Unit 2 Flashcards
When is growth the most rapid?
infancy
what is Cephalocaudal growth?
Head develops before the legs
-head to toe (upper body gets stronger first)
-Head control happens first, then able to sit-up, walking happens later
what are four factors that can impact growth?
Heredity
Nutrition (breastfed vs formula)
Affection & stimulation from caregivers
Health
what is Proximodistal growth?
center of body outward
-Reaching, then grabbing, then picking up something small
what are the gross motor milestones? (4) What are the relative ranges?
Sit alone: 7 months
Creep / crawl: 10 months
Pull to stand: 12 months
Walk alone: 15 months
what are the fine motor milestones? (3) What are the relative ranges?
Reaching for objects: 4 months
Pincer grasp (use thumb to grasp): 7-9 months
Handedness: 2 years
what is universal when it comes to development? what is not universal?
ORDER OF EVENTS IS UNIVERSAL (timing of each event it not)
what is the outlier when it comes to development order?
crawling
what is the brain maturation view on development?
-Changes in skill depend on what has matured in the brain
-Supported by the fact that the consistent order of the milestones is universal regardless of experience
-The fact that we can speed up these milestones doesn’t support this view
what is the dynamic systems view on development?
Motor development results from a combination of factors
-A baby’s motor abilities depend on the brain, the muscles, the environment, the task a child faces, motivation, etc…
-Explains why we can speed up and slow down milestones
when it comes to the development of hearing, do they prefer speech stimuli or complex sounds?
speech
what age prenatally does hearing develop?
7-8 months
what was the DeCasper & Spence experiment?
-Moms read The Cat in the Hat aloud twice daily during last 1 ½ months of pregnancy
-When tested after birth, infants preferred to listen to mom read this particular story
When they increased sucking = Cat in the Hat played
preferred
When they decreased sucking = different story played
what is the visual acuity at birth?
20/450
-What a baby sees at 20 ft, is what we see at 450 ft
how can we tell what babies can see?
preferential looking
what is preferential looking?
Present two stimuli, and if infant looks longer at one, they can distinguish b/w the two and can see them
when does full color vision develop?
4-7 months
how do we test infants for what colors they can see?
Habituation and Color perception
what is habituation?
-Infant shown same / similar pictures until he / she gets bored
-Shown a different picture
Does the infant notice the change and increase looking time?
what is color perception and what experimenter tested this?
-based on that we perceive color categorically
Bornstein Experiment
-4-month-old infants were habituated to a 510 nm (light green) light
-Then either a 480 nm (blue) or a 540 nm (green) light was presented
-Dishabituation only occurred for the 480 nm (blue) light
Infants categorize colors like adults do!!
who is Jean Piaget?
-From Switzerland
-First to study children’s thinking in systematic way (cognitive)
what was Piaget’s constructivist theory?
Child constructs knowledge through interactions w/ environment
-Their action gives rise to their development (actively instead of passively)
-Have to put in the work
Kitten example
-Active cat pushes the carousel (learning)
-Passive cat just watches and is along for the ride and doesn’t learn how it push the carousel
what three things were certain in Piaget’s theory?
-Qualitative (discontinuous) differences in thinking
-Invariant progression (Four stages in that order)
-Universal
what two things are cognitive change due to?
assimilation and accommodation
what is assimilation?
Transforming incoming information so that it fits with previously held ways of thinking or acting (makes sense!)
EX: Anything with four legs is a dog
what is accommodation?
Adapting or modifying pre-existing way of thinking to deal with new information (Doesn’t make sense!)
EX: Getting told a specific four legged creature is a horse, not a dog
what are Piagets four stages of his theory? what ages are they from?
Sensorimotor (birth - 2)
Preoperational (2-7)
Concrete operational (7 - 11)
Formal operational (11+)
what is the sensorimotor stage?
birth-2yrs
-Infants understand world through their actions on it
what are the 6 substages of the sensorimotor stage?
reflexive schemes (birth-1mo)
primary circulatory rxns (1-4mo)
secondary circulatory rxns (4-8mo)
coordination of secondary circular reactions (8-12mo)
tertiary circular reactions (12-18mo)
mental representation (18-24mo)
what are reflexive schemes in the sensorimotor stage?
just infant reflexes
what are primary circulatory rxns?
Repeated bxs oriented towards own body that lead to satisfaction
EX: sucking your thumb, rubbing their body
what are secondary circulatory rxns?
-repeat interesting effects of “accidental” actions on environment
-fail object permanence task due to the failure to understand objects
EX: pulling a cat’s tail
what is object permanence?
-“Out of sight, out of mind” phenomenon
-If they don’t see it, they don’t think it exists
what is the coordination of secondary circular reactions substage?
-combine secondary rxns into complex action sequences
-goal-directed bx = coordinate schemes intentionally to solve problems (able to grab something and achieve the task)
-pass object permanence task
-fail the A not B task
what is the A not B task?
-Hide toy at A location, infant finds
-Hide toy at B location, searches back at A
-They search at A and not B
EX: box with two lids
Hide toy on the left lid = kid finds it (object permanence)
Hide toy on right lid = kid looks in left lid and can’t find toy
what are tertiary circular rxns?
Experimental and creative rxns
-Repeat events but not the same event
EX: Throw keys, they bounce
-Kid throws milk
-Kid throws peas, etc.
what is the mental representation substage?
Create mental images (symbols)
-use toys in a more representative way
EX: Using a toy phone and pretending it is a real phone
what is the preoperational stage?
2-7yrs
-development of representation
-a globe represents the world
-language development
-“Make believe” play
-strengthen new schemes, emotions, social development, cognitive abilities
-repeated questions with this age group can screw results!
what are eight characteristics of the preoperational stage?
-egocentrism
-animistic thinking
-difficulty distinguishing appearance and reality
-fails on conservation tasks
-not capable of operations
-not reversible
-centration*
-lack of hierarchical classification
what is egocentrism?
Inability to distinguish viewpoints of others from own viewpoint
-they think they are always right
3 mountains task
what is the 3 mountains task?
-Each mountain is a different color and size
-Child walks around these mountains and from each area of the room and see that they look different
-adult lays out pictures of the mountains and ask what the child’s viewpoint and what the adults viewpoint is
-they guess the same for both viewpoints
what is animistic thinking?
-Believe inanimate objects have lifelike qualities
-Stuffed animals are real
what is meant by difficulty distinguishing appearance and reality?
-an’t distinguish b/w a person and a costume
EX: HALLOWEEN, Disney world, Santa
what are conservation tasks?
Lack understanding that physical characteristics remain same when appearance changes
EX: does the beaker have the same amount or more
EX: WINE GLASSES
what is meant by not capable of operations?
-Cannot follow logical rules
-unable to combine or separate ideas
-Mental representations of actions that obey logical rules
what is meant by not reversible?
-Unable to mentally go through steps in reverse
-Cannot mentally image the fluid being in the other beaker
what is Centration?
focus on one aspect of situation and neglect other important features
EX: being interesting in the length of the row not the space b/w the crackers
Neglecting the width and only looking at the height of the beaker
what is meant by lack of hierarchical classification?
-Cannot organize objects into classes and subclasses
-Difficulty with class inclusion problems
what are inclusion problems?
More beads or blue beads?
-Kids say blue beads
what is the Concrete Operational Stage?
7-11 yrs
-Major turning point in cognitive development
-Emergence of mental operations and logical thinking
-Thought is flexible, logical, and organized when applied to concrete information (items physically present)
-Not abstract thought
what are three characteristics of the concrete operational stage?
-conservation
-hierarchical classification
-pass seriation tasks
what is meant by conservation?
Children pass conservation tasks
what are three things that kids have that allow them to pass conservation tasks?
Decentration
-take into account more than one dimension
EX: height and width
Reversibility
-Able to image operations in reverse
EX: They understand that the fluid amount was in the same in the other cup
Identity
-Appearance does not change amount
EX: seeing the fluid in one cup is the same even when poured in a different cup
what is hierarchical classification?
Children can pass class inclusion problems
EX: beads!!
-Child says more beads!
what are seriation tasks?
-Children can order items along a quantitative dimension
-Biggest to smallest (vice versa)
-If given the same task in a story problem, they do poorly due to the info not being CONCRETE (physically in front of them)
in the Preoperational stage, what three tasks do they fail that concrete operational stage children pass?
conservation, class inclusion and seriation tasks
what is the Formal Operational Stage?
11+
-Develop capacity for abstract, scientific thinking
-questioning and answering, why?, asking more questions off of one question
what are three characteristics of the formal operational stage?
-Hypothetico-deductive reasoning
-Propositional thought
-pass the fish-tank experiment
what is Hypothetico-deductive reasoning?
-Begin with general outcome, deduce specific hypotheses, and test in orderly fashion
-Scientific method!
EX: LAMP DOESN’T WORK
concrete child: change light bulb & still doesn’t work and gives up
Formal child: looks at outlet, checks the wires, see’s if powers out at neighbors
what is Propositional thought?
-Can evaluate logic of statements w/o referring to everyday circumstances
-Understands made-up stories to solve the problem
-abstract thought
what is the fish tank experiment?
What will float in a fish tank?
Concrete Kid: test items randomly (don’t order the objects along more abstract dimensions)
Formal Kid: systematically test things like surface area, weight, density, etc.
what are some contributions to developmental psychology due to Piaget’s Theory?
-Started field of cognitive development
-Identified key areas of thinking that change with development & time
-Changed way we think about infants and children
-Looked more at how the kids actions on things shape their development
-Profound influence on early childhood education
-Child-centered focus, discovery learning
what are some criticisms about Piaget’s Theory?
-Does development proceed in stages?
-Doesn’t take into account social context
-Ages of stages not quite right (children’s abilities not as limited as Piaget thought)
-He underestimated their development
Baillargeon proved that babies succeeded on object permanence much sooner (3 mo. compared to 8 mo.)
who is Lev Vygostsky?
Russian psychologist (1896-1934)
-believed that development is based on social interactions (language)
-created the Sociocultural Theory
what is the Sociocultural Theory?
Cognitive processes develop through joint activities with more mature / older partners
-Guided participation
-Internalization
what is Internalization?
-Process by which social becomes more personalized / individual
-Parent initially gives child instructions
EX: tying your shoes, bunny song
-parent teaches them bunny song
-Child then says these instructions out loud when child is by themselves
-Finally, child uses “inner speech”
-doesn’t need to say instruction out loud anymore, they can just do it
what are two things needed for dialogue for cognitive development?
-Intersubjectivity
-Scaffolding
what is intersubjectivity?
Shared understanding of a task
-both parent and child are engaged in tying their shoe
what is scaffolding?
Adult adjusts assistance to fit child’s current level of performance
-HELP and ASSISTANCE
what is the Zone of Proximal Development?
-Range of tasks child cannot handle alone but can do with help / scaffolding of more skilled partner
-Should NOT assist on tasks they can do by themselves
-Should provide help for tasks they can’t do without help
what are some contributions to developmental psychology due to Vygotsky’s Theory?
Focus on social interactions and contexts that facilitate cognitive development
-Profound impact on education
-Cooperative learning
-Reciprocal teaching
what is the difference b/w piaget and vygotsky’s view on development?
Piaget: learn through independence
Vygotsky: learn through dependence
what are the three components of language?
- Phonology
- Semantics
- Syntax
what is phonology?
-starts at birth
-Rules governing structure and sequencing of speech sounds
-Uses phonemes = speech sounds (babbling)
Rake vs lake (r vs l)
what two ways does phonology develop?
-Speech perception (hear the sounds)
-Categorical perception (organize the sounds)
what is speech perception?
Hearing the sounds of the language
-Categorize language!
what is categorical perception?
Classification of continuous stimuli into distinct categories with sharp boundaries
-One can discriminate stimuli b/w categories but not w/in a category
EX: Can see distinguish A (blue vs green) but not B (light blue vs dark blue)
what is the categorical perception of “Ba” and “Pa” sounds?
Ba and Pa sounds are different
-they are able to distinguish this due to their native language categorization that develops later
who can distinguish more phonemes, adults or babies?
babies!
-“Ra” and “La” sound the same to a Japanese adult, but different to a Japanese baby
what is Habituation-dishabituation testing paradigm?
-Interest of the child changes when hearing “Ba” after being habituated to the “Pa” sound
-Measured with a high amplitude sucking (HAS)
how do they test Infant Speech Perception? (AKA when children can distinguish all languages compared to just the native language)
Operant Conditioning
-Baby hears sounds (Ba, Da, Pa)
-they do sounds that they should be able to distinguish in native language (Ba, Da) and sounds in other languages (Da, Dah)
-When the sound changes, they flash cool lights and the baby turns their head
-They are conditioned to turn their head to the light
-Then start to delay the light and see if they turn their head when sound changes
-If they turn without the light, they can distinguish sounds
THINK ABOUT HOW YOU SAY ROOT BEER
what age can babies only distinguish sounds of their own language?
10-12 months
what is Semantics?
Putting sounds together to form words with meaning
-Using morphemes = word meanings (1+ phonemes)
Mom vs moms
I vs you
by the age of 1, how many words can they say? how about a 2yr old, 3yr old, 4yr old, 5yr old?
1 year = 1 word
2 years = 300 words
3 years = 1000 years
4 years = many thousands
5 years = 10,000 words
what is the word learning problem?
A word could refer to infinite number of referents (can refer to anything) which makes it hard for babies to learn
“Look at the gavagai”
what are five ways to fix the word learning problem?
-Joint focus of attention
-Perceptual Features of Objects
-Principle of mutual exclusivity
-Syntactic Bootstrapping
-Infant-directed speech
what is joint focus attention?
When an adult and child attend to the same object
-Adults: point and look at object she is referring to, or follow child’s focus and label it for the child
-Child: seek info (why), repeat, pointing
EX: both looking at the giraffe at the zoo, labeling correctly
what is joint focus attention?
When an adult and child attend to the same object
-Adults: point and look at object she is referring to, or follow child’s focus and label it for the child
-Child: seek info (why), repeat, pointing
EX: both looking at the giraffe at the zoo, labeling correctly
what is Perceptual Features of Objects?
Shape bias: using object’s shape to extend label to other examples
EX: balls (orange, basketball, tennis ball)
-Go based on the shape, not the color
what is Principle of mutual exclusivity?
If children hear a word they don’t’ know and need to choose b/w 2 objects, choose object for which they don’t know the name for
EX: cow, block, blob?
what is Syntactic Bootstrapping?
Observing how words used in sentences to figure out meaning
EX: “Ella and Noah wugged”
“Ella wugged Noah”
what is Infant-directed speech?
Making language features more noticeable
-Baby talk helps them learn language!
-Exaggerate intonation and loudness
-Simple words & phrases
-Emotionally expressive
Makes them more engaged
what is language like at 2 months?
Phonemes
-cooing (consent sounds, ah, oo)
-pleasant vowel-like noises
-production of sounds
what is language like at 6 months?
Phonemes
-babbling (bababa, mamama, dadada)
-repetition of consonant
-vowel combinations
what is language like at 12 months?
Semantics
-first words
-Learn average of 5 new words per day during infancy and childhood
what age does a language explosion occur?
18-22 months
what is Syntax?
Rules governing how words are arranged into sentences
-Using grammar = rules for combining words
-Rules of the language
what is language like at 24 months?
Syntax
-combine words
-Telegraphic speech
what is telegraphic speech?
Simple sentences (“more cookie”, “up mom”)
think of Kevin from the office
what is language like at 4-5 years?
understand and produce most grammatical constructions
-complete sentences
when language is developing, ________ PRECEDES _______
COMPREHENSION PRECEDES PRODUCTION
