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Geography > Unit 1 - Section C - Physical landscapes of the U.K > Flashcards

Unit 1 - Section C - Physical landscapes of the U.K Flashcards

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1
Q

Where are the majority of igneous rocks located?

A

.North Scotland
.Snowdonia
.Wales

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2
Q

Where are the majority of metamorphic rocks located?

A

.North Scotland

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3
Q

Where are the majority of sedimentary rocks located?

A

.East England

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4
Q

Where are the U.K upland areas found and what is the main rock type found?

A

.North and West of the country
.Igneous rocks (granite) and metamorphic (Slate) which are resistant to erosion

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5
Q

Where are the U.K lowland areas located and what is the main rock type found?

A

.South and East of the country
.Sedimentary rocks like chalk and clay which erode easily

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6
Q

What are examples of upland areas in the U.K.?

A

.Lake district

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7
Q

What are examples of lowland areas in the U.K.?

A

.Lancashire
.Chesire

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8
Q

Define the term coast

A

The interface between land and sea. They are the dynamic zone where the land meets the sea and where coastal processes operate

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9
Q

Define the term fetch

A

The distance the wind has blown the wave

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10
Q

Define the term crest

A

Highest point on a wave

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11
Q

Define the term trough

A

Lowest point on a wave

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12
Q

Define the term wave length

A

Distance between each crest

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13
Q

Define the term wave height

A

The distance between the top of the crest and the bottom of the trough

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14
Q

Define the term breaking wave

A

A wave that has hit the beach

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15
Q

Define the term swash

A

Water that travels up the beach after the wave has broken

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16
Q

Define the term backwash

A

Water that travels back down to the sea by gravity

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17
Q

What are the two types of wave

A

.Constructive wave
.Destructive wave

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18
Q

What is a constructive wave?

A

Constructive waves are low waves that surge up the beach and spill with a powerful swash. They deposit large amounts of materials and construct the beach

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19
Q

What is a destructive wave?

A

Destructive waves are formed by local storms close to the beach. They are close together and produce a swirling mass of water. They become high and steep but then plunge down onto the beach

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20
Q

What are the properties of destructive waves?

A

.Close together
.Steep wave front
.Breaking wave plunges downwards
.Steep beach

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21
Q

What are the properties of constructive waves?

A

.Far apart
.Gently sloping
.Breaking wave spills forward

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22
Q

Define the term hydraulic action

A

Waves crash against rock and compress the air in cracks. The air then expands and this puts pressure on the rock. This repeats and causes cracks to widen and bits of rock to break off

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23
Q

Define the term abrasion

A

Eroded particles in the water scrape and rub against rock removing pieces

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24
Q

Define the term attrition

A

Eroded particles in the water collide. They then break into smaller pieces and become more rounded and smooth

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25
Q

Define the term mechanical weathering

A

The breaking down of rock without changing its chemical composition

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26
Q

What happens in freeze thaw weathering

A

.Water enters the crack of a rock
.The water then freezes which expands the rock
.This puts pressure on the rock
.The water then thaws
.This process repeats and the crack widens causing some rock to break off

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27
Q

Define the term chemical weathering

A

The breakdown of rock by changing its chemical composition

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28
Q

What is mass movement?

A

The shifting of rocks and loose materials down a slope

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29
Q

How does chemical weathering occur?

A

Rainwater which is slightly acidic slowly dissolves certain rock like chalk and limestone

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30
Q

What are the three types of mass movement?

A

.Slumping
.Sliding
.Rockfall

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31
Q

How does slumping occur?

A

.Since clay is impermeable
.If it rains water sits on top of the clay
.This adds weight to it and the combined weight of water and gravity causes the clay to slump

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32
Q

How does rockfall occur?

A

.Weathering causes rocks to become loose
.They then slide down the cliff if they break off

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33
Q

How does landslide occur?

A

.Material shifts in a straight line along a slide plane
.This often happens when there is a wave cut notch at the bottom of the cliff

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34
Q

What is longshore drift?

A

.Longshore drift occurs when the waves hit the coast at an oblique angle
.The swash carries material up the beach in the direction of the wave
.The backwash carries the material down the beach at right angles towards the sea due to gravity
.Over time material zigzags along the coast

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35
Q

What are the four transportation methds?

A

.Traction
.Saltation
.Suspension
.Solution

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36
Q

What is traction?

A

.Large load like boulders are rolled along the sea bed by the force of water

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37
Q

What is saltation?

A

Pebble sized particles are bounced along the sea bed by the force of water

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38
Q

What is suspension?

A

Small particles are carried along the water

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39
Q

What is solution (transport)?

A

Soluble materials are dissolved in the water and carried along

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40
Q

What is deposition?

A

When the sediment is placed down

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41
Q

When does deposition occur?

A

.Deposition occurs when the water carrying sediment loses energy and slows down
.There is erosion further along the coast as there’s more material to place
.Lots of material is transported

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42
Q

What is a concordant coastline?

A

When the alternating bands of rock are parallel to the coast

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43
Q

What is a discordant coastline?

A

When the alternating bands of hard of soft rock are at right angles to the coast

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44
Q

What are some examples of erosional landforms on the coast?

A

.Headlands
.Bays
.Cave
.Arch
.Stack
.Stump
.Wave cut platforms

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45
Q

Explain the formation of a headland and bay

A

.Headlands and bays form when there is a discordant coastline and there is less resistant rock in between more resistant rock
.The less resistant rock erodes quicker then the more resistant rock forming a bay with a gentle slope
.Because the more resistant rock takes longer to erode headlands form with steep sides

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46
Q

Explain the formation of the: Cave, arch, stack and stump sequence

A

.Headlands typically contain loads of cracks (lines of weakness)
.Waves crash into the headlands
.Because of abrasion and hydraulic action these widen the cracks
.This repeats forming a cave

.Abrasion and hydraulic action continue deepening and widening the cave
.As a result the water breaks through the cave forming an arch

.Abrasion and hydraulic action continue wearing down the rock supporting the arch
.Consequently because of gravity the arch collapses which forms a stack

.Eventually wave cut notches form causing the stack to to collapse which form a stump

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47
Q

Explain the formation of a wave cut platform

A

.Abrasion and hydraulic action occur at the foot/base of a cliff
.Consequently a wave cut notch forms over time
.Abrasion and hydraulic action cause the wave cut notch to enlarge
.Eventually the cliff will collapse and the material gets cleared
.This process repeats and consequently a wave cut platform is formed

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48
Q

Explain the formation of a spit

A

.Longshore drift occurs and transports sediment along the beach
.Consequently some sediment is deposited in the sea
.This process repeats making the spit longer
.Strong winds and waves can also form a recurved end

49
Q

Explain the formation of a bar

A

.A bar forms when a spit joins across 2 headlands
.The bay gets cut off and this forms a lagoon behind the bar

50
Q

Explain the formation of sand dunes

A

.Sand dunes are formed when sand deposited by longshore drift is moved up the beach by the wind
.Objects cause wind speed to decrease so sand is deposited forming embryo dunes
.These dunes are colonised by plants like Marram grass and consequently the roots help stabilize the dune
.More sand accumulates there forming foredunes
.Eventually a mature dune forms and new embryo dunes form in front of the foredunes

51
Q

What are the 2 types of coastal defences?

A

.Hard engineering
.Soft engineering

52
Q

Define hard enginerring

A

Man made structures built to control the flow of the sea and reduce flooding and erosion

53
Q

Define soft engineering

A

Schemes set up using knowledge of the sea and its processes to reduce the effects of flooding and erosion

54
Q

What are the benefits of a sea wall?

A

.Prevents erosion
.Acts as a barrier to prevent flooding
.Can be used as a promenade which can attract tourism

55
Q

What are the drawbacks to a sea wall?

A

.Expensive to build and maintain
.Creates a strong backwash that erodes under the wall
.Looks unnatural

56
Q

What are the benefits of gabions?

A

.Absorb wave energy which reduces erosion
.Cheap and easy to build

57
Q

What are the drawbacks to gabions?

A

.They’re ugly
.The wire cages corrode over time

58
Q

What are the benefits to rock armour?

A

.Absorbs wave energy which reduces erosion
.Fairly cheap
.Can be used for fishing
.Can provide interest for the coast

59
Q

What are the drawbacks to rock armour?

A

.Needs to be replaced as the boulders can move
.The rock type may not be the same as the typical coast rock type which makes them look obtrusive

60
Q

What are the benefits of groynes?

A

.Creates a wider beach which slows down the waves
.Fairly cheap
.Provides useful structures for fishing

61
Q

What are the drawbacks to groynes?

A

.They starve beaches further down the coast making them narrower
.They look unnatural
.They increase rate of erosion further down

62
Q

What are the benefits of beach nourishment and reprofiling?

A

.Blends in with the existing beach
.Creates wider beaches and slows the waves

63
Q

What are the disadvantages of beach nourishment and reprofiling?

A

.Very expensive as it has to be repeated
.Disrupt other envrionments

64
Q

What are the advantages of dune regeneration?

A

.Relatively cheap
.Maintains a natural beach environment
.Helps absorb wave energy which prevents flooding and erosion

65
Q

What are the disadvantages of dune regeneration

A

.Time consuming
.Can be easily damaged by storms

66
Q

What are the advantages of managed retreat?

A

.Works with nature
.Cheap and easy
.Helps protect farmland from flooding

67
Q

What are the disadvantages with managed retreat?

A

.People who live by the sea get nervous
.The salt water can damage ecosystems

68
Q

Where are examples of coastal landforms?

A

Durdle door - Arch
.Chesil Beach - Bar which joins the Isle of Portland to the mainland and behind the bar is The Fleet Lagoon
.Swanage bay, Studland bay and The Foreland - Headland and bays. At the end of the Foreland is a stack called Old Harry and a Stump called Old Harry’s wife

69
Q

Why does Lyme Regis need to have its coast managed?

A

Lyme Regis has a population of over 3600 people and around 500,000 tourists each year

Around 900m of the A3052 road which links Lyme Regis to other towns would’ve been lost within 50 years

The local economy relies on tourism (Around £42 million was spent by tourists in 2015)

Erosion would be a threat to the historic town center and the tourism industry

70
Q

What are the positive impacts to Lyme Regis’ coastal defences?

A

The improved beaches have increased trade by 20% in some parts of the town

The rock armour absorbs the powerful wave energy protecting the harbour

People now feel more secure when buying properties in Lyme Regis as the defenses ensure that the houses are protected against coastal erosion and landslides

71
Q

What are the conflicts to Lyme Regis’ coastal defences?

A

Greater number of tourists increases traffic, litter and noise pollution

The defenses stop new fossils from being located

Some residents think it was expensive for the short-term solutions as the defenses may need rebuilding in 60 years time

72
Q

What did Lyme Regis do to defend the coast?

A

Phase 1 - Involved building new rock armour, a sea wall and a promenade. This finished in 1995

Phase 2 - Work started in 2005 and ended in 2007. The rock armour was extended and the old wooden groynes were replaced with new stone groynes . Drainage systems were improved to reduce water build up and prevent landslides. The total cost was £26 million

Phase 3 -Was meant to prevent landslides to the west however was never carried out due to its cost

Phase 4 - Was completed in 2015 and cost £19.5 million . It included 390 metres of sea walls and rock armour to protect roads into the town

73
Q

What is hydraulic action in rivers?

A

The force of the river water colliding with rocks breaks rock particles away from the river channel

74
Q

When do rivers deposit their load?

A

.The volume of water falls
.The amount of eroded material increases
.The water is shallower
.The river reaches its mouth

75
Q

Describe the river’s shape and gradient in the upper course

A

.Steep gradient
.V-shaped valley
.Steep sides
.Narrow
.Shallow
.Water velocity is low
.Vertical erosion is dominant

76
Q

Describe the river’s shape and gradient in the middle course

A

.Gently sloping valley sides
.Wider
.Deeper channel
.Lateral erosion is more dominant here

77
Q

Describe the river’s shape and gradient in the lower course

A

.Very wide
.Almost flat valley
.Very deep and wide
.Lateral erosion is dominant here

78
Q

What is vertical erosion?

A

.Erosion that deepens the river valley and channel making it v-shaped
.It is dominant in the upper course of a river
.High turbulence causes the rough and angular particles to be dragged across the river bed causing vertical erosion

79
Q

Define lateral erosion

A

.This widens the river valley and channel during formation of meanders
.It is dominant in the middle and lower course

80
Q

Explain the formation of a gorge

A

.Waterfall form when a river flows over an area of hard rock followed by soft rock
.The soft rock is eroded by abrasion and hydraulic action much quicker than the cap rock which is more resistant
.This forms an overhang
.Due to gravity and the weight of the water the overhang will collapse
.The hard rock will then collapse into the plunge pool
.Consequently it will break apart and because of abrasion and hydraulic action it will widen and deepen the plunge pool
.Over time this process repeats forming a gorge

81
Q

What are interlocking spurs?

A

.Found in the upper course of a river where most erosion is vertically downwards
.This creates steep v-shaped valley sides
.In the upper course rivers lack the power to erode laterally so they wind around rocks and hillsides that stick out
.Those hillsides that stick out are interlocking spurs

82
Q

Explain the formation of a meander

A

.Rivers develop large bends in the river called meanders in the middle and lower course
.The current is faster on the outside of the bend because the river channel is deeper
.Consequently more erosion takes place on the outside of the bend forming river cliffs
.The current on the inside of the bend is slower as the river channel is shallower
.Therfore the river deposits its material which forms slip off slopes

83
Q

How are ox-bow lakes formed?

A

.Abrasion and hydraulic action cause the outside of the bends to get closer
.The neck consequently gets shorter
.During a flood, storm or when river velocity is at its fastest the neck of the meander gets cut off
.The river takes the shortest route and consequently deposition occurs which cuts off the old meander
.This forms an ox-bow lake

84
Q

Explain the formation of a floodplain

A

.The floodplain is a the wide valley floor on either side of a river
.When rivers flood, water loses energy and deposits the material it’s transporting
.This helps build up the floodplain
.The deposition that happens on slip off slopes also builds up flood plains

85
Q

Explain the formation of a levee

A

.Levees are natural embankments along the edges of a river channel
.During a flood eroded material is deposited over the whole flood plain
.The heaviest material gets deposited closest to the river channel
.Over time the deposited material builds up creating levees along the edges

86
Q

Explain the formation of mudflats

A

.Estuaries are found at river mouths
.The river level rises and falls each day (tidal)
.When the water floods over the banks of a river it carries silt and sand onto the valley floor
.As the tide reaches its highest point it deposits its sediment
.Over time more builds up creating mudflats

87
Q

What is an estuary?

A

Tidal areas where the river meets the sea

88
Q

What are the factors that affect flood risk by increasing river discharge?

A

.Heavy rainfall
.Geology
.Prolonged rainfall
.Relief of the land
.Land use

89
Q

How does heavy rainfall lead to floods?

A

Heavy rainfall means that water arrives too quickly to infiltrate so there is more surface runoff which increases river discharge

90
Q

How does the geology increase river discharge?

A

Some rocks like clay are impermeable. This means infiltration doesn’t take place so therefore more runoff takes place

91
Q

How does prolonged rainfall increase river discharge?

A

Prolonged rainfall can saturate soil. Any further rainfall can’t infiltrate which means runoff is increased

92
Q

How does relief increase river discharge?

A

If a river has steep valley sides water will get to the river quicker as it can flow faster. This increases discharge

93
Q

How does land use affect river discharge?

A

.Buildings are made from impermeable surfaces like concrete aswell as surrounding roads. This increases runoff. In addition man-made drains quickly transport water increasing discharge

.Trees intercept rainwater on their leaves which then evaporates. If you cut down trees (deforestation) this increases discharge as more water enters the channel

94
Q

What is peak discharge?

A

The highest discharge in the river in the period of time you’re looking at

95
Q

What is lag time?

A

The delay between peak rainfall and peak discharge

96
Q

What is the rising limb?

A

The increase in river discharge as rainwater flows into the river

97
Q

What is the falling limb?

A

The decrease in river discharge as the river returns to its normal state

98
Q

What are the benefits of dams and reservoirs?

A

.Reservoirs store water after heavy rain, control water flow and prevent floods downstream
.They also create man-made habitats for wildlife
.They can be used to generate hydroelectric power

99
Q

What are the benefits of channel straightening?

A

.Water leaves the area more quick;y therefore flood risk is lower

100
Q

What are the benefits of enbankments?

A

.The river can hold more water so floods are less common

101
Q

What are the benefits of flood relief channels?

A

.Gates on channels mean that the release of water can be controlled reducing flood risk

102
Q

What are the benefits of flood warnings and preperation?

A

.Warnings give people time to move possessions upstairs, put sandbags in place and even evacuate

.This reduces the impact of flooding

103
Q

What are the benefits of floodplain zoning?

A

.Flood risk is reduced as there are fewer impermeable surfaces near the river

.The impact of flooding is reduced

104
Q

What are the benefits of planting trees to reduce flood risk on rivers?

A

.Discharge and flood risk is reduced

.Vegetation reduces soil erosion and provides habitats for wildlife

105
Q

What are the benefits of river restoration?

A

.Discharge is reduced so there is less risk of flooding downstream

.Little maintenance is needed and there are better habitats for wildlife

106
Q

What are the drawbacks of dams and reservoirs?

A

.Dams are expensive to build

.The creation of a reservoir can flood settlements

.Material is deposited in the reservoir not along the river’s course so the land becomes less fertile

107
Q

What are the drawbacks of channel straightening?

A

.Flooding may happen downstream instead

.Fast flowing water may cause erosion downstream

108
Q

What are the drawbacks of embankments?

A

.They’re expensive
.Risk of severe flooding if the water rises above the embankments

109
Q

What are the drawbacks of flood relief channels?

A

.There will be increased discharge where the relief channel joins the river

110
Q

What are the drawbacks of flood warning systems?

A

.They don’t prevent floods
.People may not have access to the warnings
.They may not be taken seriously
.It may give people a false sense of security

111
Q

What are the drawbacks of flood plain zoning?

A

.The expansion of urban areas is limited
.It can’t help sites that have already been built on

112
Q

What are the drawbacks of planting trees?

A

Less land available for farming

113
Q

What are the drawbacks of river restoration?

A

Local flood risks can increase especially if nothing is done to prevent major flooding

114
Q

Why were river management schemes put in place for Oxford?

A

Oxford is situated right at the confluence of the River Thames and the River Cherwell

These 2 rivers are at huge risk of flooding especially during heavy rainfall

In 2007, river discharge increased rapidly causing flash floods

This meant over 250 homes had to be evacuated

In 2014 a later flood caused trains to be cancelled and drains to overflow

These floods restricted people’s access to work and services as well as damaging the local economy as they prevented tourists visiting Oxford’s historic centre

115
Q

What were the flood management schemes put in place in Oxford?

A

Increasing water storage in the floodplain and in the existing bypass channel - 400000 metres cubed of earth will be dug up to increase capacity

Planting 20000 trees - 20,000 trees will be planted to slow runoff and decrease peak discharge

Flood walls - Reused excavated material to build flood walls and embankments to protect at risk areas

116
Q

What are the social impacts of the flood management schemes in Oxford?

A

Construction may disrupt residents’ lives because of noise pollution

The scheme will improve public footpaths providing more opportunities for recreation

Residents feel more confident their home won’t flood

Compulsory purchase orders were sent to landowners who didn’t want to sell their land to expand the floodplain

117
Q

What are the economic impacts of the flood management schemes in Oxford?

A

The total cost is £120 million and not all the funding is secured

Over 1000 homes and businesses will be better protected so there is less risk of expensive damage to property

118
Q

What are the environmental impacts of the flood management schemes in Oxford?

A

Over 2000 trees will be removed and 2 hectares of rare grassland will be removed. They will be replanted but it will take a while to regrow

The scheme will create over 20 hectares of riverside habitats which will increase biodiversity

Geography (7 decks)

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