CH 3 Supplemental Learning Flashcards
Sweating has a cooling effect because of water’s high __________.
heat of vaporization
Buffers are __________.
substances that minimize changes in the concentration of H+ and OH– in a solution
When ice forms, the __________ are farther apart than in liquid water, allowing the ice to form an organized crystal structure and float.
hydrogen bonds
The amount of heat required to change the temperature of 1 g of any substance by one °C is defined as __________.
the specific heat of that substance
An acid is __________.
a compound that donates hydrogen ions to a solution
Hydrophilic molecules __________.
are charged molecules that are attracted to the partial charge of the water molecule
A solution at pH 10 contains __________ than the same amount of solution at pH 8.
100 times less H+
Adhesion is best described as __________.
the clinging of one substance to another substance
“The process that contributes to the transport of water and dissolved nutrients in plants by causing water molecules to tug on other water molecules”
cohesion.
“A property of water that helps moderate Earth’s temperature”
water’s high heat of vaporization.
“The process by which a crystalline lattice forms”
when temperatures 0°C and water freezes.
The amount of heat required to convert 1 g of any substance from the liquid to the gaseous state is defined as __________.
the heat of vaporization of that substance
the amount of energy it takes to raise the temperature of 1 g of water by 1°C.
1 calorie
the tendency of like substances to stick together
Molecular cohesion
A substance that reduces the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution is __________.
a base
the transformation from a liquid to a gas.
Evaporation
Many mammals control their body temperature by sweating. Which property of water is most directly responsible for the ability of sweat to lower body temperature?
The absorption of heat by the breaking of hydrogen bonds.
A compound that donates hydrogen ions to a solution is __________.
an acid
Hydrophobic molecules __________.
are uncharged, nonionic substances that seem to repel water
Water molecules have __________ than molecules of similar size, such as ammonia and methane, reflecting its capacity to absorb large amounts of heat.
a higher boiling point
The ability of water molecules to form hydrogen bonds with other water molecules and water’s ability to dissolve substances that have charges or partial charges are __________.
both caused by water’s partial charges
Water’s ____ nature is responsible for these properties. The extraordinary qualities of water are emergent properties resulting from _____ bonding.
Water’s polar nature is responsible for these properties. The extraordinary qualities of water are emergent properties resulting from hydrogen bonding.
the hydrogen bonds hold the substance together, a phenomenon called _____
cohesion.
The phenomenon responsible for maintaining the upward movement of water through a vessel is
cohesion.
The ability of water molecules to form hydrogen bonds with other water molecules and water’s ability to dissolve substances that have charges or partial charges are __________.
both caused by water’s partial charges
The reason that coastal climates are more moderate than inland climates primarily water’s high __________.
specific heat
Because of its high specific heat, water’s temperature will change less when it absorbs or loses a given amount of heat. Thus, the oceans can absorb and store a huge amount of heat and release it later when the temperature of the air has dropped.
What occurs because molecules of water are farther apart in ice than in liquid water?
Ice floats
How does the polarity of water contribute to its ability to dissolve so many substances?
Because it is polar, water’s negatively charged oxygen atoms and positively charged hydrogen atoms are attracted to positively and negatively charged ions and molecules.
A molecule that has all nonpolar covalent bonds would be __________.
hydrophobic
Why are cell membranes composed primarily of hydrophobic molecules?
In order to perform their function of separating the aqueous solutions outside cells from the aqueous solutions inside cells, cell membranes cannot be soluble in water.
An acid is __________.
a compound that donates hydrogen ions to a solution
