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Physical Geology > Unit 2 vocab *unbolded* > Flashcards

Unit 2 vocab *unbolded* Flashcards

1
Q

Metals

A

elements who are likely to donate electrons and have metallic properties; conductors, metallic luster, generally solid, ductile, malleable

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2
Q

Nonmetals

A

who are more likely to take on electrons; dull, brittle, insulative, multiple states

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3
Q

Metalloids

A

elements who have varied properties of each a metal and nonmetal

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4
Q

Diatomic Molecules

A

molecules only made of 2 atoms

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5
Q

chemical formula

A

combination of letters and #s that show which elements make up a compound

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6
Q

Chemical Equation

A

reaction of elements and compounds

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7
Q

chemical bonds

A

force that holds together atoms

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8
Q

covalent bonds

A

bond formed when atoms share one or more pairs of electrons; some covalent bonds can still be polar

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9
Q

ionic bond

A

attractive force between oppositely charged ions, which form when electrons are transferred from one atom or molecule to another

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10
Q

Heterogeneous Mixture

A

mixture in which two or more substances are not uniformly distributed

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11
Q

Homogeneous Mixture

A

having the same composition and properties throughout

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12
Q

solution

A

homogeneous mixture throughout which two or more substances are uniformly dispersed

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13
Q

alloy

A

solution made of two or more metals

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14
Q

Crystal

A

solid whose atoms, ions, or molecules are arranged in a regular, repeating pattern

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15
Q

silicon-oxygen tetrahedron

A

the basic unit of the structure of silicate minerals; a silicon ion chemically bonded to and surrounded by four oxygen ions

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16
Q

magnetism

A

some minerals are magnetic because of their iron content (not all iron containing minerals are magnetic)

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17
Q

radioactivity

A

some minerals are radioactive which release particles and energy

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18
Q

Bowen’s Reaction Series

A

simplified pattern that illustrates the order in which mineral crystallize from cooling magma according to their chemical composition and melting point

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19
Q

Chemical stability

A

measure of the tendency of a chemical compound to maintain its original chemical composition rather than break down to form a different chemical

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20
Q

Physical stability

A

the ability to withstand certain conditions and maintain their structure; due to natural weaknesses

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21
Q

Igneous Rock

A

rock that forms when magma cools and solidifies

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22
Q

partial melting

A

process by which different minerals melt in a rock at different ties

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23
Q

Fractional crystallization

A

process in which different chemical compounds are separated from a solution through crystallization

24
Q

Intrusive Igneous Rocks

A

Rock formed from the cooling and solidification of magma IN earth’s surface

25
Extrusive Igneous rocks
Rock that forms from the cooling of solidification of lava AT Earth's surface
26
Felsic
Describes magma or igneous rock that is rich in feldspars and silica and that is generally light in color
27
Mafic
describes magma or igneous rock that is rich in magnesium and iron and that is generally dark in color
28
Intermediate
Composition in between mafic and felsic
29
sedimentary rocks
made up of combinations of different types of sediment
30
Sediment
loose fragments of rock, minerals, and organic materials that results from natural processes
31
compaction
the process in which the volume and porosity of a sediment is decreased by the weight of overlying sediments as a result of burial beneath other sediments
32
Cementation
process in which minerals precipitate into pore spaces between sediment grains and bind sediments together to form rock
33
Sorting
tendency for currents of air or water to separate sediments according to size
34
Angularity
degree of rounding of a sediment
35
Depositional Environmen
place sediment is deposited
36
Stratification
layering of sedimentary rock
37
Cross-beds
layers of sedimentary rock that slant
38
Graded bedding
various sizes and kings of materials are deposited within a single layer
39
Ripple Marks
caused by the action of wind or water on sand
40
Mud cracks
cracks that exist in clay sediment due to water in environment that dries out
41
Conretions
Minerals or rocks that precipitate into a sedimentary rock that differ from the sedimentary rock themselves; often form when groundwater dissolves and deposits minerals
42
foliation
metamorphic rock texture in which mineral grains ARE arranged in planes or bands
43
Nonfoliated
metamorphic rock texture in which mineral grains are NOT arranged in planes or bands
44
Ore
natural material whose concentration of economically valuable minerals is high enough for the material to be mined profitably
45
Gemstones
mineral, rock, or organic material that can be used in jewelry or an ornament when it is cut and polished
46
Solar Energy
energy received by Earth from the sun in the form of radiation
47
Wind Energy
Wind turbines use the movement of air to convert wind energy to mechanical energy to generate electricity
48
Hydroelectric
electrical energy produced by the flow of water
49
Geothermal Energy
energy produced by heat within the Earth
50
Biomass
plant material, manure, or any other organic matter that is used as an energy source
51
Reclamation
when mining companies are required to return mined land to its original condition after mining is complete in order to reduce the damage done to ecosystems
52
Conservation
Preservation and wise use of natural resources
53
Recycling
process of recovering valuable or useful materials from waster or scrap; the process of reusing some items
54
Solar Collector
used in an active solar energy system
55
anthracite
the hardest form of coal
56
Permeable Rock
Has interconnected spaces through which liquids can flow
57
Petroleum
composed of liquid hydrocarbons

Physical Geology (10 decks)

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