CH 5 Macros and DNA (Textbook Q's)

Question 1

When comparing saturated and naturally occurring unsaturated fats, the unsaturated fats have __________ and are __________ at room temperature.

Answer 1

cis double bonds; liquids

Question 2

If there are no double bonds between carbon atoms composing a chain, then as many hydrogen atoms as possible are bonded to the carbon skeleton. Such a structure is said to be ______ with hydrogen, and the resulting fatty acid is therefore called a _____ fatty acid.

Answer 2

If there are no double bonds between carbon atoms composing a chain, then as many hydrogen atoms as possible are bonded to the carbon skeleton. Such a structure is said to be saturated with hydrogen, and the resulting fatty acid is therefore called a saturated fatty acid.

Question 3

An ______ fatty acid has one or more double bonds, with one fewer ______ atom on each double-bonded carbon. Nearly all double bonds in naturally occurring fatty acids are _____ double bonds, which cause a kink in the hydrocarbon chain wherever they occur.

Answer 3

An unsaturated fatty acid has one or more double bonds, with one fewer hydrogen atom on each double-bonded carbon. Nearly all double bonds in naturally occurring fatty acids are cis double bonds, which cause a kink in the hydrocarbon chain wherever they occur.

Question 4

fats with double bonds are

Answer 4

liquids. Un-Saturated

Question 5

____ double bonds are not naturally occurring fats.

Answer 5

trans double bonds are not naturally occurring fats.

Question 6

_______ fats have single bonds and are solid at room temperature

Answer 6

saturated fats have single bonds and are solid at room temperature.

Question 7

fats that have single bonds and are ____ at room temperature are called _____ fats.

Answer 7

fats that have single bonds and are solid at room temperature are called saturated fats.

Question 8

The type of bond that forms to join monomers (such as sugars and amino acids) into polymers (such as starch and proteins) is a(n) __________ bond.

Answer 8

covalent

Question 9

Monomers are joined together by a ______reaction in which two molecules are covalently bonded to each other through the _______.

Answer 9

Monomers are joined together by a dehydration reaction in which two molecules are covalently bonded to each other through the loss of a water molecule.

Question 10

Van der Waals interactions do not link monomers together. They play a role in the______ structure of proteins.

Answer 10

Van der Waals interactions do not link monomers together. They play a role in the tertiary structure of proteins.

Question 11

A hydrogen bond is a relatively weak bond between polar molecules. An ionic bond cannot form because sugars are not ions.

Answer 11

A hydrogen bond is a relatively weak bond between polar molecules. An ionic bond cannot form because sugars are not ions.

Question 12

Sugars are molecules that have __________ratio of C:H:O and are called __________.

Answer 12

a 1:2:1 ratio of; carbohydrates

Question 13

Sugars (Carbohydrates) molecule ratio:

Answer 13

For every one carbon molecule (C), there is one molecule of water (H2O). This means that the ratio of C:H:O is 1:2:1.

Question 14

The components of nucleic acids are __________.

Answer 14

a nitrogenous base, a pentose sugar, and a phosphate

Question 15

A nucleotide, in general, is composed of three parts:

Answer 15

A nucleotide, in general, is composed of three parts: a five-carbon sugar (a pentose), a nitrogen-containing (nitrogenous) base, and one or more phosphate groups

Question 16

In a polynucleotide, each monomer has only one _______ group.

Answer 16

In a polynucleotide, each monomer has only one phosphate group.

Question 17

the sugar in nucleic acids is a five-carbon sugar called a

Answer 17

the sugar in nucleic acids is a five-carbon sugar called a pentose sugar.

Question 18

nucleic acid always have a

Answer 18

nucleic acid always have a pentose sugar.

Question 19

The portion of a nucleotide without any phosphate group is called a

Answer 19

The portion of a nucleotide without any phosphate group is called a nucleoside.

Question 20

The lipids that form the main structural component of cell membranes are __________.

Answer 20

phospholipids

Question 21

______ are essential for cells because they make up cell membranes

Answer 21

Phospholipids are essential for cells because they make up cell membranes.
**how form fits function at the molecular level.

Question 22

Phospholipids have a _____ head and two _____ tails. This permits the phospholipids to be arranged in a bilayer, or double layer, which forms a boundary between the cell and its external environment.

Answer 22

Phospholipids have a hydrophilic head and two hydrophobic tails. This permits the phospholipids to be arranged in a bilayer, or double layer, which forms a boundary between the cell and its external environment.

Question 23

In living organisms, DNA exists as a __________ with the strand(s) __________.

Answer 23

double helix; running antiparallel

Question 24

In the DNA molecule, The sugar-phosphate backbones are on the ______ of the helix, and the nitrogenous bases are paired on the _____ of the helix.

Answer 24

The sugar-phosphate backbones are on the outside of the helix, and the nitrogenous bases are paired on the interior of the helix.

Question 25

In the DNA, the two strands are held together by ____ bonds, The sugar-phosphate backbones are on the_____ of the helix, and the nitrogenous bases are paired on the____ of the helix.

Answer 25

In the DNA, the two strands are held together by hydrogen bonds, The sugar-phosphate backbones are on the outside of the helix, and the nitrogenous bases are paired on the interior of the helix.

Question 26

The molecule with four fused rings that is found in animal membranes and is the precursor of vertebrate sex hormones is __________.

Answer 26

cholesterol

Question 27

______ are lipids characterized by a carbon skeleton consisting of four fused rings.

Answer 27

Steroids are lipids characterized by a carbon skeleton consisting of four fused rings. Different steroids are distinguished by the particular chemical groups attached to this ensemble of rings.

Question 28

______, a type of steroid, is a crucial molecule in animals

Answer 28

Cholesterol, a type of steroid, is a crucial molecule in animals

Question 29

One characteristic shared by sucrose, lactose, and maltose is that __________.

Answer 29

they are all disaccharides

Question 30

A _______ is composed of many monosaccharide building blocks.

Answer 30

A polysaccharide is composed of many monosaccharide building blocks.

Question 31

A _______ is a simple sugar containing three to seven carbons.

Answer 31

A monosaccharide is a simple sugar containing three to seven carbons.

Question 32

Fructose is a six-carbon ______ sugar

Answer 32

Fructose is a six-carbon monosaccharide sugar

Question 33

The sequence of amino acids in a protein is called the __________ structure of the protein.

Answer 33

primary

Question 34

the precise primary structure of a protein is determined by __________. The primary structure in turn dictates secondary and tertiary structures, by means of the chemical nature of the backbone and the side chains (R groups) of the amino acids along the polypeptide.

Answer 34

the precise primary structure of a protein is determined not by the random linking of amino acids, but by inherited genetic information. The primary structure in turn dictates secondary and tertiary structures, by means of the chemical nature of the backbone and the side chains (R groups) of the amino acids along the polypeptide.

Question 35

Proteins secondary structure is the result of

Answer 35

hydrogen bond formation.

Question 36

Protein tertiary structure is the result of

Answer 36

tertiary structure is the result of R group interactions.

Question 37

Protein quaternary structure is the result of

Answer 37

quaternary structure is the result of two or more peptides interacting with each other.

Question 38

Protein molecules are polymers (chains) of __________.

Answer 38

amino acids molecule

Question 39

DNA is a polymer of

Answer 39

DNA is a polymer of nucleotides.

Question 40

Fatty acids are a component of

Answer 40

Fatty acids are a component of triacylglycerols (fats) and phospholipids.

Question 41

Purines and pyrimidines are nitrogenous bases present in _______, the monomers of _______.

Answer 41

Purines and pyrimidines are nitrogenous bases present in nucleotides, the monomers of nucleic acids.

Question 42

A protein is a biologically functional molecule that consists of one or more ______, each folded and coiled into a specific________.

Answer 42

A protein is a biologically functional molecule that consists of one or more polypeptides, each folded and coiled into a specific three-dimensional structure.

Question 43

Diverse as proteins are, they are all unbranched polymers constructed from the same set of ____ amino acids.

Answer 43

20

Question 44

Polymers of amino acids are called

Answer 44

polypeptides.

Question 45

Carbohydrates are used in our bodies mainly for __________

Answer 45

energy storage and release

Question 46

The secondary structure of a peptide backbone is stabilized by __________ forming either a(n) __________ or a(n) __________.

Answer 46

hydrogen bonds; α helix; β pleated sheet

Question 47

______ bonds stabilize the α helix or β pleated sheet structures of proteins.

Answer 47

hydrogen

Question 48

_____ bond interactions occur because of R group interactions and give the molecule its tertiary structure.

Answer 48

Ionic

Question 49

______ are proteins that act as biological catalysts.

Answer 49

Enzymes are proteins that act as biological catalysts.

Question 50

______ proteins usually function as structural proteins.

Answer 50

Fibrous proteins usually function as structural proteins.

Question 51

_____ proteins bind signaling molecules such as endorphins that may change the behavior of a cell.

Answer 51

Receptor proteins bind signaling molecules such as endorphins that may change the behavior of a cell.

Question 52

Sugars have a(n) __________ group that interacts with a _________ group that forms ring structures when the dry molecule is placed in water.

Answer 52

carbonyl (-C=O); hydroxyl (-OH)

Question 53

The components of nucleic acids are __________.

Answer 53

a nitrogenous base, a pentose sugar, and a phosphate

Question 54

A polysaccharide that is used for storing energy in human muscle and liver cells is __________.

Answer 54

glycogen

Question 55

a covalent bond joining amino acids together to form a polypeptide

Answer 55

peptide bond

Question 56

interactions that contribute to the tertiary structure of a protein

Answer 56

“Hydrophobic,” “hydrophilic,” “ionic,” and “disulfide bridge”

Question 57

are solid at room temperature.

Answer 57

Saturated fats

Question 58

The subunits (monomers) in cellulose are linked together by __________.

Answer 58

glycosidic linkages

Question 59

The sequence of amino acids in a protein is called the __________ structure of the protein.

Answer 59

primary

Question 60

Protein molecules are polymers (chains) of __________.

Answer 60

amino acid molecules

Question 61

In a hydrolysis reaction, a polymer is __________, and in this process, water is __________.

Answer 61

a polymer is broken up into its constituent monomers; consumed

Question 62

The type of bond that forms to join monomers (such as sugars and amino acids) into polymers (such as starch and proteins) is a(n) __________ bond.

Answer 62

Covalent bond. Monomers are joined together by a dehydration reaction in which two molecules are covalently bonded to each other through the loss of a water molecule.

Question 63

In what polysaccharide form do plants store glucose to be available later as an energy source?

Answer 63

starch

Question 64

The glucose monomers in cellulose are bonded in a ___ glycosidic linkage, whereas those in starch have an __ glycosidic linkage. The enzyme amylase is specific for the __ glycosidic linkage.

Answer 64

The glucose monomers in cellulose are bonded in a β glycosidic linkage, whereas those in starch have an α glycosidic linkage. The enzyme amylase is specific for the α glycosidic linkage.

Question 65

The subunits (monomers) in cellulose are linked together by __________

Answer 65

glycosidic linkages

Question 66

Nutritionally, saturated triacylglycerols are considered to be less healthful than unsaturated triacylglycerols. What is the difference between them?

Answer 66

For carbon skeletons of equal length, saturated triacylglycerols have more hydrogen atoms than unsaturated triacylglycerols do.

Question 67

a droplet of phospholipid molecules is put in water, all the molecules point outward, toward the water. Phospholipids are forced into this orientation because phospholipids have __________.

Answer 67

a charged or polar end and an uncharged or nonpolar end

Question 68

_____ consist of three (nonpolar) fatty acid tails attached to a glycerol molecule. ______ have two fatty acid tails and a hydrophilic head containing a negatively charged phosphate group.

Answer 68

Triacylglycerols consist of three (nonpolar) fatty acid tails attached to a glycerol molecule. Phospholipids have two fatty acid tails and a hydrophilic head containing a negatively charged phosphate group.

Question 69

The phrase hydrogenated vegetable oils found on food labels means that unsaturated fats have been synthetically converted to saturated fats by the addition of

Answer 69

hydrogen.

Question 70

Manufacturers make vegetable oils solid or semisolid at room temperature by __________.

Answer 70

adding hydrogen atoms to the fatty acid hydrocarbon chains, thereby converting carbon-carbon double bonds to single bonds

Question 71

Some lipids are formed when fatty acids are linked to glycerol. These subunits are linked together by __________linkages.

Answer 71

ester

Question 72

In making a fat, each of the three fatty acid molecules is bonded to a glycerol molecule by an ____ linkage type of covalent bond.

Answer 72

ester

Question 73

____ linkages join nucleotides.

Answer 73

Phosphodiester

Question 74

____ bonds link amino acids.

Answer 74

Peptide

Question 75

_____ linkages join carbohydrate monomers.

Answer 75

Glycosidic

Question 76

An ionic bond is

Answer 76

a chemical bond that occurs when electrons are transferred from a metal to a nonmetal, creating oppositely charged ions that attract each other

Question 77

The overall three-dimensional shape of a single polypeptide is called its __________.

Answer 77

tertiary structure

Question 78

The tertiary structure is determined by

Answer 78

hydrogen bonds, hydrophobic R groups, ionic bonds between R groups, van der Waals interactions, and disulfide bridges.

Question 79

_____ breaks the intramolecular bonds, such as hydrogen bonds and van der Waals interactions, that hold the protein in its three-dimensional shape. Without the proper shape, the protein cannot function.

Answer 79

Denaturation

Question 80

A polypeptide is a chain of amino acids that have been linked together by

Answer 80

dehydration reactions.

Question 81

The α helix and β pleated sheet represent which level of protein structure?

Answer 81

secondary Both the α helix and the β pleated sheet are localized regions of polypeptides held in a given structure by hydrogen bonds.

Question 82

The peptide bond is __________.

Answer 82

a covalent bond (peptide bond) joining amino acids together to form a polypeptide

Question 83

The "primary structure" of a protein refers to __________.

Answer 83

the sequence of amino acids along a polypeptide chain

Question 84

______ are the monomers that make nucleic acid polymers, just as glucose is the ________(monomer) from which starch (polymer) is constructed.

Answer 84

Nucleotides are the monomers that make nucleic acid polymers, just as glucose is the monosaccharide (monomer) from which starch (polymer) is constructed.

Question 85

pyrimidines found in the nucleic acid DNA?

Answer 85

Thymine and cytosine, uracil (in RNA)

Question 86

Describes a difference between DNA and RNA?

Answer 86

1. RNA molecules generally consist of a single polynucleotide chain, whereas DNA molecules generally consist of two polynucleotide chains organized into a double helix. 2. Both molecules contain adenine, guanine, and cytosine, but DNA also contains thymine and RNA also contains uracil. 3. They contain different sugars.

Question 87

Each nucleotide consists of three parts: an organic molecule, called a _____ base; a 5-carbon sugar, called a ____; and a ____ group that serves in the ______ covalent bond that forms a bridge between adjacent nucleotides.

Answer 87

Each nucleotide consists of three parts: an organic molecule, called a nitrogenous base; a 5-carbon sugar, called a pentose; and a phosphate group that serves in the phosphodiester covalent bond that forms a bridge between adjacent nucleotides.

Question 88

Complementary base pairing provides an accurate way to synthesize a new DNA molecule from an existing one and gives RNA molecules particular three-dimensional shapes necessary for their function.

Answer 88

Although the base pairing between two strands of DNA in a DNA molecule can be thousands to millions of base pairs long, base pairing in an RNA molecule is limited to short stretches of nucleotides in the same molecule or between two RNA molecules.

Question 89

In a hydrolysis reaction, __________, and in this process, water is __________

Answer 89

a polymer is broken up into its constituent monomers; consumed

Question 90

The meaning of hydrolysis is "_______."

Answer 90

"to break with water."

Question 91

In what polysaccharide form do plants store glucose to be available later as an energy source?

Answer 91

Starch

Question 92

Strengthens plant cell walls, composed of glucose monomers with B-glycosidic linkages

Answer 92

Cellulose -not digestible by humans