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Living Sys./Bio | 09. > Unit 2 Test > Flashcards

Unit 2 Test Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 4 Macromolecules?

A
  • Carbohydrates
  • Lipids
  • Proteins
  • Nucleic Acids
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2
Q

What are the Monomers of Carbohydrates?

A

Single sugars called Monosaccharides

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3
Q

What are the Monomers of Lipids?

A

Fatty acids and Glycerol

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4
Q

What are the Monomers of Proteins?

A

Amino Acids

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5
Q

What are the Monomers of Nucleic Acids?

A

Nucleotides

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6
Q

What are Polymers of Carbohydrates?

A

Polysaccharides (3 or more Monosaccharides bonded together)

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7
Q

What are Polymers of Lipids?

A

Triglycerides

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8
Q

What are Polymers of Proteins?

A

Polypeptide Chain

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9
Q

What are Polymers of Nucleic Acids?

A

Deoxyribonucleic Acids (DNA) and Ribonucleic Acids (RNA), also serving as examples of Nucleic Acids.

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10
Q

What is a Monomer?

A

A (small) molecule that can bone with identical molecules to form a polymer. (Through Dehydration Synthesis)

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11
Q

What is a Polymer?

A

A substance resulting from the repeated bonding of Monomers, forming in different shapes and sizes.

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12
Q

How do Monomers turn into Polymers?

A

By bonding through a process known as “Deydration Synthesis”

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13
Q

What is Dehydration Synthesis?

A

The process in which Monomers bond together through releasing water molecules between them.

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14
Q

Why is Hydrolysis?

A

The process in which bonds between Monomers are broken due to water penetrating through them, breaking down Polymers into Monomers.

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15
Q

Are the shapes (forms) of various Macromolecules important? If yes, why?

A

Yes, shapes are very important for Macromolecules. This is because SHAPE DETERMINES FUNCTION.

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16
Q

What is the Dimer of Carbohydrates?

A

Disaccharides

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17
Q

What is a Dimer?

A

Two Monomers formed together (REMEMBER: “Di” means “two”, just like “bi”)

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18
Q

What is the difference between Polymers and Dimers?

A
  • Dimers: Two monomers
  • Polymers: Three or more monomers
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19
Q

What is the Dimer of Proteins?

A

Dipeptides

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20
Q

What are the Function(s) of Carbohydrates?

A

They act as the body’s primary source of energy, being formed in photosynthesis and broken down in cellular respiration.

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21
Q

What are the Function(s) of Lipids?

A

They act as (long term) energy storage compartments, while also being able to be broken down to yield large amount of energy.

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22
Q

What are the Function(s) of Proteins?

A

They act in many different ways, helping to repair the body, coordinating functions, allowing metabolic reactions to take place, and so on.

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23
Q

What is the shape of a Carbohydrate? (Monosaccharides)

A

It is shaped like a hexagon

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24
Q

What is the Shape of a Carbohydrate? (Polysaccharides)

A

They are shaped relatively similar to Monosaccharides, just being branched together. They may be Linear or Branched (Hexagons)

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25
Q

What is the Dimer of Lipids?

A

Diglycerides

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26
Q

What is the Shape of Lipids? (Fatty Acid)

A

They are ball-shaped with protrusions around them, like a booger with pimples.

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27
Q

What is the Shape of Lipids? (Triglycerides)

A

The Fatty Acid molecules form together to form 3 lines, (Saturated and Unsaturated).

  • Saturated: Stable looking, generally forming a horizontally elongated “E”
  • Unsaturated: Unstable looking “E”, twisty-turny and going in multiple directions.
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28
Q

What is the difference between Saturated and Unsaturated Fatty Acid? (Lipids)

A
  • Saturated: Lack double-acid bond, remaining solid (like butter)
  • Unsaturated: Having at least one double-bond in the chain, making it liquid at room temperature (like vegetable oil)
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29
Q

What is the Shape of Proteins? (Amino Acids)

A

On a diagram, they look like Circles.

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30
Q

What is the Shape of Proteins? (Polypeptide Chain)

A

It is just a chain with bonded Amino Acids, probably “squiggling” around on a diagram.

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31
Q

What is the Shape of Nucleic Acid? (Nucleotides)

A

Shaped like a Pentagon, with a Phosphate group (Circle), Pentose Sugar (Pentagon) and Nitrogenous Base (Rectangle)

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32
Q

What is the Shape of Nucleic Acid? (Polymer)

A

Twisty-turny shapes with Nucleobases inside.

  • DNA: Twisty-turny ladder, having both sides and two Nucleobase pairs
  • RNA: Twisty-turny looking stairs, missing a side, with only one side of Nucleobases
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33
Q

What is the Shape of Proteins? (Globular Protein)

A

They look like a bunch of clumped-together Amino Acids. (REMEMBER: GLOBBBular, for a big glob of linked Amino Acids)

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34
Q

What kind of Molecules are Carbohydrates?

A

Polar (unevenly shared) Molecules

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35
Q

What does it mean for a Molecule to be Hydophobic?

A

Hydrophobic: Water Fearing

These molecules ARE NOT soluble in water.

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36
Q

What does it mean for a Molecule to be Hydrophilic?

A

Hydrophilic: Water Loving

These molecules prefer water more than any other solvents, and WILL dissolve in water

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37
Q

What are Phospholipids and where are they located?

A

A Lipid containing a phosphate group in its molecule, found in the cell membrane, causing two non-polar fatty acid tails to form instead of 3

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38
Q

How many bonds can Carbon make?

A

4 Bonds

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39
Q

What shape(s) does Carbon make when bonded?

A

It forms a Line shape (2D) or Tetrahedral shape (3D) (they look like spike traps)

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40
Q

What is a Carboxyl group?

A

A combination of two functional groups attached to a single Carbon atom

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41
Q

Carbons are “the element of _____”, why are they known as this?

A

They are known as the element of Life, they are known as this due to their presence in all biomolecules

42
Q

What are Isomers?

A

Atomic nuclei with the same chemical formula, but different structures.

43
Q

What are Steroids in Lipids?

A

4 fused Carbon Rings, being lipids because they are non-polar, making cholesterol and many hormones

44
Q

What is the Light Dependent Phase (LDP)?

A

The first phase of photosynthesis that converts light energy (usually from the sun) into chemical energy (ATP and NADPH)

45
Q

Where does the Light Dependent Phase take place?

A

It takes place in the Thylakoid Membranes (or Grana) of the Chloroplasts (In the leaves of the plant)

46
Q

What is the Light Independent Phase (LIP)?

A

The second and last phase of photosynthesis in which the converted chemical energy (ATP and NADPH) are synthesized into Carbohydrates (Glucose)

47
Q

Where does the Light Independent Phase take place?

A

It takes place in the Stroma of the Chloroplast

48
Q

How are the two phases of Photosynthesis linked? (LDP and LIP)

A

These two phases are linked due to the LDP converting light energy into ATP and NADPH, which is then converted to Carbohydrates (Glucose) through the LIP

49
Q

What is the (balanced) Chemical Equation for Photosynthesis?

A

6CO2 + 6H2O -> C6H12O6 + 602

50
Q

Which molecule (pigments) capture light energy?

A

Chlorophyll

51
Q

Where in a plant cell does Photosynthesis take place?

A

The Chloroplast

52
Q

What form of energy is light energy being converted into through Photosynthesis?

A

Carbohydrates (Glucose) as food for the plant, along with Oxygen as waste released into the atmosphere

53
Q

Why does Photosynthesis make plants green?

A

This is due to the Chlorophyll refusing to absorb green wavelengths of white light, resulting in them being transferred to the plant’s physical appearance instead.

54
Q

What is the ATP/ADP cycle?

A

ATP breaks off the 3rd phosphate group (ENERGY RELEASED), helping to form ADP, which then absorbs the energy back in to form ADP, and so on.

  1. ATP releases energy
  2. The leftovers from energy released turn into ADP
  3. ADP absorbs new energy back into itself, turning back in ATP
  4. The cycle repeats
55
Q

What is the difference between ATP and ADP?

A

ATP has all phosphate groupings intact, while ADP contains a lone phosphate group. ATP also holds more stored energy.

56
Q

What are the parts of ATP/ADP?

A

ATP - (1) Adenine molecule, (1) Ribose molecule, (3) Phosphate molecules

ADP - (1) Adenine molecule, (1) Ribose molecule, (2) Phosphate groups, (1) Lone Phosphate group

57
Q

Where is energy stored in ATP?

A

It is stored in the bond that is found between the 2nd and 3rd phosphate groups.

58
Q

What is the Mitochondria made of?

A

The Mitochondria consists of an Outer Membrane, Inner Membrane, Cristae, Matrix, and DNA.

59
Q

By what process is Glucose broken down?

A

Aerobic Cellular Respiration

60
Q

What is the (balanced) formula for cellular respiration?

A

C6H12O6 + (6)O2 -> (6)CO2 + (6)H2O

61
Q

What are the 3 basic steps of Cellular Respiration?

A
  1. Glycolysis
  2. Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle)
  3. The Electron Transport Chain
62
Q

What happens in Glycolysis and where does it take place?

A

Glucose is split for it’s energy to be captured into ATP Pyruvate. It occurs in the Cytoplasm.

63
Q

What happens in the Krebs Cycle and where does it take place?

A

Absorbs Pyruvate formed from Glycolysis and produces 3 things: Carbon dioxide, a small amount of ATP, and NADH + FADH. It occurs in the Mitochondria.

64
Q

What happens in The Electron Transport Chain and where does it take place?

A

It finally breaks down glucose and produces sugar in the form of ATP, to be absorbed as nutrients. It takes place in the mitochondria

65
Q

How many ATPs are formed from one glucose molecule?

A

36

66
Q

What is cellular respiration in a simple definition?

A

A controlled release of energy (breaking down glucose), in the form of ATP, from organic compounds in cells

67
Q

What is the difference between Aerobic and Anaerobic Respiration?

A

Aerobic: With Oxygen

Anaerobic: Without Oxygen

68
Q

What builds up in your body when it undergoes Anaerobic Respiration, causing pain and soreness?

A

Lactic Acid

69
Q

What is stored in Chemical Bonds? (Atoms)

A

Chemical (potential) Energy, which allows connections to be made with other atoms

70
Q

What is Matter?

A

A substance made up of various particles that occupies space and has intertia

71
Q

What is Energy?

A

The ability (in Matter) to cause change, do work, and cause reactions

72
Q

What is an Atom’s Atomic Number?

A

The number of protons in an Atom’s nucleus, being easily identifiable on a periodic table as the number above an Atom’s Chemical Symbol

73
Q

How do you find an Atom’s Mass Number?

A

The Mass Number of an Atom can be found by rounding it’s Atomic Mass to the nearest tenth. (e.g., an Atom with an Atomic Mass of 107.87 will have a Mass Number of #108)

74
Q

How do you find the amount of Neutrons within an Atom?

A

The number of Neutrons within an Atom is equal to The Rounded Atomic Mass (Mass Number) - The Atomic Number

75
Q

How do you find the amount of Protons within an Atom?

A

The number of Protons within an atom is equal to it’s Atomic Number

76
Q

How do you find the amount of Electrons within an Atom?

A

The number of Electrons within an atom is equal to the Atomic Number minus it’s charge.

(REMEMBER: ALL ELEMENTS ON THE PERIODIC TABLE HAVE A CHARGE OF 0, SO THE ELECTRON AMOUNT WILL BE EQUAL TO THAT OF THE ATOMIC NUMBER)

77
Q

What’s the difference between Ionic and Covalent bonding?

A

Ionic Bonds: Bonds being held together by two Ions with different charges (just like how opposites attract with magnets)

Covalent Bonds: Bonds being held together by the sharing of electron(s) between Atoms

78
Q

What is an Ion?

A

A charged Atom or Molecule, it is charged because the amount of Electrons to not match the amount of Protons

79
Q

How many Bonds can Carbon form?

A

Carbon can form up to 4 Bonds

80
Q

What Macromolecules is Carbon found in?

A

All of them! That’s why Carbon is known as “The Element of Life”

81
Q

What are Enzymes?

A

Biological Catalysts that speed up the rate of which reactions occur

82
Q

How do Enzymes work?

A

They invite Substrates into their active sites and hold them in a way that speeds up their reaction time, causing bond-breaking and bond-forming processes to occur more rapidly (through lowering activation time), which is why they are Catalysts

83
Q

What is Activation Energy?

A

The amount of energy needed before a reaction can occur

84
Q

How do Enzymes affect Activation?

A

Enzymes speed up the rate of the buildup of Activation Energy, causing reactions to happen faster.

(REMEMBER: The graph we did in class for notes, instead of long uphill and long downhill, Enzymes turn that into medium/low uphill and medium/low downhill repeatedly)

85
Q

What are 3 factors that can determine/alter an Enzyme’s functionality?

A
  • Temperature
  • pH Levels
  • Salt Concentration
86
Q

What is Inhibition and what does it do?

A

Inhibition are the 3 different ways an Enzyme or Enzymes can Inhibit (bind to) a Substrate

87
Q

What is a Substrate?

A

A Molecule that reacts with an Enzyme through binding to it’s reactant site

88
Q

What are the 3 different types of Inhibition?

A
  • Competitive Inhibition - A Competitive Inhibitor races another Substrate to bind with an Enzyme’s Active Site
  • Noncompetitive Inhibition - A Noncompetitive Inhibitor allows the Substrate to bind with an Enzyme’s Active Site, while binding with the Enzyme’s Allosteric Site instead
  • Feedback Inhibition - A Feedback Inhibitor alerts the Enzyme to stop working when Substrate buildup occurs
89
Q

Can Enzymes be reused after serving it’s purpose once?

A

Yes, they can, reactions DO NOT use up Enzymes

90
Q

What are the two Enzyme sites?

A
  • Active Site - The site in which Substrate binding occurs for an Enzyme to do it’s job properly
  • Allosteric Site: The site that’s everything else beside an Enzyme’s Active Site (Noncompetitive Inhibitors bind here)
91
Q

What is the Induced Fit Model or “Lock ‘n Key”?

A

A model for Enzyme-Substrate interactions in which the Enzyme and Substrate both have specific shape designs that fit perfectly into one another, blocking out all other Substrates, hence “Lock ‘n Key”

92
Q

Which foods supply different Macromolecules?

A
  • Carbohydrates - Grains, fruits, dairy products
  • Lipids - Oils and fats (Peanut butter, nuts, canola oil, and soy are examples)
  • Protein - Animal Based Foods (Meat, poultry, fish, eggs, etc.)
  • Nucleic Acid - Seafood, legumes, mushrooms, meat
93
Q

What is Granum?

A

Thylakoid stacks (usually of 3 on a diagram), connected by Stromal Lamellae (Lamella)

94
Q

What is Thylakoid?

A

Individual oval-shaped figured that are (usually) in sets of 3 on a diagram

95
Q

What is Stroma?

A

Fluid within a chloroplast, being locked in by the inner membrane

96
Q

What is Inter-membrane Space?

A

The space between the inner and outer membrane

97
Q

What is Stromal Lamellae?

A

Connections between Granum

98
Q

Is energy stored or released in Photosynthesis?

A

Stored, being released in cellular respiration (in organisms)

99
Q

What is Stoma?

A

Pores on the underside of plant leaves opened and closed by guard cells

100
Q

What is Stomata?

A

Plural of Stoma, just a collection of them. They are in charge of gas exchanges between the plant and the atmosphere. (O2 and CO2)

Living Sys./Bio | 09. (8 decks)

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