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Developmental Psychology > Unit 2 > Flashcards

Unit 2 Flashcards

1
Q

When is growth the most rapid?

A

infancy

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2
Q

what is Cephalocaudal growth?

A

Head develops before the legs
-head to toe (upper body gets stronger first)
-Head control happens first, then able to sit-up, walking happens later

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3
Q

what are four factors that can impact growth?

A

Heredity
Nutrition (breastfed vs formula)
Affection & stimulation from caregivers
Health

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4
Q

what is Proximodistal growth?

A

center of body outward
-Reaching, then grabbing, then picking up something small

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5
Q

what are the gross motor milestones? (4) What are the relative ranges?

A

Sit alone: 7 months
Creep / crawl: 10 months
Pull to stand: 12 months
Walk alone: 15 months

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6
Q

what are the fine motor milestones? (3) What are the relative ranges?

A

Reaching for objects: 4 months
Pincer grasp (use thumb to grasp): 7-9 months
Handedness: 2 years

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7
Q

what is universal when it comes to development? what is not universal?

A

ORDER OF EVENTS IS UNIVERSAL (timing of each event it not)

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8
Q

what is the outlier when it comes to development order?

A

crawling

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9
Q

what is the brain maturation view on development?

A

-Changes in skill depend on what has matured in the brain
-Supported by the fact that the consistent order of the milestones is universal regardless of experience
-The fact that we can speed up these milestones doesn’t support this view

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10
Q

what is the dynamic systems view on development?

A

Motor development results from a combination of factors
-A baby’s motor abilities depend on the brain, the muscles, the environment, the task a child faces, motivation, etc…
-Explains why we can speed up and slow down milestones

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11
Q

when it comes to the development of hearing, do they prefer speech stimuli or complex sounds?

A

speech

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12
Q

what age prenatally does hearing develop?

A

7-8 months

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13
Q

what was the DeCasper & Spence experiment?

A

-Moms read The Cat in the Hat aloud twice daily during last 1 ½ months of pregnancy
-When tested after birth, infants preferred to listen to mom read this particular story

When they increased sucking = Cat in the Hat played
preferred
When they decreased sucking = different story played

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14
Q

what is the visual acuity at birth?

A

20/450
-What a baby sees at 20 ft, is what we see at 450 ft

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15
Q

how can we tell what babies can see?

A

preferential looking

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16
Q

what is preferential looking?

A

Present two stimuli, and if infant looks longer at one, they can distinguish b/w the two and can see them

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17
Q

when does full color vision develop?

A

4-7 months

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18
Q

how do we test infants for what colors they can see?

A

Habituation and Color perception

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19
Q

what is habituation?

A

-Infant shown same / similar pictures until he / she gets bored
-Shown a different picture

Does the infant notice the change and increase looking time?

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20
Q

what is color perception and what experimenter tested this?

A

-based on that we perceive color categorically

Bornstein Experiment
-4-month-old infants were habituated to a 510 nm (light green) light
-Then either a 480 nm (blue) or a 540 nm (green) light was presented
-Dishabituation only occurred for the 480 nm (blue) light

Infants categorize colors like adults do!!

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21
Q

who is Jean Piaget?

A

-From Switzerland
-First to study children’s thinking in systematic way (cognitive)

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22
Q

what was Piaget’s constructivist theory?

A

Child constructs knowledge through interactions w/ environment
-Their action gives rise to their development (actively instead of passively)
-Have to put in the work

Kitten example
-Active cat pushes the carousel (learning)
-Passive cat just watches and is along for the ride and doesn’t learn how it push the carousel

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23
Q

what three things were certain in Piaget’s theory?

A

-Qualitative (discontinuous) differences in thinking
-Invariant progression (Four stages in that order)
-Universal

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24
Q

what two things are cognitive change due to?

A

assimilation and accommodation

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25
Q

what is assimilation?

A

Transforming incoming information so that it fits with previously held ways of thinking or acting (makes sense!)

EX: Anything with four legs is a dog

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26
Q

what is accommodation?

A

Adapting or modifying pre-existing way of thinking to deal with new information (Doesn’t make sense!)

EX: Getting told a specific four legged creature is a horse, not a dog

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27
Q

what are Piagets four stages of his theory? what ages are they from?

A

Sensorimotor (birth - 2)
Preoperational (2-7)
Concrete operational (7 - 11)
Formal operational (11+)

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28
Q

what is the sensorimotor stage?

A

birth-2yrs
-Infants understand world through their actions on it

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29
Q

what are the 6 substages of the sensorimotor stage?

A

reflexive schemes (birth-1mo)
primary circulatory rxns (1-4mo)
secondary circulatory rxns (4-8mo)
coordination of secondary circular reactions (8-12mo)
tertiary circular reactions (12-18mo)
mental representation (18-24mo)

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30
Q

what are reflexive schemes in the sensorimotor stage?

A

just infant reflexes

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31
Q

what are primary circulatory rxns?

A

Repeated bxs oriented towards own body that lead to satisfaction

EX: sucking your thumb, rubbing their body

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32
Q

what are secondary circulatory rxns?

A

-repeat interesting effects of “accidental” actions on environment
-fail object permanence task due to the failure to understand objects

EX: pulling a cat’s tail

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33
Q

what is object permanence?

A

-“Out of sight, out of mind” phenomenon
-If they don’t see it, they don’t think it exists

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34
Q

what is the coordination of secondary circular reactions substage?

A

-combine secondary rxns into complex action sequences
-goal-directed bx = coordinate schemes intentionally to solve problems (able to grab something and achieve the task)
-pass object permanence task
-fail the A not B task

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35
Q

what is the A not B task?

A

-Hide toy at A location, infant finds
-Hide toy at B location, searches back at A
-They search at A and not B

EX: box with two lids
Hide toy on the left lid = kid finds it (object permanence)
Hide toy on right lid = kid looks in left lid and can’t find toy

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36
Q

what are tertiary circular rxns?

A

Experimental and creative rxns
-Repeat events but not the same event

EX: Throw keys, they bounce
-Kid throws milk
-Kid throws peas, etc.

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37
Q

what is the mental representation substage?

A

Create mental images (symbols)
-use toys in a more representative way

EX: Using a toy phone and pretending it is a real phone

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38
Q

what is the preoperational stage?

A

2-7yrs
-development of representation
-a globe represents the world
-language development
-“Make believe” play
-strengthen new schemes, emotions, social development, cognitive abilities
-repeated questions with this age group can screw results!

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39
Q

what are eight characteristics of the preoperational stage?

A

-egocentrism
-animistic thinking
-difficulty distinguishing appearance and reality
-fails on conservation tasks
-not capable of operations
-not reversible
-centration*
-lack of hierarchical classification

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40
Q

what is egocentrism?

A

Inability to distinguish viewpoints of others from own viewpoint
-they think they are always right

3 mountains task

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41
Q

what is the 3 mountains task?

A

-Each mountain is a different color and size
-Child walks around these mountains and from each area of the room and see that they look different
-adult lays out pictures of the mountains and ask what the child’s viewpoint and what the adults viewpoint is
-they guess the same for both viewpoints

42
Q

what is animistic thinking?

A

-Believe inanimate objects have lifelike qualities
-Stuffed animals are real

43
Q

what is meant by difficulty distinguishing appearance and reality?

A

-an’t distinguish b/w a person and a costume

EX: HALLOWEEN, Disney world, Santa

44
Q

what are conservation tasks?

A

Lack understanding that physical characteristics remain same when appearance changes

EX: does the beaker have the same amount or more
EX: WINE GLASSES

45
Q

what is meant by not capable of operations?

A

-Cannot follow logical rules
-unable to combine or separate ideas
-Mental representations of actions that obey logical rules

46
Q

what is meant by not reversible?

A

-Unable to mentally go through steps in reverse
-Cannot mentally image the fluid being in the other beaker

47
Q

what is Centration?

A

focus on one aspect of situation and neglect other important features

EX: being interesting in the length of the row not the space b/w the crackers
Neglecting the width and only looking at the height of the beaker

48
Q

what is meant by lack of hierarchical classification?

A

-Cannot organize objects into classes and subclasses
-Difficulty with class inclusion problems

49
Q

what are inclusion problems?

A

More beads or blue beads?
-Kids say blue beads

50
Q

what is the Concrete Operational Stage?

A

7-11 yrs
-Major turning point in cognitive development
-Emergence of mental operations and logical thinking
-Thought is flexible, logical, and organized when applied to concrete information (items physically present)
-Not abstract thought

51
Q

what are three characteristics of the concrete operational stage?

A

-conservation
-hierarchical classification
-pass seriation tasks

52
Q

what is meant by conservation?

A

Children pass conservation tasks

53
Q

what are three things that kids have that allow them to pass conservation tasks?

A

Decentration
-take into account more than one dimension
EX: height and width

Reversibility
-Able to image operations in reverse
EX: They understand that the fluid amount was in the same in the other cup

Identity
-Appearance does not change amount
EX: seeing the fluid in one cup is the same even when poured in a different cup

54
Q

what is hierarchical classification?

A

Children can pass class inclusion problems

EX: beads!!
-Child says more beads!

55
Q

what are seriation tasks?

A

-Children can order items along a quantitative dimension
-Biggest to smallest (vice versa)
-If given the same task in a story problem, they do poorly due to the info not being CONCRETE (physically in front of them)

56
Q

in the Preoperational stage, what three tasks do they fail that concrete operational stage children pass?

A

conservation, class inclusion and seriation tasks

57
Q

what is the Formal Operational Stage?

A

11+
-Develop capacity for abstract, scientific thinking
-questioning and answering, why?, asking more questions off of one question

58
Q

what are three characteristics of the formal operational stage?

A

-Hypothetico-deductive reasoning
-Propositional thought
-pass the fish-tank experiment

59
Q

what is Hypothetico-deductive reasoning?

A

-Begin with general outcome, deduce specific hypotheses, and test in orderly fashion
-Scientific method!

EX: LAMP DOESN’T WORK
concrete child: change light bulb & still doesn’t work and gives up
Formal child: looks at outlet, checks the wires, see’s if powers out at neighbors

60
Q

what is Propositional thought?

A

-Can evaluate logic of statements w/o referring to everyday circumstances
-Understands made-up stories to solve the problem
-abstract thought

61
Q

what is the fish tank experiment?

A

What will float in a fish tank?

Concrete Kid: test items randomly (don’t order the objects along more abstract dimensions)
Formal Kid: systematically test things like surface area, weight, density, etc.

62
Q

what are some contributions to developmental psychology due to Piaget’s Theory?

A

-Started field of cognitive development
-Identified key areas of thinking that change with development & time
-Changed way we think about infants and children
-Looked more at how the kids actions on things shape their development
-Profound influence on early childhood education
-Child-centered focus, discovery learning

63
Q

what are some criticisms about Piaget’s Theory?

A

-Does development proceed in stages?
-Doesn’t take into account social context
-Ages of stages not quite right (children’s abilities not as limited as Piaget thought)
-He underestimated their development

Baillargeon proved that babies succeeded on object permanence much sooner (3 mo. compared to 8 mo.)

64
Q

who is Lev Vygostsky?

A

Russian psychologist (1896-1934)
-believed that development is based on social interactions (language)
-created the Sociocultural Theory

65
Q

what is the Sociocultural Theory?

A

Cognitive processes develop through joint activities with more mature / older partners
-Guided participation
-Internalization

66
Q

what is Internalization?

A

-Process by which social becomes more personalized / individual
-Parent initially gives child instructions

EX: tying your shoes, bunny song
-parent teaches them bunny song
-Child then says these instructions out loud when child is by themselves
-Finally, child uses “inner speech”
-doesn’t need to say instruction out loud anymore, they can just do it

67
Q

what are two things needed for dialogue for cognitive development?

A

-Intersubjectivity
-Scaffolding

68
Q

what is intersubjectivity?

A

Shared understanding of a task
-both parent and child are engaged in tying their shoe

69
Q

what is scaffolding?

A

Adult adjusts assistance to fit child’s current level of performance
-HELP and ASSISTANCE

70
Q

what is the Zone of Proximal Development?

A

-Range of tasks child cannot handle alone but can do with help / scaffolding of more skilled partner
-Should NOT assist on tasks they can do by themselves
-Should provide help for tasks they can’t do without help

71
Q

what are some contributions to developmental psychology due to Vygotsky’s Theory?

A

Focus on social interactions and contexts that facilitate cognitive development
-Profound impact on education
-Cooperative learning
-Reciprocal teaching

72
Q

what is the difference b/w piaget and vygotsky’s view on development?

A

Piaget: learn through independence
Vygotsky: learn through dependence

73
Q

what are the three components of language?

A
  1. Phonology
  2. Semantics
  3. Syntax
74
Q

what is phonology?

A

-starts at birth
-Rules governing structure and sequencing of speech sounds
-Uses phonemes = speech sounds (babbling)

Rake vs lake (r vs l)

75
Q

what two ways does phonology develop?

A

-Speech perception (hear the sounds)
-Categorical perception (organize the sounds)

76
Q

what is speech perception?

A

Hearing the sounds of the language
-Categorize language!

77
Q

what is categorical perception?

A

Classification of continuous stimuli into distinct categories with sharp boundaries
-One can discriminate stimuli b/w categories but not w/in a category
EX: Can see distinguish A (blue vs green) but not B (light blue vs dark blue)

78
Q

what is the categorical perception of “Ba” and “Pa” sounds?

A

Ba and Pa sounds are different
-they are able to distinguish this due to their native language categorization that develops later

79
Q

who can distinguish more phonemes, adults or babies?

A

babies!
-“Ra” and “La” sound the same to a Japanese adult, but different to a Japanese baby

80
Q

what is Habituation-dishabituation testing paradigm?

A

-Interest of the child changes when hearing “Ba” after being habituated to the “Pa” sound
-Measured with a high amplitude sucking (HAS)

81
Q

how do they test Infant Speech Perception? (AKA when children can distinguish all languages compared to just the native language)

A

Operant Conditioning
-Baby hears sounds (Ba, Da, Pa)
-they do sounds that they should be able to distinguish in native language (Ba, Da) and sounds in other languages (Da, Dah)
-When the sound changes, they flash cool lights and the baby turns their head
-They are conditioned to turn their head to the light
-Then start to delay the light and see if they turn their head when sound changes
-If they turn without the light, they can distinguish sounds

THINK ABOUT HOW YOU SAY ROOT BEER

82
Q

what age can babies only distinguish sounds of their own language?

A

10-12 months

83
Q

what is Semantics?

A

Putting sounds together to form words with meaning
-Using morphemes = word meanings (1+ phonemes)

Mom vs moms
I vs you

84
Q

by the age of 1, how many words can they say? how about a 2yr old, 3yr old, 4yr old, 5yr old?

A

1 year = 1 word
2 years = 300 words
3 years = 1000 years
4 years = many thousands
5 years = 10,000 words

85
Q

what is the word learning problem?

A

A word could refer to infinite number of referents (can refer to anything) which makes it hard for babies to learn

“Look at the gavagai”

86
Q

what are five ways to fix the word learning problem?

A

-Joint focus of attention
-Perceptual Features of Objects
-Principle of mutual exclusivity
-Syntactic Bootstrapping
-Infant-directed speech

87
Q

what is joint focus attention?

A

When an adult and child attend to the same object
-Adults: point and look at object she is referring to, or follow child’s focus and label it for the child
-Child: seek info (why), repeat, pointing

EX: both looking at the giraffe at the zoo, labeling correctly

87
Q

what is joint focus attention?

A

When an adult and child attend to the same object
-Adults: point and look at object she is referring to, or follow child’s focus and label it for the child
-Child: seek info (why), repeat, pointing

EX: both looking at the giraffe at the zoo, labeling correctly

88
Q

what is Perceptual Features of Objects?

A

Shape bias: using object’s shape to extend label to other examples

EX: balls (orange, basketball, tennis ball)
-Go based on the shape, not the color

89
Q

what is Principle of mutual exclusivity?

A

If children hear a word they don’t’ know and need to choose b/w 2 objects, choose object for which they don’t know the name for

EX: cow, block, blob?

90
Q

what is Syntactic Bootstrapping?

A

Observing how words used in sentences to figure out meaning

EX: “Ella and Noah wugged”
“Ella wugged Noah”

91
Q

what is Infant-directed speech?

A

Making language features more noticeable
-Baby talk helps them learn language!
-Exaggerate intonation and loudness
-Simple words & phrases
-Emotionally expressive

Makes them more engaged

92
Q

what is language like at 2 months?

A

Phonemes
-cooing (consent sounds, ah, oo)
-pleasant vowel-like noises
-production of sounds

93
Q

what is language like at 6 months?

A

Phonemes
-babbling (bababa, mamama, dadada)
-repetition of consonant
-vowel combinations

94
Q

what is language like at 12 months?

A

Semantics
-first words
-Learn average of 5 new words per day during infancy and childhood

95
Q

what age does a language explosion occur?

A

18-22 months

96
Q

what is Syntax?

A

Rules governing how words are arranged into sentences
-Using grammar = rules for combining words
-Rules of the language

97
Q

what is language like at 24 months?

A

Syntax
-combine words
-Telegraphic speech

98
Q

what is telegraphic speech?

A

Simple sentences (“more cookie”, “up mom”)

think of Kevin from the office

99
Q

what is language like at 4-5 years?

A

understand and produce most grammatical constructions
-complete sentences

100
Q

when language is developing, ________ PRECEDES _______

A

COMPREHENSION PRECEDES PRODUCTION

Developmental Psychology (6 decks)

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