Unit 2 vocab *unbolded* Flashcards
Metals
elements who are likely to donate electrons and have metallic properties; conductors, metallic luster, generally solid, ductile, malleable
Nonmetals
who are more likely to take on electrons; dull, brittle, insulative, multiple states
Metalloids
elements who have varied properties of each a metal and nonmetal
Diatomic Molecules
molecules only made of 2 atoms
chemical formula
combination of letters and #s that show which elements make up a compound
Chemical Equation
reaction of elements and compounds
chemical bonds
force that holds together atoms
covalent bonds
bond formed when atoms share one or more pairs of electrons; some covalent bonds can still be polar
ionic bond
attractive force between oppositely charged ions, which form when electrons are transferred from one atom or molecule to another
Heterogeneous Mixture
mixture in which two or more substances are not uniformly distributed
Homogeneous Mixture
having the same composition and properties throughout
solution
homogeneous mixture throughout which two or more substances are uniformly dispersed
alloy
solution made of two or more metals
Crystal
solid whose atoms, ions, or molecules are arranged in a regular, repeating pattern
silicon-oxygen tetrahedron
the basic unit of the structure of silicate minerals; a silicon ion chemically bonded to and surrounded by four oxygen ions
magnetism
some minerals are magnetic because of their iron content (not all iron containing minerals are magnetic)
radioactivity
some minerals are radioactive which release particles and energy
Bowen’s Reaction Series
simplified pattern that illustrates the order in which mineral crystallize from cooling magma according to their chemical composition and melting point
Chemical stability
measure of the tendency of a chemical compound to maintain its original chemical composition rather than break down to form a different chemical
Physical stability
the ability to withstand certain conditions and maintain their structure; due to natural weaknesses
Igneous Rock
rock that forms when magma cools and solidifies
partial melting
process by which different minerals melt in a rock at different ties
Fractional crystallization
process in which different chemical compounds are separated from a solution through crystallization
Intrusive Igneous Rocks
Rock formed from the cooling and solidification of magma IN earth’s surface
Extrusive Igneous rocks
Rock that forms from the cooling of solidification of lava AT Earth’s surface
Felsic
Describes magma or igneous rock that is rich in feldspars and silica and that is generally light in color
Mafic
describes magma or igneous rock that is rich in magnesium and iron and that is generally dark in color
Intermediate
Composition in between mafic and felsic
sedimentary rocks
made up of combinations of different types of sediment
Sediment
loose fragments of rock, minerals, and organic materials that results from natural processes
compaction
the process in which the volume and porosity of a sediment is decreased by the weight of overlying sediments as a result of burial beneath other sediments
Cementation
process in which minerals precipitate into pore spaces between sediment grains and bind sediments together to form rock
Sorting
tendency for currents of air or water to separate sediments according to size
Angularity
degree of rounding of a sediment
Depositional Environmen
place sediment is deposited
Stratification
layering of sedimentary rock
Cross-beds
layers of sedimentary rock that slant
Graded bedding
various sizes and kings of materials are deposited within a single layer
Ripple Marks
caused by the action of wind or water on sand
Mud cracks
cracks that exist in clay sediment due to water in environment that dries out
Conretions
Minerals or rocks that precipitate into a sedimentary rock that differ from the sedimentary rock themselves; often form when groundwater dissolves and deposits minerals
foliation
metamorphic rock texture in which mineral grains ARE arranged in planes or bands
Nonfoliated
metamorphic rock texture in which mineral grains are NOT arranged in planes or bands
Ore
natural material whose concentration of economically valuable minerals is high enough for the material to be mined profitably
Gemstones
mineral, rock, or organic material that can be used in jewelry or an ornament when it is cut and polished
Solar Energy
energy received by Earth from the sun in the form of radiation
Wind Energy
Wind turbines use the movement of air to convert wind energy to mechanical energy to generate electricity
Hydroelectric
electrical energy produced by the flow of water
Geothermal Energy
energy produced by heat within the Earth
Biomass
plant material, manure, or any other organic matter that is used as an energy source
Reclamation
when mining companies are required to return mined land to its original condition after mining is complete in order to reduce the damage done to ecosystems
Conservation
Preservation and wise use of natural resources
Recycling
process of recovering valuable or useful materials from waster or scrap; the process of reusing some items
Solar Collector
used in an active solar energy system
anthracite
the hardest form of coal
Permeable Rock
Has interconnected spaces through which liquids can flow
Petroleum
composed of liquid hydrocarbons
