Chapter 6 A Tour of the Cell Flashcards
Plant cell walls are usually perforated by channels between adjacent cells called _________. The cytoplasm of one plant cell is continuous with the cytoplasm of its neighbors via ________, which are cytoplasmic channels through the cell walls.
Plant cell walls are usually perforated by channels between adjacent cells called plasmodesmata. The cytoplasm of one plant cell is continuous with the cytoplasm of its neighbors via plasmodesmata, which are cytoplasmic channels through the cell walls.
primarily involved in synthesizing molecules needed by the cell. (3)
Ribosomes, rough endoplasmic reticulum, and smooth endoplasmic reticulum
The endosymbiont theory explains the origins of __________.
mitochondria and chloroplasts
This theory states that an early ancestor of eukaryotic cells engulfed an oxygen-using, nonphotosynthetic prokaryotic cell. Eventually, the engulfed cell formed a relationship with the host cell in which it was enclosed, becoming an endosymbiont (a cell living within another cell).
The endosymbiont theory
_______ form seals around cells that establish a barrier that prevents leakage of extracellular fluid across a layer of epithelial cells.
Cell JunctionsConnection Between Cells*
tight junctions
________ are communicating junctions in animals and _____ are cell junctions found in plants.
gap junctions are communicating junctions in animals and plasmodesmata are cell junctions found in plants.
organelles that are involved in protein synthesis.
“Ribosomes”
The endoplasmic reticulum is part of the endomembrane system, which also includes the __________.
nuclear envelope, the Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, and vesicles
A substance moving from outside the cell into the cytoplasm must pass through __________.
the plasma membrane
All cells share certain basic features: They are all bounded by a selective barrier, called _________, which is a component of the endomembrane system. At the boundary of every cell, ______ functions as a selective barrier that allows passage of enough oxygen, nutrients, and wastes to service the entire cell. The ________ also preserves the cell’s environment, which may include other cellular structures, such as ribosomes, the nucleus, and microtubules.
All cells share certain basic features: They are all bounded by a selective barrier, called the plasma membrane, which is a component of the endomembrane system. At the boundary of every cell, the plasma membrane functions as a selective barrier that allows passage of enough oxygen, nutrients, and wastes to service the entire cell. The plasma membrane also preserves the cell’s environment, which may include other cellular structures, such as ribosomes, the nucleus, and microtubules.
Cilia and flagella move due to the interaction of the cytoskeleton with
Motor Proteins
A major difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells is the location of their DNA. In a eukaryotic cell, most of the DNA is in an organelle called the ______, which is bounded by a double membrane. In a prokaryotic cell, the DNA is concentrated in a region that is not membrane-enclosed, called the _______.
A major difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells is the location of their DNA. In a eukaryotic cell, most of the DNA is in an organelle called the nucleus, which is bounded by a double membrane. In a prokaryotic cell, the DNA is concentrated in a region that is not membrane-enclosed, called the nucleoid.
You would expect a cell with an extensive Golgi apparatus to
secrete a lot of protein.
After leaving the ER, many transport vesicles travel to the ______. We can think of the _____ as a warehouse for receiving, sorting, shipping, and even some manufacturing. Here, products of the ER, such as proteins, are modified and stored and then sent to other destinations. the
______ is especially extensive in cells specialized for secretion.
After leaving the ER, many transport vesicles travel to the Golgi apparatus. We can think of the Golgi as a warehouse for receiving, sorting, shipping, and even some manufacturing. Here, products of the ER, such as proteins, are modified and stored and then sent to other destinations. Not surprisingly, the Golgi apparatus is especially extensive in cells specialized for secretion.
“Collagen,” “proteoglycans,” “fibronectin,” and integrins” are all components of the _______ of animal cells.
“Collagen,” “proteoglycans,” “fibronectin,” and integrins” are all components of the extracellular matrix of animal cells.
A protein that ultimately functions in the plasma membrane of a cell is most likely to have been synthesized in the__________.
in the rough endoplasmic reticulum
In addition to making secretory proteins, ______ ER is a membrane factory for the cell; it grows in place by adding membrane proteins and phospholipids to its own membrane.
In addition to making secretory proteins, rough ER is a membrane factory for the cell; it grows in place by adding membrane proteins and phospholipids to its own membrane.
Dye injected into a plant cell might be able to enter an adjacent cell through __________.
plasmodesmata
What is the functional connection between the nucleolus, nuclear pores, and the nuclear membrane?
Subunits of ribosomes are assembled in the nucleolus and pass through the nuclear membrane via the nuclear pores.
Basal bodies are most closely associated with
cilia.
Cell motility, which includes changes both in cell location and in the movement of cell parts, requires interactions of the cytoskeleton __________.
with motor proteins
cell motility requires a motor protein that is powered by
ATP.
The Endomembrane system includes many organelles that are interconnected by _____ (little membrane bubbles).
Vesicles
The two main functions of the endomembrane system are
Protein secretion
Cellular digestion
The organelles that are involved with protein secretion in the endomembrane system include
Nuclear Envelope (Nucleus)
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Golgi Apparatus
Transport Vesicles
The organelles that are involved with cellular digestion in the endomembrane system include
Lysomes & Peroxisomes
Vacuoles
A process that involves several organelles interacting in a specific order, by which substances are released into the environment
Protein secretion
In Eukaryotic cells, Protein secretion starts in the _____ which stores DNA, the code for making the proteins
nucleus (nuclear envelope)
A rounded structure that contains and protects most of the eukaryotic cell’s DNA
Nucleus
The double-membrane that surrounds the nucleus & acts as a it barrier
Nuclear envelope
A small dense structure inside the nucleus where ribosomes are assembled
Nucleolus
For on the Eukaryotic cells DNA is found
on the inside of the nucleus
DNA in the nucleus is transcribed into RNA, which is then translated into ______
proteins –proteins are built by the ribosomes
Membranous structures continuous with the nuclear envelope with multiple functions.
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
The internal space/compartment of the ER
The ER lumen
Closer to the nucleus with a rough ribosome coated surface
rER or Rough ER
Newly built ______ fold & are modified in the rER lumen.
proteins
Further from the nucleus with a smooth, ribosome-free surface
Smooth ER or sER
The part of the endomembrane system that synthesizes lipids and detoxifies drugs/poisons
Smooth ER
Molecules synthesized in the ER (ex. proteins & lipids) are transported by vesicles to the
Golgi Apparatus
Stack of flat, membranous sacs (cisternae) that function as a “Processing center”
Golgi Apparatus
The golgi apparatus _____ vesicles, ______ vesicle contents, and repackages contents into vesicles for export
receive, modify
Receiving end of the Golgi
cis end
Shipping end of the Golgi
Trans end
Some vesicles shipped from the Golgi Apparatus can fuse with the cell membrane for
secretion
Vesicles carry proteins budding from the _____ make their way to the _______
Rough ER Golgi Apparatus
After leaving the Golgi Apparatus the the vesicles or vacuoles
get secreted in the cell membrane
Liver cells have an abundant organelle that detoxifies lipid-soluble drugs and harmful metabolites. Identify what cell organelle is this.
smooth ER
Is called “the transporting channel” of the cell?
Endoplasmic Reticulum
