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Bio 1 > Unit 3 > Flashcards

Unit 3 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are atoms composed of?

A

Protons, neutrons and electrons

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2
Q

What is the atomic mass?

A

The mass of neutrons and protons

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3
Q

What is an isotrope?

A

Atoms of the same element but different number of neutrons

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4
Q

What are the two types of ions?

A

Cations: positively charged, more protons than electrons
Anions: have more electrons than protons, negatively charged

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5
Q

What is oxidation and reduction?

A

Oxidation: loss of an electron=loss of energy
Reduction: gain of an electron=gain in energy

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6
Q

What is the octet rule? How does it affect the tendency to react?

A

The tendency of atoms to fill up their valence orbital. The fuller the orbital, the less reactive

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7
Q

What are the two possible chemical bonds?

A

Covalent: sharing of electrons
Ionic: attraction between oppositely charged ions

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8
Q

What is electronegativity?

A

An atoms attraction for electrons

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9
Q

What determines if a covalent bond will be polar/non-polar?

A

The difference in electronegativity

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10
Q

What are chemical reactions influenced by?

A

-temperature
-concentration of reactants/products
-presence of a catalyst

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11
Q

What are hydrogen bonds?

A

Weak attraction between the partial negative charge of O in H2O to the partial positive charge of H in another water molecule

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12
Q

Can hydrogen bonds only form between water?

A

No, it can form with another charged molecule

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13
Q

What is water adhesion and cohesion? What is it caused by?

A

Cohesion and adhesion: water sticks together because of hydrogen bonding
Caused by the polarity of water

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14
Q

What are the 6 properties of water?

A

1-high specific heat
2-high heat of vaporization
3-solid water is less dense than liquid water
4-water is a good solvent
5-organizes non-polar molecules
6-forms ions

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15
Q

What is the difference between hydrophobic and hydrophilic

A

The first fears water and the second loves it

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16
Q

What do we mean when we say that water organizes non-polar molecules

A

These molecules are hydrophobic and water causes them to aggregate or assume specific shapes

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17
Q

The bigger the H+ concentration

A

The lower the pH, the stronger the acid

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18
Q

Acid is a proton donor or acceptor?

A

Donor

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19
Q

What is a buffer?

A

A chemical that accepts/ releases H+ to keep pH constant. Usually composed of an acid and a base

20
Q

What is the seventh special trait of water

A

It can act as a buffer

21
Q

What are the 6 most common elements?

A

N CHOPS
-nitrogen
-carbon
-hydrogen
-oxygen
-phosphorus
-sulfur

22
Q

What are macromolecules

A

Large molecules constructed from smaller subunits

23
Q

What is the difference between polymers and monomers

A

Polymer:multiple subunits linked together
Monomer: one subunit

24
Q

What do you call the forming and breaking of macromolecules

A

Dehydration synthesis=formation
Hydrolysis=breaking molecules

25
Q

What are complex organic cells composed of?

A

C-H backbones/chains and functional groups

26
Q

What do functional groups do?

A

They react with other functional groups in water and give certain properties to the molecule

27
Q

What are three important aspects of carbon?

A

-basis of all know life
-forms up to 4 covalent bonds
-unreactive

28
Q

What metabolic functions does water carry out?

A

-digestion
-respiration
-photosynthesis
-reproduction

29
Q

What is surface tension on water caused by?

A

Its polarity making it cohesive/adhesive

30
Q

Name the 7 functional group

A

-amino
-carbonyl
-carboxyl
-hydroxyl
-phosphate
-sulfhydryl
-methyl group

31
Q

What are the two molecule families inside carbonyl?

A

Aldehydes and ketone

32
Q

Draw all molecule families

A
33
Q

What are the four types of macromolecules?

A

-carbohydrates
-lipids
-proteins
-nucleic acids

34
Q

What is the function of carbohydrates

A

-Energy source
-give structure to cell wall
-identification of specialized cells

35
Q

What is the function of lipids

A

-form the plasma membrane
-hormones
-store energy

36
Q

What is the function of nucleic acids

A

Information molecules

37
Q

What are steroids, what is their function?

A

They are lipids
-structure of plasma membrane
-chemical signalling (hormones)
-4 fused carbon rings

38
Q

What are some examples of carbohydrates?

A

-fruit sugars
-nuts
-seeds
-honey

39
Q

What are 4 different structures of carbohydrates?

A

-monosaccharides-make energy
-disaccharides-sugar transport
-oligosaccharides-cell identification
-polysaccharides -storage and structure

40
Q

What are the energy storage forms in animals and plants?

A

Glycogen and starch

41
Q

What are the structural CHO in plants, fungi and bacteria

A

Cellulose, chitin and peptidoglycan

42
Q

What are the characteristics of monosaccharides

A

-1:2:1 ratio of C H O
-many OH and one =C
-polar/ soluble in water
-makes energy

43
Q

What is an example of disaccharide

A

Sucrose-plants

44
Q

What is the characteristic of polysaccharides?

A

Its a long chain of carbons, used either for energy storage or structural support

45
Q

What are the 7 functions of proteins

A

-enzyme catalysis
-defence(antibodies)
-transport
-support(cytoskeleton)
-motion
-regulation
-storage

46
Q

What is endosymbiosis?

A

The theory that some of the organelles in eukaryotic cells were one prokaryotic microbes

47
Q

What proves endosymbiosis

A

Mitochondria and chloroplasts have their own DNA, which is circular
They also use binary fission

Bio 1 (13 decks)

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