CH 5 Macros and DNA (Textbook Q's) Flashcards
When comparing saturated and naturally occurring unsaturated fats, the unsaturated fats have __________ and are __________ at room temperature.
cis double bonds; liquids
If there are no double bonds between carbon atoms composing a chain, then as many hydrogen atoms as possible are bonded to the carbon skeleton. Such a structure is said to be ______ with hydrogen, and the resulting fatty acid is therefore called a _____ fatty acid.
If there are no double bonds between carbon atoms composing a chain, then as many hydrogen atoms as possible are bonded to the carbon skeleton. Such a structure is said to be saturated with hydrogen, and the resulting fatty acid is therefore called a saturated fatty acid.
An ______ fatty acid has one or more double bonds, with one fewer ______ atom on each double-bonded carbon. Nearly all double bonds in naturally occurring fatty acids are _____ double bonds, which cause a kink in the hydrocarbon chain wherever they occur.
An unsaturated fatty acid has one or more double bonds, with one fewer hydrogen atom on each double-bonded carbon. Nearly all double bonds in naturally occurring fatty acids are cis double bonds, which cause a kink in the hydrocarbon chain wherever they occur.
fats with double bonds are
liquids. Un-Saturated
____ double bonds are not naturally occurring fats.
trans double bonds are not naturally occurring fats.
_______ fats have single bonds and are solid at room temperature
saturated fats have single bonds and are solid at room temperature.
fats that have single bonds and are ____ at room temperature are called _____ fats.
fats that have single bonds and are solid at room temperature are called saturated fats.
The type of bond that forms to join monomers (such as sugars and amino acids) into polymers (such as starch and proteins) is a(n) __________ bond.
covalent
Monomers are joined together by a ______reaction in which two molecules are covalently bonded to each other through the _______.
Monomers are joined together by a dehydration reaction in which two molecules are covalently bonded to each other through the loss of a water molecule.
Van der Waals interactions do not link monomers together. They play a role in the______ structure of proteins.
Van der Waals interactions do not link monomers together. They play a role in the tertiary structure of proteins.
A hydrogen bond is a relatively weak bond between polar molecules. An ionic bond cannot form because sugars are not ions.
A hydrogen bond is a relatively weak bond between polar molecules. An ionic bond cannot form because sugars are not ions.
Sugars are molecules that have __________ratio of C:H:O and are called __________.
a 1:2:1 ratio of; carbohydrates
Sugars (Carbohydrates) molecule ratio:
For every one carbon molecule (C), there is one molecule of water (H2O). This means that the ratio of C:H:O is 1:2:1.
The components of nucleic acids are __________.
a nitrogenous base, a pentose sugar, and a phosphate
A nucleotide, in general, is composed of three parts:
A nucleotide, in general, is composed of three parts: a five-carbon sugar (a pentose), a nitrogen-containing (nitrogenous) base, and one or more phosphate groups
In a polynucleotide, each monomer has only one _______ group.
In a polynucleotide, each monomer has only one phosphate group.
the sugar in nucleic acids is a five-carbon sugar called a
the sugar in nucleic acids is a five-carbon sugar called a pentose sugar.
nucleic acid always have a
nucleic acid always have a pentose sugar.
The portion of a nucleotide without any phosphate group is called a
The portion of a nucleotide without any phosphate group is called a nucleoside.
The lipids that form the main structural component of cell membranes are __________.
phospholipids
______ are essential for cells because they make up cell membranes
Phospholipids are essential for cells because they make up cell membranes.
**how form fits function at the molecular level.
Phospholipids have a _____ head and two _____ tails. This permits the phospholipids to be arranged in a bilayer, or double layer, which forms a boundary between the cell and its external environment.
Phospholipids have a hydrophilic head and two hydrophobic tails. This permits the phospholipids to be arranged in a bilayer, or double layer, which forms a boundary between the cell and its external environment.
In living organisms, DNA exists as a __________ with the strand(s) __________.
double helix; running antiparallel
In the DNA molecule, The sugar-phosphate backbones are on the ______ of the helix, and the nitrogenous bases are paired on the _____ of the helix.
The sugar-phosphate backbones are on the outside of the helix, and the nitrogenous bases are paired on the interior of the helix.