Unit 2 Teachers Q’s Flashcards
Reactions that require the input of energy
Endergonic
Endergonic Reactions are a ——- process, which ——- energy, ——- entropy with a —— ^deltaG
Non-spontaneous
Require
Decrease entropy
Positive delta G
Building ATP or proteins
Absorbs energy from its surroundings
Is an example of…
Endergonic chemical reaction
“Energy Inward”
The type of inhibition that happens when an inactive molecule sits in an active site of an enzyme
Competitive inhibition
True or False: Many inhibitors can bind reversible to enzymes?
True
*Enzyme regulation: control over enzyme activity to direct metabolism
*Many inhibitors can bind reversibility to enzymes
Non-reactive molecule binds elsewhere altering the enzyme shape so the substrate can’t fit. A chemical reaction can’t occur.
Non-Competitive Allosteric Regulation Inhibition
*Enzyme regulation: control over enzyme activity to direct metabolism
*Many inhibitors can bind reversibility to enzymes
*End product binds to enzyme, halting further reactions
*Prevents overproduction of substances.
*Done in cells to slow down metabolic processes
*Changes the proteins shape and activity
* can bind to active or allosteric site.
Feedback Inhibition
*Enzyme regulation: control over enzyme activity to direct metabolism
*Many inhibitors can bind reversibility to enzymes
Active site adjusts slightly to fit substrate, then releases product
Induced Fit Model
——- are things that help chemical reactions take place but are not used up/ changed in the process
Catalysts / Enzymes
Breaking down glucose into small pieces to extract energy would be what kind of metabolic reaction
Catabolic
Reactions that happen spontaneously
Exergonic
The chemical reaction that increases entropy
Exogenic (Spontaneous)
The chemical reaction that releases energy
Exergonic
ATP sHydrolysis (ATP → ADP + Pi) Exergonic
Releases energy (-ΔG)
Powers cellular work
The chemical reaction that has a negative delta G
Exergonic
Total equilibrium with surroundings equals death happens in what type of solutions
Isotonic solutions
The Enzymes active site functions:
Synthesis: combine substrates into larger products
Decomposition: breaking down substrates into smaller ones
The process of adding phosphate to something
Phosphorylation
ATP Hydrolysis cycle
*—— process
*ATP—>______ +_____ +_____
* The breaking of _____ bonds provide _____ for other cellular reactions
Spontaneous
ADP+Pi (inorganic phosphate) + energy
Phosphate
Energy
ATP Regeneration cycle:
*—— process
*——-+_____+_____ —->ATP
*Energy from food (electrons) ____ —— to reform ATP
*Electrons brought in from the environment allow a ____ to be added
ATP Regeneration cycle:
*non-spontaneous process
*ADP+Pi+Energy —->ATP
*Energy from food (electrons) phosphorylates ADP to reform ATP
*Electrons brought in from the environment allow a phosphate to be added
Energy from food (electrons)____ADP to reform ATP
Energy from food (electrons) phosphorylates ADP to reform ATP
Linking amino acids together would be what kind of metabolic reaction?
Anabolic
Energy being used to power motion/activity
Kinetic
Energy that is stored and not being used
Potential
The type of energy that is often lost during energy transformation processes
Thermal
-subcategory of kinetic
______: energy released when molecules move. E.g. during bind breaking or formation.
Thermal Energy (Heat)
A clean room is an example of
High or Low Entropy?
Low Entropy,
Decreases entropy
Endergonic
Cleaning your room non-spontaneous, requires energy
Positive Delta G
Absorbs energy from its surroundings
Building ATP or proteins
A messy room is an example of
A spontaneous process
No energy required, it happens naturally overtime.
Fats are made of this molecule and fatty acids
Glycerol
This type of solution has more solute than the solution inside the cell
Hypertonic
Most of the membrane is made of this type of molecule
Phospholipid
These types of proteins go all the way through the lipid bilayer and often extend from the outside to the inside of the cell
Integral protein
This term is used to describe the movement of water with this concentration granite
Osmosis
What type of bonds stabilize beta-pleated sheets?
Hydrogen bonds between the backbone atoms of polypeptide chains.
This type of transport uses energy
Active
This term describes the characteristics of membranes that allows certain things to pass through them
Permeability
This molecule helps with stability during temperature changes
Cholesterol
This type of transport brings in large solid substances
Phagocytosis
This term is used to describe a lipid attached to a sugar
Glycolipid
These are tunnel like structures that let certain substances in and keep others out
Channel proteins
This term is used to describe a sugar attached to a protein
Glycoprotein
Molecules that have both hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions are often referred to this term
Amphipathic
This is the term we used to describe the working model of membrane
Fluid mosaic
This type of active transfer brings in liquids
Pinocytosis
Cells would use this process to get rid of wastes
exocytosis
Components of the membrane, including lipids and proteins, can move laterly within the layer.
The membrane is made up of various components, like lipids proteins, and carbohydrates that contribute to its structure and function.
Fluid Mosaic Model
Which process is responsible for the movement of water across a cell membrane from a region of high water concentration to a region of low water concentration?
A) Diffusion
B) Osmosis
C) Active transport
Osmosis (A specific type of Diffusion)
What type of solution would cause a cell to swell and potentially burst?
A) Hypertonic
B) Hypotonic
C) Isotonic
Hypotonic
Water moved out of the cell, causing the cell the shrivel and die
Hypertonic solution
In facilitated diffusion,_____ proteins help move molecules across the cell membrane without requiring energy (ATP). This process is essential for transporting substances that cannot diffuse directly through the lipid bilayer due to their size or polarity.
Types of ____ Proteins in Facilitated Diffusion:
1. ______Proteins – Form pores that allow specific molecules (like ions or water) to pass through.
•Example: Aquaporins (water transport), ion channels (Na⁺, K⁺, Cl⁻).
2. ___Proteins – Bind to a molecule, change shape, and move it across the membrane.
• Example: Glucose transporters (GLUT) move glucose into cells.
In facilitated diffusion, transmembrane (integral) proteins help move molecules across the cell membrane without requiring energy (ATP). This process is essential for transporting substances that cannot diffuse directly through the lipid bilayer due to their size or polarity.
Types of Transmembrane Proteins in Facilitated Diffusion:
1. Channel Proteins – Form pores that allow specific molecules (like ions or water) to pass through.
• Example: Aquaporins (water transport), ion channels (Na⁺, K⁺, Cl⁻).
2. Carrier Proteins – Bind to a molecule, change shape, and move it across the membrane.
• Example: Glucose transporters (GLUT) move glucose into cells.
Key Features of Facilitated Diffusion:
• Passive process (no ATP required).
• Moves substances down their concentration gradient (high → low concentration).
• Specificity – Each protein only transports certain molecules.
These types of proteins go all the way through the lipid bilayer and often extend from the outside to the inside of the cell.
They help with facilitated diffusion.
They move molecules down their concentration granite.
Integral proteins
Or transmembrane proteins
——: the movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration, following the concentration granite.
_____: focus solely on the movement of water molecules across a semi permeable membrane.
Diffusion, Osmosis
Uses transport proteins to help molecules that cannot easily pass through the lipid bilayer on their own.
No, ATP is required.
Still moves molecules down to concentration granite from high to low.
Facilitated diffusion.
Types of Endocytosis (Bulk Transport):
______: the plasma membrane (cell) forms a pockets enclosing the substance in a vesicle. “Cell Eating”
_____: The cell takes in extracellular fluid along with any dissolved substances. “Cell Drinking”
_______: a specialized form of endocytosis where the cell only takes and substances that find a specific receptors on the cell membrane. Selective intake of specific molecules. Results in the loss of phospholipids from the membrane.
Phagocytosis -eats bacteria food etc
Pinocytosis
Receptor mediated endocytosis
_____: located primarily on the outer surface of the plasma membrane.
* plays a role in cell recognition and signaling.
* associated with the membrane of both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
* usually bound to lipids, forming ___, or proteins forming ____.
Membrane carbohydrates
Glycolipids glycoproteins
Transport Proteins
*They are ____ Proteins that Span the entire membrane
Two main types:
*_____ Proteins: Tunnel-like, direct passage to move through
*____Proteins: Shuttle like, moves through the releases molecules into the cytoplasm of the cell
Integral, Channel, Carrier
An Aquaporins protein that helps facilitate the movement of water is an example of
Channel protein. Tunnel like structure, direct passage.
Glucose transporters bring glucose molecules into the cell when they are broken down to generate energy. The protein changes shape and closing the molecule. The protein releases the molecule into the cytoplasm of the cell. This protein is an example of.
Carrier proteins. They act like a shuttle physically binding to the substance they transport.
These junctions are used to essentially to sew plasma membrane together and keep cells very close together
Tight junctions
These junctions anchor cells together like spot welds.
Proteins from one cell will reach across and grab onto each other.
Provides mechanical strength such as skin cells.
Desmosomes
These junctions are communicating junctions
protein channels connecting neighboring cells.
Allow direct exchange of ions and small molecules for a communication.
Gap junction
Like plasmadesmata in plant cells
Provide support, protection, and communication for animal cells.
Extracellular matrix (ECM)
It’s primarily made of proteins like collagen.
- How does the ECM differ from plant cell walls?
A) The ECM is rigid and primarily made of cellulose, while plant cell walls are flexible.
B) The ECM is found only in plant cells, while cell walls are found in both plants and animals.
C) The ECM is dynamic and composed of proteins and carbohydrates, while plant cell walls are rigid and primarily composed of cellulose.
D) There is no difference; they serve the same function and have the same composition.
C) The ECM is dynamic and composed of proteins and carbohydrates, while plant cell walls are rigid and primarily composed of cellulose.
Name two functions of the extracellular matrix (ECM) in animal cells.
-Provides structural support to the cell.
-Facilitates cell adhesion and communication
Why don’t animal cells have cell walls like plant cells?
Animal cells rely on the extracellular matrix (ECM) for support and flexibility. Unlike plant cells, which need rigid cell walls for structural stability, animal cells require dynamic movement and communication, which the ECM allows.
Which of the following is found in both the ECM and plant cell walls?
A) Collagen
B) Fibronectin
C) Proteoglycans
D) Carbohydrates
Carbohydrates
True or False: The extracellular matrix (ECM) is a rigid structure that surrounds animal cells, just like a plant cell wall.
Answer: False. The ECM is a dynamic network, not a rigid structure like a plant cell wall.
This term describes a water base solution environment
Aqueous
True or False: The cytoplasm only serves as a structural support for organelles and does not participate in metabolic reactions.
False. The cytoplasm is an active site for many metabolic reactions, including glycolysis and protein synthesis
Explain why the cytoplasm is considered an aqueous solution and how this benefits the cell.
The cytoplasm is primarily composed of water, making it an aqueous solution that dissolves ions, proteins, and other biomolecules. This allows for efficient metabolic reactions, such as glycolysis, by enabling enzymes and substrates to interact easily.
The cytoplasm is best described as:
A) A solid structure that supports the organelles
B) A hydrophobic environment for protein synthesis
C) An aqueous solution where metabolic reactions occur
D) A lipid-based barrier that regulates osmosis
Answer: C) An aqueous solution where metabolic reactions occur
The ____ is responsible for packaging macromolecules
Golgi apparatus
The _____ form vesicles that transport macromolecules to their destination inside or outside the cell.
Golgi apparatus
Endomembrane system
What is the primary function of a vacuole in plant cells?
A) Protein synthesis
B) Cellular respiration
C) Storing water, nutrients, and waste
D) Producing ribosomes
Answer: C) Storing water, nutrients, and waste
In plant cells, the central vacuole helps maintain structure and pressure.
Proteins are synthesized in the____, packaged into _____, transported to the____ for modification, and then sent to their final destinations in new____ (e.g., plasma membrane, lysosomes).
Proteins are synthesized in the rough ER, packaged into vesicles, transported to the Golgi apparatus for modification, and then sent to their final destinations in new vesicles (e.g., plasma membrane, lysosomes).
True or False: The nucleus is part of the endomembrane system.
Answer: False. The nucleus is surrounded by the nuclear envelope, but it is not considered part of the endomembrane system.
If a cell’s Golgi apparatus is damaged, what would likely happen?
A) The cell would stop producing ATP.
B) Proteins and lipids would not be properly modified or transported.
C) The cell would no longer be able to replicate DNA.
D) Ribosomes would stop making proteins.
Answer: B) Proteins and lipids would not be properly modified or transported.
A mutation prevents lysosomes from functioning properly. What effect will this have on the cell?
A) Waste and damaged organelles will accumulate.
B) Protein synthesis will stop.
C) The plasma membrane will dissolve.
D) The nucleus will break down.
Answer: A) Waste and damaged organelles will accumulate.
(Lysosomes digest cellular waste; without them, debris builds up.)
This structure is found in animals and produces ATP
Mitochondria
This structure converts glucose into ATP
It generates ATP through cellular respiration
Mitochondria
_______ is the biological process by which cells break down glucose (sugar) in the presence of oxygen to generate energy in the form of ATP
Cellular respiration is the biological process by which cells break down glucose (sugar) in the presence of oxygen to generate energy in the form of ATP
*Mitochondria
This energy producing organelle converts sunlight into chemical energy, such as glucose and ATP via photosynthesis
Chloroplast
These organelles originated as free-living prokaryotic cells, (i.e. bacteria) that were engulfed by a larger cell and developed a symbiotic relationship.
What is this theory called?
Mitochondria and chloroplast (energy producing organelles)
Endosymbiosis theory
This is a water-based substance that fills the inside of a cell
Cytoplasm
This is where the DNA is found
Nucleus
•Play a key role in early stages of protein production (protein, synthesis initiation).
•It houses/stores/protects the DNA templates for mRNA transcription. (genetic control center.)
•Largest organelle in most eukaryotic cells.
Nucleus
These are structures that perform specific functions for cells
Organelles
The _____ER is the site of protein formation (folding and modification)
Studded with ribosomes
Rough
The ____ ER is responsible for carbohydrate and lipid production
And also detoxifying harmful substances
Smooth
This type of cell junction is found in plants and allows individual cells to communicate with each other
Plasmodesmata
The structure is made of protein and helps provide support for the internal part of the cell
Cytoskeleton
What is the primary function of the cytoskeleton?
Answer: B) Provide structure, shape, and intracellular transport
Which cytoskeletal element is made of tubulin and forms hollow tubes?
Answer: C) Microtubules
Which cytoskeletal structure is responsible for cell movement and shape rearrangement?
Answer: B) Microfilaments
What is the main function of intermediate filaments in the cytoskeleton?
Answer: C) Mechanical support and anchoring
in the cytoskeleton,——- are involved in movement and shape changes, while——— are responsible for intracellular transport.
Microfilamentst are involved in movement and shape changes, while microtubules are responsible for intracellular transport.
The protein fiber network that aids in the transport of molecules and signals within the cell located in the Cytoskeleton:
•___→ Hollow tubes that assist in transport
•___→ Responsible for cell shape and movement
•___→ Provides mechanical support and anchoring
Cytoskeleton structure with its function:
•Microtubules → Hollow tubes that assist in transport
•Microfilaments → Responsible for cell shape and movement
•Intermediate Filaments → Provides mechanical support and anchoring
The cytoskeleton can be found within the cytoplasm.
These are long, whip like structures that help certain cells move
Flagella
These are shorter hair like structures that move like oars in a coordinated fashion.
They grab onto something and bring it inside the cell.
Cilia
They aid in cell movement.
Help move substances past the cell.
Assist in cellular interactions with the environment.
Cell appendages.
Flagella and cilia
locomotor structures.
These structures are found only in plants, fungi and algae
Cell walls
Rigid outer layer, providing structural support, shape maintenance, protection from damage & pathogens, water regulation
Cell walls
Extra cellular components
Found in plants (cellulose) , fungi, and algae
This structure allows information from the nucleus to be sent to other parts of the cell
Nuclear pores
Microfilaments are made of this protein
Actin
A double membrane that surrounds the nucleus, providing protection and separation from the cytoplasm.
Nuclear envelope
The nuclear envelope contains_______ which has small openings that regulate the exchange of molecules (e.g. RNA proteins) between the nucleus and cytoplasm
Nuclear pores
• a dense membrane-free structure inside the nucleus
• has the highest concentration of DNA
• Responsible for producing ribosome RNA (rRNA) and assembling ribosome components
Nucleolus
• a complex of DNA and associated proteins that forms chromosomes
• Loosely packed when the cell is not dividing(allowing gene expression) and condenses into visible chromosomes during cell division.
Chromatin
Two strands inside the cytoskeleton that wrapped around each other.
Responsible for movement and helping the cell rearrange its shape .
Microfilaments (actin)
What level of protein structure do beta-pleated sheets belong to?
They are part of the secondary structure of proteins.
What is the main function of ribosomes?
A) Store genetic information
B) Transport molecules across the nuclear membrane
C) Synthesize proteins
D) Modify and package proteins
Answer: C) Synthesize proteins
- Where are ribosomes found in the cell?
A) Only in the nucleus
B) Attached to the rough ER and floating in the cytoplasm
C) Inside the nuclear envelope
D) Only attached to the rough ER
Answer: B) Attached to the rough ER and floating in the cytoplasm
Which of the following is a function of the nuclear envelope?
A) Synthesizing proteins
B) Regulating transport in and out of the nucleus
C) Producing ribosomal subunits
D) Directly generating ATP
Answer: B) Regulating transport in and out of the nucleus
Why do some ribosomes attach to the rough ER instead of remaining free in the cytoplasm?
Answer:
Ribosomes attach to the rough ER when they synthesize proteins that need to be secreted, sent to the cell membrane, or packaged into organelles. Free ribosomes produce proteins that function inside the cell.
How does the nuclear envelope regulate what enters and exits the nucleus?
Answer:
The nuclear envelope contains nuclear pores that allow selective transport of molecules like RNA, proteins, and signaling molecules while keeping DNA protected inside the nucleus.
True or False: Ribosomes are only found inside the nucleus.
Answer: False. Ribosomes are found in the cytoplasm and rough ER, while their components are assembled in the nucleolus inside the nucleus.
The nuclear envelope prevents all molecules from passing between the nucleus and the cytoplasm.
A) True
B) False
Answer: B) False. The nuclear pores selectively allow molecules like mRNA, proteins, and nucleotides to pass in and out.
If a cell lacks ribosomes, which of the following will most likely happen?
A) It will lose its shape.
B) It will be unable to synthesize proteins.
C) It will stop DNA replication.
D) It will no longer transport vesicles.
Answer: B) It will be unable to synthesize proteins.
This type of chemical reaction helps link polymers together
Dehydration synthesis
This type of lipid consist of four rings structures and is often used to provide stability to membranes
Sterol
This type of RNA carries amino acids
Transfer
The order of amino acids in a polypeptide makes up the structure of protein organization
Primary
Adding guanine cytosine, thymine, and uracil are monomers of what class of macromolecules?
Nucleic Acid
These elements make up proteins
SONCH
These types of fatty acids have at least one double bond between carbon atoms in their tails
Unsaturated
These types of fatty acids have all their possible spaces of hydrogen field
Saturated
Many proteins are fully functional at this level of organization
Tertiary
What is the name of the type of folding in a protein that makes it look like a piece of paper?
Beta pleated sheet
This type of RNA helps support ribosomes
Ribosomes RNA
This type of sugar is used in DNA
Depxyribose
Disaccharides are joined to each other by what type of bond
Glycosidic
These are monomer of proteins
Amino acids
What is the general term of a molecule made of multiple monomer?
Polymer
Which type of nucleic acid is usually single-stranded
RNA
How are the strands arranged in beta-pleated sheets?
They can be parallel (strands run in the same direction) or antiparallel (strands run in opposite directions)
What is the primary function of tRNA?
tRNA carries amino acids to the ribosome during protein synthesis.
What is the primary function of mRNA?
mRNA carries genetic instructions from DNA to the ribosome for protein synthesis.
Where is mRNA synthesized?
In the nucleus during transcription.
What is the primary function of rRNA?
rRNA makes up the ribosome, which is the site of protein synthesis.
Where is rRNA synthesized?
In the nucleolus of the nucleus.
What are the two ribosomal subunits made of?
rRNA and proteins.
How does rRNA contribute to translation?
It helps align mRNA and tRNA and catalyzes the formation of peptide bonds between amino acids.
*Prevents overproduction of substances.
Feedback Inhibition
*Done in cells to slow down metabolic processes
Feedback Inhibition
*Changes the proteins shape and activity
Feedback Inhibition
- can bind to active or allosteric site.
Feedback Inhibition
ATP Hydrolysis (ATP → ADP + Pi) Exergonic Releases energy (-ΔG) Powers cellular work
ATP Synthesis (ADP + Pi → ATP) Endergonic Requires energy input (+ΔG) Driven by cellular respiration
ATP Hydrolysis (ATP → ADP + Pi) Exergonic Releases energy (-ΔG) Powers cellular work
ATP Synthesis (ADP + Pi → ATP) Endergonic Requires energy input (+ΔG) Driven by cellular respiration
ATP______ (ATP → ADP + Pi) Exergonic
Releases energy (-ΔG)
Powers cellular work
ATP sHydrolysis (ATP → ADP + Pi) Exergonic
Releases energy (-ΔG)
Powers cellular work
ATP sHydrolysis (ATP → ADP + Pi) (Exergonic or Endergonic?)
Releases energy (-ΔG)
Powers cellular work
ATP sHydrolysis (ATP → ADP + Pi) Exergonic
Releases energy (-ΔG)
Powers cellular work
ATP sHydrolysis (ATP → ADP + Pi) Exergonic
___energy (positive or negative delta G)
ATP sHydrolysis (ATP → ADP + Pi) Exergonic
Releases energy (-ΔG)
Powers cellular work
ATP____ (ADP + Pi → ATP) Endergonic or Exergonic?
Driven by cellular respiration
Requires energy input (+ΔG)
Endergonic
