Unit 2 - Section B - The changing economic world Flashcards
Define GNI (Gross National Income)
The total value of goods and services produced by a country in a year, including some from overseas
Define GNI Per head/GNI Per Capita
The GNI divided by the population of a country
Define birth rate
The number of live births per thousand of the population each year
Define death rate
The number of deaths per thousand of the population each year
Define infant mortality rate
The number of babies who die before they are 1 year old per thousand babies born
Define literacy rate
The percentage of adults who can read and write
Define life expectancy
The average age a person can expect to live to
What is the development gap?
The difference in development between more developed and less developed countries
Define a HIC
Higher income country where the GNI per capita is high
What are some examples of HICs?
U.K, USA, France and Canada
Define a LIC
Lower income country where the GNI per capita is low
What are some examples of LICs?
Somalia, Uganda and Afghanistan
Define the term NEE?
Newly emerging economy where some countries are rapidly getting richer as their work shifts from the primary industry to the secondary industry
What are some examples of NEEs?
Mexico
Indonesia
Nigeria
Turkey
Brazil
Russia
India
China
South Africa
Why can measuring development of a country using a single economic factor be misleading?
GNI per capita can be misleading as it is an average meaning the variations in the country don’t show up
Why can measuring development of a country using a single social factor be misleading?
Social factors can be misleading when they are used on their own due to the fact as a country develops some aspects develop before others
Define the term HDI
Human development index
What are the advantages of the Human development index?
It avoids problems of using individual measures as it tells you the country’s economic development as well as the country’s quality of life
How is HDI calculated?
By using income (GNI per capita), life expectancy and education level. Each country gets a value between 0(less developed) and 1(most developed)
What happens at stage 1 in the demographic transition model?
-Least developed
-High birth rate as there is a lack of contraception and infant mortality rates are high
-High death rate due to poor healthcare and famine
What is the birth rate, death rate, population growth and size like at stage 1 on the demographic transition model? And some example countries
-High birth rate
-High death rate
-Zero population growth
-Low and steady population size
-Tribes in Brazil
What happens at stage 2 in the demographic transition model?
-Not very developed (LICs)
-High birth rate due to a high agricultural rates meaning children have to work
-Better healthcare increases life expectancy
-Death rates fall
What is the birth rate, death rate, population growth and size like at stage 2 on the demographic transition model? And some examples of countries
-High and steady birth rate
-Falling death rate
-Very high population growth
-Increasing population size
.Gambia (HDI = 0.4)
What happens at stage 3 on the demographic transition model?
-More developed - mostly NEEs
-Falling birth rate due to the use of contraception
-The economy changes from farming to manufacturing causing less child labour
-Improved healthcare means a falling death rate
What is the birth rate, death rate, population growth and size like at stage 3 on the demographic transition model? And some examples
-Birth rate rapidly falls
-Death rate slowly falls
-Population growth = Slowly falls
-Population size = increasing
-India (HDI 0.6)
What happens at stage 4 and 5 on the demographic transition model?
-Most developed countries (HICs)
-Low birth rates and there is a higher standard of living
-Many elderly
-Good healthcare means low death rate and a high life expectancy
What is the birth rate, death rate, population growth and size like at stages 4 and 5 on the demographic transition model? And some examples
-Birth rate low and fluctuating (stage 5 - slow and falling)
-Death rate low and fluctuating (stage 5 = low and stead)
-Population growth zero(stage 4) or negative (stage 5)
-Population size - High and steady (Stage 5 = slowly falling)
-UK (Stage 4 (HDI = 0.9))
.Japan (Stage 5(HD - 0.9))
What are the physical causes to uneven development?
.Poor climate
.Poor farming land
.Few raw materials
.Lots of natural disasters
How does poor climate lead to uneven development?
-Some countries have either a really hot, cold or dry climate
-This means not much will grow which can lead to malnutrition and a low quality of life
-And less crops to sell means people will have less money to spend of goods and services meaning the government gets less money from taxes
-This means less money to spend on developing the country
Chad and Ethiopia are some examples
How does poor farming land lead to uneven development?
-If the country has steep or poor soil then it is difficult to grow crops or graze animals for food
-This means more malnutrition and less income as less people spend money o goods and services
How does having few raw materials lead to uneven develpment?
,There are less materials to export to other countries
.Therefore less income to spend on development projects
OR
.Some countries have lots of raw materials and not enough money to develop the infrastructure needed to exploit them
How does having lots of natural disasters lead to uneven development?
-As the countriies will have to spend lots of money rebuilding the country after a disaster
-This means less money to spend on redevelopment projects and a lower quality of life
What are the economic factors that lead to uneven development?
-Poor trade links
-Lots of debt
-A economy based on primary products
How does poor trade links lead to uneven development?
.Trade is an exchange of goods
.World trade patterns influence a country’s economy which affects its development
.Poor trade links means a lack of income which means less money to develop the country
How does lots of debt lead to uneven development?
.Very poor countries need to borrow money to help them cope with events like natural disasters
.This money needs to be paid back so there is less money for development
How does an economy based on primary products lead to uneven development?
-Countries that export primary products like metal and timber tend to be less developed
-As primary products tend be sold for cheaper
-And the cost can fluctuate meaning the price can fall below the cost of production
-This means less income and less money to be spent on development
What are the historical factors that lead to uneven development?
Colonisation
Conflict
How does colonisation lead to uneven development?
-Countries that were colonised are often at a lower development level when they gain independance
-This is because the colonisers removed the raw materials from the colonised countries meaning profits went to the colonisers not the colonised countries
How does conflict lead to uneven devlopment?
-War slows down and reduces development
-As money is spent on equipment and training soldiers rather than developing the country
-People are also killed and damage is done to infrastructure and property
-Important services like healthcare are disrupted which can lead to infant mortality and a decline in literacy rates
What are the consequences of uneven development?
-Wealth
-Health
-international migration
What is the inequalities to wealth in terms of uneven development?
-People in more developed countries have a higher income than those in less developed
-Uneven development also can lead to inequalities in wealth within countries
-Wealth has an impact on people’s standard of living with means people can’t afford basic needs in an undeveloped country
What is the consequence to health in terms of uneven development?
-Healthcare is better in a more developed country aswell as a longer life expectancy
-Infant mortality rates are much higher in less developed countries. 73 per 1000 in
Chad compared to 3.7 per 1000 in the U.K
-There is a lack of healthcare in LICs and NEEs meaning people can die from diseases that could be easily treated in a HIC
-Diarrhea killed around over 1.4 million people in South Asia and Sub Saharan Africa
What is the consequence to international migration in terms of uneven development?
-Many people in LICs and NEEs move to HICs to escape conflict and or imrpove quality of life
-For example over 130 000 people moved from Mexico to the USA legally and thousands illegally in search for a better quality of life or a better well paid job
-Migrant workers contribute to the economies of the HICs which further increases the development gap
What are the strategies to reduce the development gap?
-Fair trade
-Investment
-Intermediate technology
-Aid
-Microfinance loans
-Debt relief
-Industrial development
-Tourism
How does fair trade reduce the development gap?
-This is a movement all about farms in LICs getting fair price for the goods they produce
-Companies who sell products labelled as fair trade have to pay producers a fair price
How does Investment reduce the development gap?
-Foreign direct investment (FDI) is when people or companies buy property or invest in infrastructure
-FDI leads to better finance, technology and expertise as well as improved infrastructure, industry and an increase in services
-For example Vietname recieved FDI worth more then US $182 billion to help develop many industries
How does aid reduce the development gap?
-Money or resources are given to a country by a charity or foreign government
-The money is used for development projects like constructing schools
-The UK provided over £180 million in aid to South Sudan funding 17 projects
How does the use of intermediate technology help to reduce the development gap?
-Intermediate technology includes tools, machines and systems that improve quality of life
-They are simple to use, affordable and cheap to maintain
-For example LED lightbulbs are used in parts of Nepal where other lighting could be dangerous
How does the use of microfinance loans reduce the development gap?
-When a small loan is given to people in LICs who may not be able to get a loan from a bank
-This enables them to start their own business and become financially independent
How does industrial development reduce the development gap?
-Agriculture is the main part of the economy in low level development countries
-Developing industry boosts GNI and development as productivity, skills and infrastructure are improved
How does debt relief reduce the development gap?
-Debt relief is where some or all of a country’s debt is cancelled or interest rates are lowered
-Therefore a country has more money to spend of development
-For example Zambia had $4 billion of debt cancelled in 2005
-In 2006 the country had enough money to start a free healthcare scheme for millions of people living in rural areas
How does tourism reduce the development gap in Kenya?
-Kenya is a LIC
-It attracts tourism by the use of wildlife and the warm climate
-Kenya’s government is trying to increase the number of tourists by:
-Visa fees have been cut by 50% in 2009 to make it cheaper to visit the country
-Landing fees at airports on the Kenyan coast have been dropped for charter airlines
-Tourism increased from 0.9 million visitors in 1995 to 1.4 million in 2017
What are the benefits of Kenya increasing tourism to reduce the development gap?
-Tourism contributes to 4% of Kenya’s GDP which can be spent to improve quality of life and to develop the country
-Over 1.1 million people are directly or indirectly employed by the tourism industry which is 9% of all employment in Kenya
What are the disadvantages to Kenya increasing tourism to reduce the development gap?
-Only a small proportion of the money earned goes to locals, the rest goes to companies often based in HICs so it doesn’t help reduce the development gap
-Tourist vehicles damage the environment by destroying vegetation and disturbing animals
-In recent years tourist numbers have fluctuated which means it isn’t a reliable source of income
What is a transnational corporation (TNC) ?
A company that operates in more than one country
Where are TNC factories located?
-Lower income countries as labour is cheaper meaning more profit
Where are TNC offices located?
Higher income countries as there are more people with administrative skills (Education is better)
What are the types of aid?
-Short-term
-Long-term
-Top-down
-Bottom-up
What is short term aid?
Money and supplies are given to countries to cope with emergencies
What is long term aid?
Money is invested in longer term projects to help countries become more developed
What is top-down aid?
An organisation or the government decides how aid should be used
What is Bottom-up aid?
Money or supplies are given directly to local communities so they can decide how to use it themselves
How has the UK’s economy changed?
It used to be based on manufacturing but since the 1960s the manufacturing industry has declined and the tertiary and quaternary industries have grown
-The global shift in manufacturing
These employ 83% of the workforce
What are the important industries in the UK?
Retail - employs 4 million people
IT - Over 670,000 people work in IT
Finance - City of London is home to many global financial institutions like HSBC
Research - Over £33 billion was spent on research and development
Why have the number of science and business parks grown in the UK?
-There is a large demand for high tech products - Science parks can help develop this
-The UK has a high number of respected research universities for these parks to link with
-Clusters of related businesses can boost each other
What are the reasons for economic change in the UK?
-Globalisation
-De-inustrialisation
-Government policies
How is De-industrialisation caused economic change in the UK?
-The UKs industrial base declined as increased automation led to job losses
-As other countries industrialised they produced goods cheaper than the UK so this forced some UK manufacturing industries to close
How has globalisation caused economic change in the UK?
-Lots of manufacturing has moved overseas where labour costs are cheaper
-Some TNCs have moved quaternary and tertiary operations to the UK - Apple employs over 6500 people in the UK
-Trade with other countries is increasingly important part of the UK - The proportion of the UK’s GPD that comes from foreign trade increased form 38% to 62%
How has government policies led to economic change?
-Government decisions on investment and support for businesses affect the economy
-Several key manufacturing industries owned by the government were privatised leading to major job losses
-Membership on trade agreements and organisation (World Trade Organisation) makes it easier for companies in the UK to operate across the world and move manufacturing overseas
How has economic change had negative impacts on the UK?
-Factories release pollutants and greenhouse gases - running them also uses lots of energy and water
-Mining also destroys habitats and releases toxic chemicals into the water
-Modern industrial developments are more environmentally sustainable
How are the roads improving in the UK?
Capacity on motorways is being increased to “Smart motorways” by adding new lanes
However, no more are being built as a result of safety concerns
How are railways in the UK changing?
Crossrail will increase central London’s capacity by 10%
The proposed HS2 line will increase capacity and allow faster journey’s between major English cities - This may save businesses money
How are airports in the UK changing?
A new runway is being implemented at Heathrow airport to add 700 more planes a day
This would increase air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions
This would cost £18.6 billion
How are ports in the UK changing?
-London Gateway opened in 2013 to handle the world’s largest container ships which is now a hub for global trade
-New container terminal has been implemented at the Port of Liverpool which costs £400 million and increases capacity to 1.5 million
How does the UK have good trade links with other countries?
-The UK trades globally and its overseas exports are worth £160 billion a year
How does the UK have good culture links with other countries?
-Immigration has helped shape the UK’s culture leading to diversity
How does the UK have good transport links?
-The channel tunnel links the UK to France providing a route to main Europe
-Also Heathrow airport is an international hub
How does the UK have good electronic communication links?
-Trans Atlantic cables link Europe with the USA and routed via the UK
What is the global importance of Nigeria?
-It is the 12th largest producer of oil and it supplies 2.7% of the world’s oil
-It has the world’s 21st largest economy
-It has a youthful population and therefore will serve in the manufacturing and service industries
What is the regional importance of Nigeria?
-It had the highest GPD per capita in Africa in 2014 and the 3rd largest manufacturing sector
-It has the highest agricultural output in Africa despite suffering issues with land ownership
-It has the largest population in Africa and 70% are employed in the primary sector with many being subsistence farmers
What is the population in Nigeria?
182 million
What is the population in the UK?
65 million
What is the birth rate and death rate in Nigeria?
Birth rate: 38
Death rate: 13
What is the birth rate and death rate in the UK?
Birth rate: 12
Death rate: 9
What is the life expectancy, literacy rate and infant mortality rate in Nigeria?
Life expectancy: 52 years
Infant mortality rate: 73
Literacy rate: 61%
What is the life expectancy, literacy rate and infant mortality rate in the UK?
Life expectancy: 81 years
Infant mortality rate: 4
Literacy rate: 99%
What is Nigeria’s political context?
-During 19th and 20th century it was part of the British empire and therefore resources were exploited and many people were slaved
-A civil war between 1967 and 1970 and widespread corruption meant that development was slow
-Now however, other countries are investing in Nigeria (E.G. China is investing in construction in Abuja)
What is the social context in Nigeria?
-It is a multi-faith and multi-ethical country
-Over 500 ethnic groups are present
-However this social diversity has caused for there to be some conflict in the past
-Birth rate is higher and life expectancy is shorter in Nigeria compared with the UK
What is the cultural context in Nigeria?
-It is multi-faith and multi-ethnic country
-Nollywood (Nigerian cinema) is the second largest film industry in the world. Nigeria produces around 1,000 films yearly
-Nigeria has a strong football team who have won the African cup of nations 3 times and several footballers have played in the premier league
What is the environmental context to Nigeria?
-In the far north east the country is semi-desert and is close to the Sahel region
-Further south savannah grasslands start to dominate - this is where cattle and crop farming takes place
-Central Nigeria (Jos Plateau) is an upland region where it is densely populated with woodland and is wetter and cooler than the surrounding savannah region
-The south has high temperatures and high annual rainfall where farming takes place however not for cattle as the tsetse fly transmits a parasite lethal to livestock
How has the employment structure of Nigeria changed?
-Before 1990 the primary sector used to dominate as many primary products where necessary for Nigeria’s income
-Since 1990 however, the primary sector has fallen because there is increased mechanisation and better pay in other sectors
-The secondary sector has therefore increased as industries like paper and refining sugar have been established
-The tertiary sector has also grown as a result of the growth in communications, retail + finance
What is the effect of Nigeria have a mix in the employment structure?
It makes the economy more stable as it is less reliant on a single industry
What is the problem with Nigeria’s economic improvements?
Despite these improvements many people are still poor and live on <$1.25 a day
There is a growing inequality between rich and poor
How has the growth of the secondary sector benefitted Nigeria?
-Regular work has given people a more secure income which has enabled them to invest in luxury goods like electrical appliances and clothes
-Large factories are less dependent on small companies to supply component parts and now many business are benefitting
-More employment means more tax payers and therefore this benefits government budgets
Why do TNCs locate in NEEs or LICs?
-Cheaper labour
-Tax incentives
-Access to a wider market
-Less strict environmental laws
How many TNCs operate in Nigeria?
40
What are the advantages to TNCs in Nigeria?
-Provides employment
-TNC will help build infrastructure in Nigeria
-Provides new products for Nigeria
What are the disadvantages to TNCs in Nigeria?
-Workers living conditions are poor
-Insufficient attention to the environmental impact of activities
-TNCs can close factories and withdraw investment at any time
What year did the TNC Unilever start operations in Nigeria?
1923
What products does the TNC Unilever make?
Food, soaps, detergents and personal care items
How many people does the TNC Unilever employ
1500
Benefits of Unilever?
-Promote improvements in healthcare, education and water supply
-Ensure all raw materials come from a sustainable source
-High employment standards
Disadvantages of Unilever?
Some profits are returned overseas to head office
What year did the TNC shell operate in Nigeria?
1937
What products does the TNC shell make?
-oil exploration, production and delivery
How many people does Shell employ in Nigeria?
-65000 people
-supports 250000 jobs in related industries
Benefits of the Shell TNC?
-91% of contracts are with Nigerian companies
-Provides a lot of job opportunities
-Helps the energy sector grow
Disadvantages of the Shell TNC?
-Oil flares send toxic fumes affecting peoples health
-Oil exploitation on the Niger Delta has led to oil spills causing water and soil pollution
-In 2008 and 2009 two large oil spills devasted lives of thousands of subsistence farmers and fishermen
How does the UK contribute aid towards Nigeria?
It gives £300 million a year
Why does the UK give aid to Nigeria?
As 60% of the people live below the poverty line and only have a limited access to safe water, sanitation and reliable electricity supply
What did the nets for life program provide Nigeria with
60 million mosquito nets were handed out to many households in Nigeria by the world Bank and the IMF
Why did the nets for life program take place in Nigeria?
As it has one of the highest death rates form Malaria
How has economic growth in Nigeria affected the environment?
-In Kano, Kaduna and Lagos harmful pollutants go to open drains and water channels - this harms freshwater supplies and creates risk of illness
-70-80% of forests have been destroyed through logging, agriculture and urban expansion and many species like Cheetahs and 500 types of plants have disappeared due to this
-Oil exploitation has led to oil spills affecting wildlife and food chains and in 2009 this ruined lives of many fishermen and farmers living in Bodo
What are the benefits of aid in Nigeria?
-Aid from the USA helps prevent the spread of HIV
-Nets for life programrovides education on malaria and distributes mosquito nets
-ActionAid and the World Bank built a health clinic to support new mums with infant health and those with HIV - this was built in northern Nigeria
What prevents aid from being used effectively?
-Government diverts money to be used for other purposes
-Donors may have political influence over what happens to the aid
-Corruption in the government and by induviduals
How did the Bodo oil spill in Nigeria take place?
Oil exploitation on land in the Niger delta led to oil spills
How did the Bodo oil spill in Nigeria affect the environment and people?
-Thousands of fisherman and farmers were affected
-Wildlife and food chains were affected
How did the Bodo oil spill in Nigeria get fixed?
-Shell agreed to pay £55 million in compensation to build health clinics and schools and help clean the environment
How has QOL improved in Nigeria?
-Since 1990 life expectancy has increased by 6 years
-The % of the population with safe water increased by 18%
-More industries means more people can get jobs and therefore the government can earn money through taxes
What percentage of Nigeria still live in poverty?
60%
What percentage of people in Nigeria are without sanitation?
It has increased from 64% to 72%
Why do people migrate from Nigeria to Europe?
-Many are forced to live in squatter settlements and in areas with high traffic congestion, waste disposal problems and poor SOL
-Many people will risk the hazardous journey in order to get jobs in Europe
Where are business and science parks located?
Edge of town
Why are science and business parks located where they are?
-Land is cheaper
-More land available and land is not polluted from former industrial activities
-Plenty of space for car parks
-Access for workers is better as there is less traffic congestion than in towns and citites
Why are business/science parks located in a cluster?
-They can benefit from being alongside each other
-Sites are often sustainable in design
-Edge of town allows for further expansion
Define the term economy
The state of a country or region in terms of production and consumption of goods and services and the supply of money
Define employment structure
The proportion of each economic sectors within an economy
What is the primary sector?
Extraction of raw materials
What is the secondary sector?
Manufacturing
What is the tertiary sector?
service jobs
What is the quaternary sectory?
High level research jobs
What are the benefits of Southampton science park?
-Excellent links with the university providing research facilities and academic talent
-Attractive location with extensive green areas
-Excellent transport links - close to the M3 and Southampton airport
-Source of graduate employees from the university
Which companies operate in the Southampton science park?
-FibreCore - make optical cables
-Photon star - lighting products
what are the environmental impacts of extraction industries?
-Harmful chemicals are used which could pollute water
-Natural habitats destroyed
-Spoil heaps which are very loose and can create landslides
-Air will be full of dust and can dirty houses
How can industry be more sustainable?
-Stricter environmental targets put in place for water, air and landscape pollution
-Technology used to reduce harmful emissions reducing the greenhouse effect
-Heavy fines imposed when pollution occurs making companies more cautious
-Desulphurisation removing any harmful gases from power station chimneys
What is the importance of the Torr quarry?
-It supplies construction materials
-Contributes more than £15 million yearly
4 facts about the Torr quarry?
-Over 100 people employed
-It outputs 5 million tonnes of material
-Contributes > £15 million a year
-3/4 of its output is transported by rail
What is the Torr quarry doing to be more sustainable?
-Quarry is being restored to create wildlife lakes for recreation and habitats
-Regular monitoring of noise, vibrations, airborne emissions and water quality
-Rail transport reduces impact on local roads
-200 acres of site has been landscaped to blend in with surrounding countryside
What is counter-urbanisation?
When people move from urban areas to rural areas
Why do people move from urban areas to rural areas?
-Lack of job opportunities
-Lack of available housing
-Expensive housing
Why did the outer Hebrides experience population decline?
-It is an isolated area which has an ageing population
-Young people move out in order to find jobs due to the limited available
-Croft farming occurs however it isn’t suitable as it cannot feed many people
-Many people have to work multiple jobs
What are the social effects of the population decline in the Outer Hebrides?
-Number of school children are declining so schools will close
-Increasing ageing population with fewer people to support them so there will be care issues in the future
-In 1984 there were 900 fishing boats now there are only a few for fishing meaning less people enter the industry
What are the economic effects of the population decline in the Outer Hebrides?
-Many young people moving away means less people available for work which will affect the local economy
-Fish farms have developed and they don’t require many employees but there are environmental concerns
-Crofts can only provide work for two days a week discouraging young people from working there
Why is south Cambridgeshire experiencing population growth?
Due to migration into the area
What are the social effects of population growth in South Cambridgeshire?
-Young people cannot afford the house prices and move away
-80% car ownership is leading to increased traffic congestion reducing demands for public transport
-Modern developments of old farm buildings has reduced community spirit but does provide jobs in the industry
What are the economic effects of population growth in south Cambridgeshire?
-Lack of affordable housing for younger generations attempting to get on the housing ladder
-Reduction in agricultural employment as farmers sell land for housing developments - this creates jobs in construction
-Area has had some of the highest petrol prices in the UK due to demand
Why is there a North-south divide?
-During the industrial revolution there were many factories located in areas like Manchester and Sheffield
-However, as a result of the global shift in manufacturing many people were left unemployed
-Despite this, the south of England had many service jobs so they were unaffected
-This caused many people to migrate from the north to the south making house prices more expensive
What are the impacts of the north-south divide?
-High levels of unemployment in the north
-House prices gone up extortionately in the south however decreased in the north
-Lower SOL due to low wages
-Transport is poorer in the north than the south
Evidence for the north-south divide?
-The south has had lots of redevelopment (especially around London) due to its national importance and there is a lack of redevelopment in the north
-South has a lot of service jobs therefore was less affected by the global shift in manufacturing
-North had more factories so worse air pollution, worse SOL and therefore lower life expectancy
-Lots of brownfield sites which are more expensive to build on (Due to toxic chemicals) therefore fly tipping can occur
How has health been affected as a result of the North-south divide?
-Richmond on Thames (South) has the highest life expectancy of 71.9 years whereas Blackpool (North) the average is only 53.3 years (18.6 year difference)
-This inequality is caused by heart and respiratory disease
How has education been affected as a result of the North-south divide?
-Children living in London receiving free school meals are twice more likely to go to university compared with Sheffield
-Schools in the north don’t get enough money for education and in Sheffield they get less per head than alot of other major cities
-This impacts GCSE grades
How has transport been affected as a result of the north south divide?
-The north gets second hand 36 year old train carriages from the South which only last 10 years
-Also they only have pacer trains which can only go 75mph therefore journey times are slow
-Also there are loads of train delays and cancellations in the North
How has economic output been affected as a result of the north-south divide?
-Economic output from Sheffield is 40% lower than Oxfordshire and 25% lower than Brighton
-Sheffield has a high number of low paying service jobs whereas in the south there are a higher number of high paying service jobs like finance
