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Physical Geology > Unit 2 Vocab *bolded* > Flashcards

Unit 2 Vocab *bolded* Flashcards

1
Q

Chemical Properties

A

Characteristics that describe how a substance reacts with other substances to make new substances

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2
Q

Ion

A

Atom or molecule that has a - or + charge

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3
Q

Isotope

A

atom with the same # of protons but a different number of neutrons as other atoms of the same element

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4
Q

Neutron

A

Neutral charge subatomic particle

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5
Q

Electron

A
  • charge subatomic particle
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6
Q

unified atomic mass unit (u)

A

unit of measure for the mass of subatomic particles

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7
Q

physical properties

A

characteristics that can be observed without changing the substance

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8
Q

Atomic #

A

The # of protons in the nucleus of an atom

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9
Q

Proton

A

+ charge subatomic particle

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10
Q

Mass #

A

the sum of the # of protons and neutrons in an atom

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11
Q

Fracture

A

The way in which a mineral breaks along irregular or curved surfaces

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12
Q

Streak

A

The color of a mineral in powdered form

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13
Q

radioactivity

A

the decay of a mineral’s unstable atomic nuclei over time

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14
Q

Density

A

the ratio of mass to volume in a substance

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15
Q

Magnetism

A

the ability of a mineral to attract iron

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16
Q

chatoyancy

A

the cat’s-eye effect in minerals

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17
Q

cleavage

A

the tendency of a mineral to form smooth, flat surfaces along breaks

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18
Q

fluorescence

A

the ability of a mineral to glow under ultraviolet light

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19
Q

luster

A

the way in which a mineral reflects light

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20
Q

asterism

A

the appearance of a six-sided star shape when a mineral reflects light

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21
Q

Matter

A

anything that has mass and takes up space

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22
Q

element

A

a substance that cannot be separated or broken down into simpler substances by chemical means

23
Q

Atom

A

smallest unit of an element that maintains the chemical properties of that element

24
Q

Periods

A

horizontal rows on the periodic table

25
Q

Groups

A

vertical columns on periodic table; determines the chemical property

26
Q

Valence electrons

A

the # of outermost electrons in the atom’s electron cloud

27
Q

Compounds

A

substance that is made of 2 or more elements that are joined by chemical bonds between the atoms of those elements

28
Q

Molecule

A

made up of atoms that are chemically bonded together

29
Q

mixture

A

combination of 2 or more substance that are NOT chemically combined

30
Q

Half-Life

A

the time taken for the radioactivity of a specific isotope to fall to half its original value

31
Q

radiometric dating

A

method of determining the absolute age of an object by comparing the relative percentages of a radioactive (parent) isotope and a stable (daughter) isotope

32
Q

Mineral

A

a natural, usually inorganic solid that has a characteristic chemical composition, an orderly internal structure, and a characteristic set of physical properties

33
Q

silicate minerals

A

a mineral that DOES contains a combination of silicon and oxygen and that may also contain one or more metals

34
Q

Nonsilicate minerals

A

a mineral that does NOT contain compounds of silicon and oxygen

35
Q

Mineralogists

A

a person who examines, analyzes, and classifies minerals

36
Q

Hardness

A

the measure of the ability of a mineral to resist scratching

37
Q

crystal structure

A

a crystal will grow in very specific/ particular predictable pattern

38
Q

Phosphorescence

A

some minerals will continue to glow after UV light is turned off; indicates phosphorous containing minerals

39
Q

Double Refraction

A

light rays that pass through certain transparent minerals and interact differently

40
Q

chemical sedimentary rock

A

sedimentary rock that forms when minerals precipitate from a solution or settle from a suspension

41
Q

Organic sedimentary rock

A

sedimentary rock that forms from the remains of plants or animals

42
Q

Clastic sedimentary rock

A

sedimentary rock that forms when fragments of preexisting rocks are compacted or cemented together

43
Q

Metamorphism

A

process in which one type of rock changes into metamorphic rock because of chemical processes or changes in temperature and pressure

44
Q

contact metamorphism

A

a change in the texture, structure, or chemical composition of a rock due to contact with magma

45
Q

regional metamorphism

A

a change in the texture, structure, or chemical composition of a rock due to changes in temperature and pressure over a large area, generally as a result of tectonic forces

46
Q

Nonrenewable resources

A

a resource that forms at a rate that is much slower than the rate at which the resource is consumed

47
Q

fossil fuels

A

nonrenewable energy resource formed from the remains of organisms that lived long ago; made up of hydrocarbons

48
Q

coal

A

most commonly burned fossil fuel made from the remains of once living plants

49
Q

Petroleum and Natural Gas

A

Microorganisms and plants died in shallow prehistoric oceans and lakes, their remains accumulated on the ocean floor and lake bottoms eventually buried by sediment

50
Q

nuclear energy

A

energy that is produced from the interaction of atomic nuclei, typically the break down of atoms

51
Q

nuclear fission

A

process by which the nucleus of a heavy atom SPLITS into two or more fragments; releases neutrons and energy

52
Q

nuclear fusion

A

process by which nuclei of small atoms combine to form a new, more massive nucleus; process releases energy

53
Q

renewable resources

A

natural resource that can be replaced at the same rate at which the resource is consumed

54
Q

rock

A

made most of solid parts and minerals

Physical Geology (10 decks)

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