of fixed stages
-each stage there is a challenge or crisis you must overcome in order to move onto the next stage
-DISCONTINUOUS

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what is Watson and Skinner theory of Behaviorism?

Bx is determined by experience (nature vs nurture)
-NURTURE side

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what did Watson discover?

classical conditioning
-US (noise) -> UR (crying)
-CS (furry animals) + US (noise) -> UR (crying)
-CS (furry animals) -> CR (crying)

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what did Skinner discover?

operant conditioning
-reinforcement (increases bx)
-punishment (decreases bx)

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positive and negative reinforcement

(+): ADDING something to increase a bx
-Candy for good grades

(-): TAKING AWAY something to increase bx
-Taking away chores to get better grades

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positive and negative punishment

(+): ADDING something to decrease a bx
-shoveling snow for cursing

(-): TAKING AWAY something to decrease bx
taking away phone to stop getting bad grades

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what is Bandura’s Social (cognitive) Learning Theory?

People learn by observing others (nurture)
-The person doesn’t have to experience it, they can watch other people experience something
-They don’t exactly mimic

EX: If they see someone is aggressive by punching, the kids taking punching as violence and use other methods of violence such as guns

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what is Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development?

Children construct their own understanding of the world
-Universal stages of development
-DISCONTINUOUS (qualitative)
-Abrupt shifts in thinking

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what are the four stages of the theory of cognitive thinking?

Sensorimotor, Preoperational, Concrete operational, Formal operational

learning through actions & senses
(birth-2)
learning through language & mental images (2-7)
learning through logical thinking & categories
(7-12)
learning through hypothetical thinking & scientific reasoning
(12+)

what is Bronenbrenner’s Ecological Theory?

a developing person is embedded in series of systems
-Several systems impact how a child develops

what are the four systems in the ecological theory?

microsystem: Parents to child
mesosystem: Friends to child
exosystem: Social policy to child
Macrosystem: Ethnic group to child

what is Baltes Life-span approach?

Must pay attention to…
-Multidirectional: growth and decline
-Plasticity: flexibility, adaptation to circumstance
-Historical context
-Multiple causation: biopsychosocial forces

what is reliable?

-you are able to replicate the experiment
-get the same answer every time

what is validity?

-measures what you intend to measure
-Does the ACT really determine college capabilities?

what is a representative sample?

does the small group of people tested accurately depict the population of study

what are two types of Systematic Observation?

naturalistic & structured

what is naturalistic observation?

observing someone in their day-to-day life, they are unaware they are being observed -NOT MANIPULATING an environment

what is structured observation?

anytime you are manipulating anything in the environment

what are Behavioral Tasks?

-Analyze performance of a task -Test emotional components

what is Self Report?

Surveys, interviews

what is Physiological tests?

Heart Rate, cortisol levels, MRI, EEG’s

what is a Longitudinal study?

studying same group of people repeatedly over time -spans over several years EX: Kochanska investigates children’s internalization of social rules from infancy through early childhood -All members of the cohort visit the lab every few months/years

what is a Cross-Sectional study?

study different aged people, studied one time -you make inferences as they develop -more common EX: Examining how 4 yr olds, 5 yr olds, and adults remember the locations of objects -Three groups of participants visit the lab one time

what is a Sequential study?

multiple groups tested at multiple points in time (same groups) -combination of longitudinal and cross-sectional studies -can compare the different aged groups over a long period of time without making inferences EX: Seattle project studies cognitive functioning of multiple cohorts of adults over many years -Study different groups over many years

what is a Microgenetic study?

study same individuals at several time points close together in time -Mini longitudinal study (Weeks / Months apart) EX: Siegler investigates math strategy development -Children solve math problems twice a week for a few weeks

what is a Correlational study?

-seek relation among variables -cannot manipulate the variables -measures direction and strength of relation

what is positive correlation?

both are going same direction (both going up, both going down) perfect positive: +1.00

what is negative correlation?

inversely related (ones going up & ones going down) perfect negative: -1.00

what do you look at when looking at the direction of correlation?

look at the (+) and (-)

what do you look at when looking at the strength of correlation?

look at the number! -Closer to 1.00, the stronger the relationship 0.00: not strong 1.00: strong!

why does correlation NOT equal causation?

Directionality Problem -You don’t know if A causes B or if B causes A Third Variable Problem -you don’t know if there is something else driving the relationship

what are Experimental Studies?

-effect of the independent variable on dependent variable -depends on random assignment to conditions -control groups are tested -can determine CAUSATION!! EX: the effects of breastfeeding upon intelligence -Independent variable: breastfeeding & not breastfeeding -Dependent variable: standardized intelligence test

what is an independent variable?

-what you are manipulating -We control everything! -We cannot let the groups decide what they are doing

what is an dependent variable?

-what you are measuring