CH 4 Supplemental Learning Flashcards
Which chemical group is most likely to be responsible for an organic molecule behaving as a base?
Amino
When a double bond joins two carbon atoms, __________ can form.
cis-trans isomers
isomers have different covalent arrangements of their atoms.
Structural isomers
The seven chemical groups most important in biological processes are the
hydroxyl, carbonyl, carboxyl, amino, sulfhydryl, phosphate, and methyl groups
The ______ group is not reactive, but instead often serves as a recognizable tag on biological molecules.
methyl
What is ATP’s importance in the cell?
ATP stores the potential to react with water, thereby removing a phosphate group and releasing energy for cellular processes.
The chemical group that is involved in regulating DNA is the __________.
methyl group (-CH3)
what chemical group affects the expression of genes when on DNA or on proteins bound to DNA.
methyl group (-CH3)
this group acts as a base and can remove an H+ from the surrounding solution.
Amine group (-NH2)
two _____ groups can react, forming a “cross-link” that helps stabilize protein structure.
“Sulfhydryl group (-SH)”
Functional Group:
When attached, it confers on a molecule the ability to react with water, releasing energy.
“Phosphate group (-PO3–2)”
it contributes negative charge (1– when positioned inside a chain of phosphates; 2– when at the end).
it acts as an acid (can donate H+) because the covalent bond between oxygen and hydrogen is so polar.
“Carboxyl group (-COOH)”
The two Xs are on the same side
cis- isomers
The two Xs are on opposite sides
trans isomers
Inorganic carbon such as CO2 differs from organic carbon because __________.
organic carbon always has a hydrogen atom covalently attached to it
the same molecular formula but different covalent arrangements of their carbon skeletons
Structural isomers
they contribute to the molecular shape of a molecule and its unique properties
Chemical groups
Molecules that contain only carbon and hydrogen are __________.
called hydrocarbons
All amino acids contain at least one ______ functional group and one ______ functional group. In addition, it may contain one or more of the other functional groups.
All amino acids contain at least one carboxyl (-COOH) functional group and one amino ( -NH2 ) functional group. In addition, it may contain one or more of the other functional groups.
Which chemical group is most likely to be responsible for an organic molecule behaving as a base?
Amino can pick up a proton (H+) from the surrounding solution
What are properties of hydrocarbons?
Hydrophobic, nonpolar, and a good source of stored energy
They are the major components of petroleum, which is called a fossil fuel because it consists of the partially decomposed remains of organisms that lived millions of years ago.
Hydrocarbons
They are not charged and do not contain functional groups, such as carboxyl and amine groups, like many other organic compounds.
hydrocarbon
They are hydrophobic because the great majority of their bonds are relatively nonpolar
Hydrocarbons
Although the structures of the functional groups that are most important to life vary, they share one thing in common: They __________.
all help give each biological molecule its unique properties
The carbon skeleton can vary in
presence of rings, double bond position, branching, length
carbons have covalent bonds to the same atoms, but these atoms differ in their spatial arrangements due to the inflexibility of double bonds
cis-trans isomers
The chemical group that helps stabilize protein structure is the __________.
sulfhydryl group (-SH)
______groups can react, forming a “cross-link” that helps stabilize protein structure. Hair protein cross-links maintain the straightness or curliness of hair; in hair salons, permanent treatments break cross-links and then re-form them while the hair is in the desired shape.
Two -SH
Affects the shape and function of male and female sex hormones
Methyl Group (—-CH3)
Determines what protein and organism can make gene expression making protein from coded DNA
Methyl group (——CH3)
Gives shape to proteins, stabilize, a structure and function
Sulfhydryl Group (—-SH) or Thiol
Hair protein, cross links, maintain the sweetness of cleanliness of hair
Sulfhdryl group (——SH)
Key formation of proteins, act as a base, can pick up an H+ from surrounding solution, raises pH
Amino Amine Group (—NH2)
Involved in dehydration, synthesis, and hydrolysis
Hydroxyl Group (—-OH)
Forms hydrogen bonds with water, helping dissolve compound such as sugars. (Alcohol, Ethanol etc.)
Hydroxyl Group (—OH)
Carbonyl group within a carbon skeleton
Ketone (O=H)
Sugars with ketone groups (Carbonyl group; C=O) are called
Ketoses
Carbonyl group at the end of a carbon skeleton
Aldehyde (C=O)
Sugars with aldehydes are called
Aldoses (C=O)
Key formation of proteins
Carboxyl group (—COOH)
Acts as an acid (can donate H+) because the covalent bond between oxygen and hydrogen is so polar
—-helps lower pH
Carboxyl group (—-COOH)
