Unit 2 Flashcards
When is growth the most rapid?
infancy
what is Cephalocaudal growth?
Head develops before the legs
-head to toe (upper body gets stronger first)
-Head control happens first, then able to sit-up, walking happens later
what are four factors that can impact growth?
Heredity
Nutrition (breastfed vs formula)
Affection & stimulation from caregivers
Health
what is Proximodistal growth?
center of body outward
-Reaching, then grabbing, then picking up something small
what are the gross motor milestones? (4) What are the relative ranges?
Sit alone: 7 months
Creep / crawl: 10 months
Pull to stand: 12 months
Walk alone: 15 months
what are the fine motor milestones? (3) What are the relative ranges?
Reaching for objects: 4 months
Pincer grasp (use thumb to grasp): 7-9 months
Handedness: 2 years
what is universal when it comes to development? what is not universal?
ORDER OF EVENTS IS UNIVERSAL (timing of each event it not)
what is the outlier when it comes to development order?
crawling
what is the brain maturation view on development?
-Changes in skill depend on what has matured in the brain
-Supported by the fact that the consistent order of the milestones is universal regardless of experience
-The fact that we can speed up these milestones doesn’t support this view
what is the dynamic systems view on development?
Motor development results from a combination of factors
-A baby’s motor abilities depend on the brain, the muscles, the environment, the task a child faces, motivation, etc…
-Explains why we can speed up and slow down milestones
when it comes to the development of hearing, do they prefer speech stimuli or complex sounds?
speech
what age prenatally does hearing develop?
7-8 months
what was the DeCasper & Spence experiment?
-Moms read The Cat in the Hat aloud twice daily during last 1 ½ months of pregnancy
-When tested after birth, infants preferred to listen to mom read this particular story
When they increased sucking = Cat in the Hat played
preferred
When they decreased sucking = different story played
what is the visual acuity at birth?
20/450
-What a baby sees at 20 ft, is what we see at 450 ft
how can we tell what babies can see?
preferential looking
what is preferential looking?
Present two stimuli, and if infant looks longer at one, they can distinguish b/w the two and can see them
when does full color vision develop?
4-7 months
how do we test infants for what colors they can see?
Habituation and Color perception
what is habituation?
-Infant shown same / similar pictures until he / she gets bored
-Shown a different picture
Does the infant notice the change and increase looking time?
what is color perception and what experimenter tested this?
-based on that we perceive color categorically
Bornstein Experiment
-4-month-old infants were habituated to a 510 nm (light green) light
-Then either a 480 nm (blue) or a 540 nm (green) light was presented
-Dishabituation only occurred for the 480 nm (blue) light
Infants categorize colors like adults do!!
who is Jean Piaget?
-From Switzerland
-First to study children’s thinking in systematic way (cognitive)
what was Piaget’s constructivist theory?
Child constructs knowledge through interactions w/ environment
-Their action gives rise to their development (actively instead of passively)
-Have to put in the work
Kitten example
-Active cat pushes the carousel (learning)
-Passive cat just watches and is along for the ride and doesn’t learn how it push the carousel
what three things were certain in Piaget’s theory?
-Qualitative (discontinuous) differences in thinking
-Invariant progression (Four stages in that order)
-Universal
what two things are cognitive change due to?
assimilation and accommodation