Unit 2 - Social Interaction & Personal Space Flashcards
every day, we wear an _
invisible psychological bubble that is designed to protect us from spatial interjections by people around us
define personal space
refers to the psychological bubble that each of us carries about to aid in regulating social interaction with other people
define proxemics
the scientific study of how people (and animals) use the physical space around them
who founded proxemics?
founded by Edward Hall (1966), an anthropologist who was interested in the cultural differences associated with personal space
psychologists soon realized that proxemics had important implications for _
the design of spaces used by people
describe some characteristics of territory
- territory has visible markers or boundaries (fixed location)
- territories do not move
describe some characteristics of personal space
- personal space is portable (you carry it with you where you go)
- personal space boundaries will vary with changes in the psychological environment
- personal space is measured by invading it
describe the personal space research mentioned in class
- nonviolent prisoner bubble is smaller
- violent prisoner bubble is bigger
describe invasion of personal space
- sometimes even the best defense fails and your personal space is invaded
- people usually react by escaping as soon as they can
- the worse the invasion, the faster the flight from it
give some examples of invasion of personal space claire gave in class
- washroom stalls
- lining up for coffee shops
- sitting on the bus
- park benches
- elevator, space out from people
define inhibition of return
a theoretical concept within the realm of personal space
- the slowing of a response to a target that appeared at the same location as a previously presented target
slowing (of a response to a target) occurs when
attention is disengaged
- disengaging takes time
- disengaging and reengaging takes more time
- one perspective: evolutionary survival mechanism
define nomophobia
anxiety or discomfort caused by being out of contact with a smartphone
what did Cheever et al. (2014) examine?
whether taking away smartphones from university students in an environment without distractions would induce anxiety
what did Cheever et al. 2014 find?
- physiological levels of anxiety (BP) increases in response to iPhone separation in high/moderate users
- HR and BP returned back to baseline with their iPhone in possession
what else is an influence of a smartphone?
separation anxiety/ fear of missing out
*FOMO
in people with phone taken away, what happened to heavy users/moderate/low users
heavy users: steady increase
moderate: anxiety when smartphone is initially removed
low: kind of normal, not much of a connection with it
in people with the phone but not allowed to look at it, what happened to high and moderate/low users?
high = lots of anxiety
moderate/low = not too impacted
what is the extended self theory?
- iphone users felt a greater extension of themselves when they had iphone
- negative impacts during separation
what effect does having your phone on a desk, pocket/bag, or other room?
just teh presence of phone leaves fewer attentional resources available to engage in task they need to work on
- since phones can maintain attention, takes more effort to disengage from the device
*working memory test, rt test
what happened to reaction time and working memory test scores with phone in desk, pocket/bag, other room
rt: other room (smallest RT/low score), pocket/bag, desk (high score/longest rt)
memory: other room (highest score), pocket/bag, desk (lowest score)
in the inhibition of return example (study if smartphones could attract attentional resources) what was the pre-test?
phone on table, email about following study
in the inhibition of return example (study if smartphones could attract attentional resources) what was the task?
- light flashes, push button (RT)
- joe 2 turns
- fred 2 turns
- 30 trials (switch places)
- 30 trials
- complete survey about being high/moderate/low user
describe the prelinimary results in the inhibition of return phone study
- basic IOR effect is present here independent of whether phone is there or not
- times were faster wth no phone, spend a bit more time and resources engaging in that (phone x location interaction)
list the conclusion of IOR example
- consistent with IOR literature
- general IOR effect present
- IOR latencies increase substantially when returning to location that shares space with your phone
- provides some support for attentional disengagement explanation for IOR effects
- negative effects of attentional capture by our phones
define social interaction
the impacts of others on your motor behaviour
- ex. elevator video showed in class
- ex. tent assembly bystander video
how long did it take people to help set up the tent in the video at:
- 10 ppl
- 5 ppl
- 1 person
10: 8 mins
5: 7 mins 25 secs
1: 3 mins 19 secs (fastest time was 12 seconds)
