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Physical Geology > Unit 2 vocab *unbolded* > Flashcards

Unit 2 vocab *unbolded* Flashcards

1
Q

Metals

A

elements who are likely to donate electrons and have metallic properties; conductors, metallic luster, generally solid, ductile, malleable

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2
Q

Nonmetals

A

who are more likely to take on electrons; dull, brittle, insulative, multiple states

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3
Q

Metalloids

A

elements who have varied properties of each a metal and nonmetal

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4
Q

Diatomic Molecules

A

molecules only made of 2 atoms

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5
Q

chemical formula

A

combination of letters and #s that show which elements make up a compound

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6
Q

Chemical Equation

A

reaction of elements and compounds

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7
Q

chemical bonds

A

force that holds together atoms

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8
Q

covalent bonds

A

bond formed when atoms share one or more pairs of electrons; some covalent bonds can still be polar

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9
Q

ionic bond

A

attractive force between oppositely charged ions, which form when electrons are transferred from one atom or molecule to another

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10
Q

Heterogeneous Mixture

A

mixture in which two or more substances are not uniformly distributed

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11
Q

Homogeneous Mixture

A

having the same composition and properties throughout

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12
Q

solution

A

homogeneous mixture throughout which two or more substances are uniformly dispersed

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13
Q

alloy

A

solution made of two or more metals

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14
Q

Crystal

A

solid whose atoms, ions, or molecules are arranged in a regular, repeating pattern

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15
Q

silicon-oxygen tetrahedron

A

the basic unit of the structure of silicate minerals; a silicon ion chemically bonded to and surrounded by four oxygen ions

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16
Q

magnetism

A

some minerals are magnetic because of their iron content (not all iron containing minerals are magnetic)

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17
Q

radioactivity

A

some minerals are radioactive which release particles and energy

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18
Q

Bowen’s Reaction Series

A

simplified pattern that illustrates the order in which mineral crystallize from cooling magma according to their chemical composition and melting point

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19
Q

Chemical stability

A

measure of the tendency of a chemical compound to maintain its original chemical composition rather than break down to form a different chemical

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20
Q

Physical stability

A

the ability to withstand certain conditions and maintain their structure; due to natural weaknesses

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21
Q

Igneous Rock

A

rock that forms when magma cools and solidifies

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22
Q

partial melting

A

process by which different minerals melt in a rock at different ties

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23
Q

Fractional crystallization

A

process in which different chemical compounds are separated from a solution through crystallization

24
Q

Intrusive Igneous Rocks

A

Rock formed from the cooling and solidification of magma IN earth’s surface

25
Q

Extrusive Igneous rocks

A

Rock that forms from the cooling of solidification of lava AT Earth’s surface

26
Q

Felsic

A

Describes magma or igneous rock that is rich in feldspars and silica and that is generally light in color

27
Q

Mafic

A

describes magma or igneous rock that is rich in magnesium and iron and that is generally dark in color

28
Q

Intermediate

A

Composition in between mafic and felsic

29
Q

sedimentary rocks

A

made up of combinations of different types of sediment

30
Q

Sediment

A

loose fragments of rock, minerals, and organic materials that results from natural processes

31
Q

compaction

A

the process in which the volume and porosity of a sediment is decreased by the weight of overlying sediments as a result of burial beneath other sediments

32
Q

Cementation

A

process in which minerals precipitate into pore spaces between sediment grains and bind sediments together to form rock

33
Q

Sorting

A

tendency for currents of air or water to separate sediments according to size

34
Q

Angularity

A

degree of rounding of a sediment

35
Q

Depositional Environmen

A

place sediment is deposited

36
Q

Stratification

A

layering of sedimentary rock

37
Q

Cross-beds

A

layers of sedimentary rock that slant

38
Q

Graded bedding

A

various sizes and kings of materials are deposited within a single layer

39
Q

Ripple Marks

A

caused by the action of wind or water on sand

40
Q

Mud cracks

A

cracks that exist in clay sediment due to water in environment that dries out

41
Q

Conretions

A

Minerals or rocks that precipitate into a sedimentary rock that differ from the sedimentary rock themselves; often form when groundwater dissolves and deposits minerals

42
Q

foliation

A

metamorphic rock texture in which mineral grains ARE arranged in planes or bands

43
Q

Nonfoliated

A

metamorphic rock texture in which mineral grains are NOT arranged in planes or bands

44
Q

Ore

A

natural material whose concentration of economically valuable minerals is high enough for the material to be mined profitably

45
Q

Gemstones

A

mineral, rock, or organic material that can be used in jewelry or an ornament when it is cut and polished

46
Q

Solar Energy

A

energy received by Earth from the sun in the form of radiation

47
Q

Wind Energy

A

Wind turbines use the movement of air to convert wind energy to mechanical energy to generate electricity

48
Q

Hydroelectric

A

electrical energy produced by the flow of water

49
Q

Geothermal Energy

A

energy produced by heat within the Earth

50
Q

Biomass

A

plant material, manure, or any other organic matter that is used as an energy source

51
Q

Reclamation

A

when mining companies are required to return mined land to its original condition after mining is complete in order to reduce the damage done to ecosystems

52
Q

Conservation

A

Preservation and wise use of natural resources

53
Q

Recycling

A

process of recovering valuable or useful materials from waster or scrap; the process of reusing some items

54
Q

Solar Collector

A

used in an active solar energy system

55
Q

anthracite

A

the hardest form of coal

56
Q

Permeable Rock

A

Has interconnected spaces through which liquids can flow

57
Q

Petroleum

A

composed of liquid hydrocarbons

Physical Geology (10 decks)

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