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Geography > Unit 1: Section A: The challenge of natural hazards > Flashcards

Unit 1: Section A: The challenge of natural hazards Flashcards

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1
Q

Define natural hazard

A

A natural process which could cause death, injury or disruption to humans or destroy property and possessions

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2
Q

Define natural disaster

A

A natural hazard that has already happened

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3
Q

Define natural event

A

A natural process which doesn’t pose any threat to human activity

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4
Q

What are the 2 main types of hazard?

A

1) Geological hazard
2) Meteorological hazard

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5
Q

What is a geological hazard?

A

-A hazard caused by land and tectonic processes
-Examples are earthquakes and volcanoes

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6
Q

What is a meteorological hazard?

A

-A hazard caused by weather and climate
-An example is a tropical storm

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7
Q

Define hazard risk

A

The probability of people being affected by a hazard

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8
Q

What are the main factors that affect hazard risk?

A

-Population density
-Poverty/Capacity to cope
-Type of natural hazard
-Frequency of hazard
-Magnitude of hazard

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9
Q

How does population density affect hazard risk?

A

More people in an area when a natural event occurs, the higher the hazard risk

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10
Q

How does poverty/capacity to cope with a hazard affect the hazard risk?

A

-In poorer parts of the world people may be forced to live in areas with a high chance of hazards happening
-In LICs people may not be able to afford defences

-In addition the better a population can cope with an event the lower the risk of them being affected

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11
Q

How does the nature of the hazard affect the hazard risk?

A

-The risk of some hazards is greater than others
-Natural hazards that occur more often have a higher risk
-More severe hazards TEND to have a greater impact and risk

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12
Q

Define the term primary effects

A

The immediate impacts caused by a natural hazard

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13
Q

What are the main primary effects of a natural hazard?

A

-Buildings and roads are DESTROYED by natural hazards (Earthquakes/volcanoes/tropical storms)

-People may be injured or killed (e.g when a building collapses)

-Crops and water supplies may be damaged or contaminated

-Electricity cables, gas pipes, water pipes. sewage pipes and network communications may be damaged CUTTING OFF supplies

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14
Q

Define the term secondary effects

A

The effects that occur later on often the result of the primary effects

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15
Q

What are the main secondary effects after a natural hazard?

A

-The initial hazard may trigger other hazards (earthquakes may trigger tsunamis)

-Aids and emergency vehicles CAN’T get through because of blocked roads and bridges - May lead to MORE deaths

-Shortage of clean water and lack of sanitation makes it easier for DISEASE to spread

-FOOD SHORTAGES Can occur if crops are damaged and livestock are killed

-The country’s economy can be weakened - damage to businesses can cause unemployment and the reconstruction can be expensive

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16
Q

What are the immediate responses to a natural hazard?

A

-Evacuate people (before the hazard occurs if possible)

-Treat the injured people and rescue anyone

-Recover dead bodies to prevent disease from spreading

-Provide temporary supplies of electricity and gas if necessary

-Provide FOOD, DRINK and SHELTER

-Foreign governments or charities may send aid workers, supplies or financial donations

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17
Q

What are the long term responses to a natural hazard?

A

-Repair homes or rehouse people

-Repair or rebuild buildings, roads, railways and bridges

-Reconnect broken electricity, water, gas and communication connections

-Improve forecasting, monitoring and evacuation plans

-Boost economic recovery (E.g tourism)

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18
Q

What are the layers of the earth?

A

-Crust
-Mantle
-Outer core
-Inner core

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19
Q

What are the properties of the core?

A

-Core is extremely hot and has temperatures of up to 5500 degrees Celsius

-The inner core is more solid due to the pressure

-The outer core is more of a liquid

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20
Q

What are the properties of the mantle?

A

-Made up of 2 layers

-The uppermost layer is called the LITHOSPHERE and is the coolest and solid

-As you move closer to the core the mantle becomes more fluid (like custard) and the temperature increases

-This is called the aesthenosphere and is the main source of magma

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21
Q

What are the 2 types of crust?

A

-Oceanic crust
-Continental crust

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22
Q

What is the earths crust divided into?

A

Tectonic plates

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23
Q

What are the properties of the oceanic crust?

A

-Young rock (<200 million years old)
-Thin (6-20km thick)
-Composed of basalt
-Can be renewed/destroyed

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24
Q

What are the properties of continental crust?

A

-Old rock (>1500 million years)
-Thick (20-70km thick)
-Composed of granite
-Cannot be renewed/destroyed

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25
Q

What causes the tectonic plates to move?

A

-Convection currents
-Slab pull
-Ridge push

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26
Q

What is the continental drift theory?

A

-The theory of plate tectonics is linked with the fact that the earth’s crust moves

-The theory states that 200 million years ago there was a supercontinent called Pangea

-Thus theory helps explain the formation of the world today

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27
Q

What is the place where plates meet called?

A

Plate margins or plate boundaries

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28
Q

What is ridge push?

A

-As plates move apart magma rises
-The magma then cools forming new plate material
-As this cools it becomes denser and slides down away from the ridge
-The force of this causes plates to move away from each other

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29
Q

What is slab pull?

A

-At a subduction boundary a denser heavier plate subducts the less dense plate
-As the plate gets pulled underneath by gravity the force of this pulls the rest of the plate with it

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30
Q

What are the types of plate margin?

A

-Destructive
-Constructive
-Conservative
-Collision

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31
Q

What happens at destructive plate boundaries?

A

-This occurs when one continental plate moves towards an oceanic plate
-The denser oceanic plate then subducts and gets destroyed
-This creates gas-rich magma

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32
Q

What natural hazards occur at destructive plate boundries?

A

-Volcanoes
-Earthquakes

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33
Q

What happens at collision plate boundaries?

A

-When two continental crusts collide
-They squeeze together as they have the same density forming fold mountains

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34
Q

What natural events happen at collision plate boundaries?

A

Earthquakes only

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35
Q

What is an example of a destructive plate margin?

A

The Nazca plate subducts the South American plate

(On diagrams Nazca on the left south american on the right)

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36
Q

What is an example of a collision plate boundary?

A

The Indian plate collides with the Eurasian plate

(Indian on the left Eurasian on the right)

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37
Q

What happens at constructive plate margins?

A

This is where two plate boundaries move apart from each other
-Magma then rises filling the gaps
-This then cools creating new crust

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38
Q

What is an example of constructive plate margins?

A

Eurasian plate and the North American plate - forming the mid Atlantic ridge

(North American on the left Eurasian on the right)

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39
Q

What happens at conservative plate boundaries?

A

-This happens when two plates are either moving sideways past each other
-Or moving in the same direction at different speeds next to each other

-Crust isn’t created or destroyed

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40
Q

What is an example of a conservative plate boundary?

A

Pacific plate and the north american plate - forming the San Andreas fault

(Pacific plate on the left north american on the right)

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41
Q

Which natural events happen at constructive plate boundries?

A

-Earthquakes
-Volcanoes

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42
Q

Which natural events happen at conservative plate boundries?

A

-Earthquakes only

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43
Q

How do volcanoes form at destructive plate margins?

A

-The denser oceanic crust subducts into the mantle and melts
-This forms magma which rises through cracks called vents
-The magma erupts at the surface (Now called lava) forming a volcano

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44
Q

What type of volcano forms at destructive plate boundries?

A

Composite volcano

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45
Q

What are the properties of composite volcanoes?

A

-They have steep sides which are made up of alternating layers of ash and lava
-Lava is sticky and viscous (acidic)
-Eruptions are violent due to a high gas content
-However eruptions don’t happen often

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46
Q

How are volcanoes formed at constructive plate boundaries?

A

-As the plates move apart, magma rises up from the mantle

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47
Q

What type of volcano is formed at constructive plate boundries?

A

Shield volcanoes

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48
Q

What are the properties of shield volcanoes?

A

-Wide base and gently sloping sides
-Lava is runny and flows a long way
-Lava is basic (Not acidic)
-Frequent eruptions
-However they are not violent

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49
Q

Define the focus

A

The point where the earthquake is generated

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50
Q

Define the epicentre

A

The point on the earth’s surface right above the focus

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51
Q

Define seismic waves

A

The form in which energy is released from the focus

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52
Q

Define fault lines

A

Fractures or zones of fractures where significant displacement occurs

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53
Q

How are earthquakes formed at destructive plate boundries?

A

-Formed at the subduction zone
-Where tension builds as one plate gets stuck when they move away from each other
-The plate eventually jerks past each other sending out shock waves

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54
Q

How are earthquakes formed at constructive plate boundries?

A

Tension builds along cracks (fault lines) as the plates move away from each other
-Sending out shock waves

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55
Q

How are earthquakes formed at conservative plate boundries?

A

-Tension builds up when the plates are grinding past each other
-The start to stick and may get stuck
-The plates suddenly jolt apart releasing shock waves

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56
Q

Where are the seismic waves strongest?

A

At the focus

As they spread out they get weaker

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57
Q

What are the methods of measuring the magnitude of earthquakes?

A

-Richter scale
-Mercalli scale

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58
Q

What is the richter scale?

A

-The richter scale uses a seismograph to measure the difference of speed between P-waves and S-waves
-It is a logarithmic scale
-So a magnitude of 7 is TEN times more powerful then a magnitude of 6

-This is more scientifically accurate than the Mercalli scale but requires specialist equipment

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59
Q

What is the Mercalli scale?

A

-The Mercalli scale uses a range of 1-8
-He based the scale of the earthquake depending on the damage caused
-1 being not damaging 8 being catastrophic

-It isn’t scientifically accurate yet doesn’t require specialist equipment

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60
Q

What are the types of seismic waves?

A

-Surface waves
-P-waves
-S-waves

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61
Q

What are the properties of p-waves?

A

-They are the first waves to hit
-They can travel through solids and liquids
-They cause buildings to move up and down and are the least damaging
-So buildings may survive

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62
Q

What are the properties of S-waves?

A

-They are the second waves to hit
-They can only move through solids
-They move buildings side to side

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63
Q

What are the properties of surface waves?

A

-They are the most damaging
-They go up and down like waves on water
-This causes buildings to twist and collapse
-These are the last to hit

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64
Q

What are the hazards from volcanoes?

A

-Tephra
-Pyroclastic flow
-Lava
-Lava bombs
-Gas
-Lahars

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65
Q

What is tephra?

A

A mixture of ash and lava bombs which travels long distances

66
Q

What are the impacts of tephra?

A

-Can destroy cars and any mode of transport
-Can disrupt travel
-Causes roofs to cave in under the weight
-Covers farmland and landscapes

67
Q

What is pyroclastic flow?

A

-The most deadly of all the hazards
-A mixture of hot poisonous gas and ash that is blasted into the atmosphere
-It then tumbles down the side of the volcano at a high velocity

68
Q

What are the impacts of pyroclastic flow?

A

-Hot gas kills people
-Will bury whatever is in its path

69
Q

What are lava bombs?

A

A mass of molten rock ejected during an eruption

70
Q

What are the impacts of lava bombs?

A

-Could severely injure people
-Can cause secondary fires and damage buildings

71
Q

What is the gas released from a volcano?

A

-The invisible gas makes up the magma
-They can escape before an eruption
-This can kill people as it is poisnonous

72
Q

What are the impacts of gas (volcanoes)?

A

-Can kill many people or cause them to fall unconscious
-Can poison land/soil

73
Q

What are lahars?

A

-A violent type of mudflow or debris composed of pyroclastic material
-Which usually travels down valleys

74
Q

What are the impacts of lahars?

A

-They can bury and destroy manmade structures like roads
-Can trap people
-Can cause severe riverbank erosion
-Can clear areas of woodland or agriculture

75
Q

What is soil liquefaction?

A

-The shaking of the ground (During the earthquake) forces water to the surface

-This causes the ground to lose its strength

-Therefore buildings then sink

76
Q

What is a positive correlation?

A

As one factor increases the other factor increases

77
Q

What is a negative correlation?

A

As one factor increases another factor decreases

78
Q

What is the GPD per capita in Chile?

A

-GPD per capita is 30 billion

79
Q

What were the primary effects of the earthquake in the HIC (Chile)?

A

-Around 500 people were killed and 12,000 injured (80,000 affected)

-220,000 homes, 4500 schools, 53 seaports, 56 hospitals and other buildings were destroyed

80
Q

What were the secondary effects of the earthquake in the HIC (Chile)?

A

-1500 Km of roads were damaged badly by landslides – remote communities were cut off for many days

-A fire at a chemical plant near Santiago – The area had to be evacuated

81
Q

What is the earthquake management like in the HIC (Chile)?

A

-Chile has one of the most effective disaster relief infrastructures in the world

-This is due to the rigorous building codes, evacuation simulations and preparation

82
Q

What was the immediate responses to the earthquake in a HIC (Chile)?

A

-Temporary repairs made to the important route 5 north-south highway meant that aid could be transported from Santiago to affected areas

-A national appeal raised US$60 million – enough to build 30,000 small emergency shelters

83
Q

What were the long term responses to the earthquake in a HIC (Chile)?

A

-A month after the earthquake Chile’s government launched a housing reconstruction to help nearly 200,00 homes affected

-Chile’s strong economy could be rebuilt without the need of much foreign aid

84
Q

What is the GPD per capita in Nepal?

A

-The GPD per capita is 10 billion

85
Q

What were the primary effects of the earthquake in an LIC (Nepal)?

A

-9000 people died and 20,000 injured – over 8 million people were affected (1/3 of the population)

-3 million people left homeless after homes were destroyed

-1.4 million people needed food, water and shelter in the days and weeks after the earthquake

86
Q

What were the secondary effects from the earthquake in an LIC (Nepal)?

A

-Avalanches on Mount Everest killed at least 19 people

-An avalanche in Langtang region left 250 people missing

-A landslide blocked the Kali Gandaki River (90 miles from Katmandu) - Many people evacuated in case of flooding

87
Q

What was earthquake management like in an LIC (Nepal)?

A

-The country was poorly placed to cope with such a shock

-No warning system
-More than 50% of its population lives below the poverty line

-The geology of the floor is made of unconsolidated sediments of sand which increases the vibration of the earthquake and causes soil liquefaction.

88
Q

What were the short term responses to the earthquake in an LIC (Nepal)?

A

-Helicopters rescued many people caught in avalanches on Mount Everest and delivered supplies to villages cut off by landslides

-Half a million tents needed to provide shelter for the homeless

-Field hospitals set up to help support overcrowded main hospitals

89
Q

What were the long term responses to an earthquake in an LIC (Nepal)?

A

-Roads repaired and landslides cleared. Lakes formed by landslides were cleared to avoid flooding

-Thousands of homeless people to be re-housed and damaged homes repaired – Over 7000 schools to be repaired

-Stricter controls on building repairs

90
Q

What are the main reasons people live in hazardous regions?

A

-They’ve always lived there therefore moving means leaving jobs or families

-Volcanic soil is really fertile due to the minerals in the ash

-Volcanoes are tourist attractions meaning that people can work in the tourist industry

91
Q

What are the methods of reducing the effects of tectonic hazards?

A

-Monitoring
-Prediction
-Planning
-Protection

92
Q

How does monitoring earthquakes reduce the risk of them?

A

-Seismometers and lasers monitors the earth movements and can be useful in warning systems

-This will give enough warning before a large earthquake occurs

93
Q

How does monitoring a volcano reduce the risk?

A

-Scientists can tell the signs of a volcanic eruption
-These signs include tiny earthquakes, escaping gas and changes in the volcano’s shape

94
Q

How does prediction of earthquakes reduce the risk?

A

Earthquakes cannot be reliably predicted but scientists can forecast where they may occur by monitoring movement of tectonic plates

95
Q

How does prediction of volcanoes reduce the risk?

A

They can be predicted if scientists monitor them closely

96
Q

What are the methods of protecting people from earthquakes?

A

-Using reinforced concrete to build buildings that absorb the earthquake’s energy

-Existing buildings can be strengthened too with steel frames to reduce the likelihood of them collapsing

-Automatic shut off switches can turn of gas and electricity supplies in order to prevent fires

97
Q

What are the methods to protect people from volcanic eruptions?

A

-Buildings can be strengthened so they’re less likely to collapse under the weight of ash

-Trenches and barriers have been used to divert lava from settlements however with little success

98
Q

What are the methods of planning in order to reduce risk of a natural event?

A

-Emergency services can prepare by practicing rescuing people from collapsed buildings

-People can be educated so they know what to do if a hazard occurs

-Governments can plan evacuation routes to get people out quickly and safely

99
Q

What is the life expectancy in Chile?

A

79.9 years

100
Q

What was the magnitude of the earthquake in Chile?

A

8.8

101
Q

What is the literacy rate in Chile?

A

96.4%

102
Q

What was the type of plate boundary the earthquake in Chile happened on?

A

Destructive plate margin

103
Q

What is the life expectancy in Nepal?

A

70 years

104
Q

What is the literacy rate in Nepal?

A

67.9%

105
Q

What was the magnitude of the earthquake in Nepal?

A

7.9

106
Q

What type of plate boundary did the earthquake in Nepal happen at?

A

Collision plate margin

107
Q

Define global atmospheric circulation

A

The transfer of heat from the equator to the poles by movement of air

108
Q

Why does air move?

A

Due to the differences in air pressure

109
Q

Where do winds blow?

A

-From areas of high pressure to areas of low pressure

110
Q

What pressure does rising air give?

A

Low pressure

111
Q

What pressure does cooling air give?

A

High pressure

112
Q

What is the name of the 3 cells in the earth?

A

-Hadley cell
-Ferrel cell
-Polar cell

113
Q

How does air move in the cells initially?

A

1) The sun warms the earth at the equator causing air to rise - This creates a low pressure belt

2)As the air rises it cools and moves away from the equator

3) 30 degrees north and south of the equator the cool air sinks - Creating a high pressure belt

114
Q

How does air move in the cells after the cool air sank 30 degrees North and south of the equator?

A

1) At the ground surface the cool air moves in one of two ways. Back to the equator (Trade winds) or towards the poles (Westerlies)

2) The wind curves because of the Earth’s rotation - called the Coriolis effect

115
Q

How does air move 60 degrees north and south of the equator?

A

1) The warmer surface winds meet colder air from the poles. The warmer air rises creating low pressure

2) Some of the air moves back towards the equator and the rest moves towards the poles

3) At the poles the cool air sinks - creating high pressure

4) The high pressure air is then drawn back towards the equator

116
Q

How does air move in the cells? (Full version)

A

1) The sun warms the earth at the equator causing air to rise - This creates a low pressure belt

2)As the air rises it cools and moves away from the equator

3) 30 degrees north and south of the equator the cool air sinks - Creating a high pressure belt

4) At the ground surface the cool air moves in one of two ways. Back to the equator (Trade winds) or towards the poles (Westerlies)

5) The wind curves because of the Earth’s rotation - called the Coriolis effect

6) The warmer surface winds meet colder air from the poles. The warmer air rises creating low pressure

7) Some of the air moves back towards the equator and the rest moves towards the poles

8) At the poles the cool air sinks - creating high pressure

9) The high pressure air is then drawn back towards the equator

117
Q

What is the Coriolis effect?

A

When the trade winds/Westerlies curve because of the Earth’s rotation

118
Q

What are the trade winds?

A

Winds that move back towards the equator

119
Q

What are the Westerlies?

A

Winds that move towards the poles

120
Q

What is weather and climate like at the equator?

A

-The sun is directly overhead

-Therefore the Earth’s surface receives alot of solar radiation, so it’s hot

-Warm, moist air rises and forms clouds so it rains alot

121
Q

What is weather and climate like at 30 degrees north and south of the equator?

A

-When the air reaches 30 degrees north and south it has released most of its moisture as rain

-The dry air means there are few clouds and little rainfall

-Therefore deserts are often found at this lattitude

122
Q

What is weather and climate like at 60 degrees north and south?

A

-It is a low pressure zone

-Warm air rising brings lots of cloud cover and rainfall

-These are often as low pressure systems carried from the Atlantic by westerly winds

123
Q

What is the order in the cells of the Earth?

A

Hadley cell, Ferrel cell, Polar cell

124
Q

Where do tropical storms develop?

A

Between 5 and 30 degrees north and south of the equator

125
Q

What are the necessary conditions for tropical storms to develop?

A

-When sea temperature is 27 degrees C or higher

-Wind shear between higher and lower parts of the atmosphere is low

126
Q

What is wind shear?

A

The difference in wind speed

127
Q

How do tropical storms develop?

A

1) The warm surface water evaporates, rises and condenses into clouds. This releases a huge amount of energy producing powerful storms

2) The rising air creates low pressure which increases surface winds. Low wind shear prevents clouds breaking up as they rise so storms stay in tact

3) Easterly winds near the equator move tropical storms to the west

4) The storms spin because of the Coriolis effect

5) As the storm moves over the ocean, the energy from the warm water strengthens the storm so wind speeds increase

128
Q

What happens to tropical storms as they move over land or cooler air?

A

Tropical storms lose strength as the move over land or cooler water as the energy supply from the warm water is cut off

129
Q

What time of year do the majority of tropical storms occur in the northern hemisphere?

A

August to October

130
Q

What time of year do the majority of tropical storms occur in the Southern hemisphere?

A

December to April

131
Q

What are key facts about tropical storms?

A

-They last 7-14 days
-They are circular in shape
-They’re hundreds of Km wide
-In the northern hemisphere they spin anticlockwise
-In the southern hemisphere they spin clockwise

132
Q

What are the key features of a tropical storm?

A

-They eye
-The eyewall
-The edges of the storm

133
Q

What are the features of the eye of a tropical storm?

A

-They eye is the centre of a tropical storm and is caused by descending air
-There is very low pressure
-Light winds
-And a high temperature

134
Q

What are the features of an eyewall of a tropical storm?

A

-They eye is surrounded by an eyewall
-There is spiraling rising air
-Very strong winds
-Storm clouds
-Torrential rain
-low temperature

135
Q

What are the features of the edge of a tropical storm?

A

-The wind speeds fall
-The clouds become scattered
-The clouds become smaller
-Rain becomes less intense
-Temperature increases

136
Q

Facts about typhoon Haiyan

A

-Happened on 8th November 2013

-Tacloban and Cebu were the worst affected areas with up to 280mm of rainfall and winds reaching 314 km/h

-Storm surge with waves of up to 2.3m combined with a high tide meant Tacloban was hit by waves up to 5m

137
Q

What were the primary effects of Typhoon Haiyan?

A

-1.9 million people homeless

-The cost of damage was at approximately $13 million

-Strong winds damaged electricity lines and water supplies were contaminated by salt water from the storm surge

138
Q

What were the secondary effects of Typhoon Haiyan?

A

-Flooding triggered several landslides which blocked road and delayed arrival of aid

-5.6 million workers lost their jobs after businesses and agricultural land were destroyed

-The lack of clean water caused an outbreak of diseases such as dysentery

139
Q

What were the immediate responses to Typhoon Haiyan?

A

-The Philippines meteorological agency (PAGASA) broadcast warnings which led to the evacuation of 800,000 people - however some died and evacuation centres flooded

-The Philippines declared a state of emergency which led to many charities offering aid in the form of food, clean water and shelter

-Plan international constructed pit latrines for 100,000 people to help prevent the spread of disease

140
Q

What were the long term responses to Typhoon Haiyan?

A

-The UN appealed for over $300 million to help fund rebuilding and relief

-Charities built new storm resistant houses for people who lost their homes

-The Philippines’ tourism board encouraged people to visit the country after the storm by emphasising that most areas were unaffected and that most money would help with the rebuilding

141
Q

How is climate change affecting the frequency of tropical storms?

A

-Oceans will stay at 27 degrees or higher for longer each year so there is a longer period where tropical storms can form

142
Q

How will climate change affect the distribution of tropical storms?

A

-As the average ocean temperature rises more of the world’s oceans could be above 27 degrees - this may mean that tropical storms can form in areas that haven’t experienced them before

143
Q

How will climate change affect the intensity of tropical storms?

A

-Higher sea surface temperatures are likely to result in more evaporation and increased cloud formation so more energy is released - This could mean storms become more powerful

144
Q

What will climate change affect about tropical storms?

A

-intensity
-Frequency
-Distribution

145
Q

What are the methods of reducing the effects of tropical storms?

A

-Planning
-Protection
-Prediction and monitoring

146
Q

What are the methods of prediction and monitoring of tropical storms?

A

-Storms can be monitored using radar, satellites and aircraft - Computer models can then be used to calculate the storm’s predicted path

-Predicting where and when a tropical storm will happen will give people time to evacuate and protect their homes and businesses

147
Q

What are the methods of planning to reduce the effect of tropical storms?

A

-Future developments like new houses can avoid high risk areas like low-lying coastal zones

-Governments can plan evacuation routes to ensure people can evacuate quickly

-Emergency services can prepare for disasters by practicing rescuing people from flooded areas

148
Q

What are the methods of protection to reduce the effect of tropical storms?

A

-Buildings can be designed to withstand tropical storms - buildings can also be put on stilts so they’re safe from floodwater

-Flood defenses can be built alongside rivers and coasts (Levees and sea walls)

149
Q

What did the Philippines do to predict and monitor tropical storms?

A

-During Typhoon Haiyan predicting the storm’s path helped authorities decide which areas needed to be evacuated

150
Q

What did the Philippines do to plan and reduce the effect of tropical storms?

A

-After Typhoon Haiyan volunteers started rescue simulations so they were better prepared for future storms

151
Q

What did the Philippines do in order to protect and reduce the effect of tropical storms?

A

Mangrove forests are being planted in order to act as a natural flood defense

152
Q

What are the different weather hazards the UK experiances?

A

-Strong winds
-Heavy rainfall
-Snow and ice
-Drought
-Thunderstorms
-Heat waves

153
Q

What are the impacts of strong winds?

A

-Can damage properties and transport
-Uprooted trees and debris can injure or kill people

154
Q

What are the impacts of heavy rainfall?

A

-Too much rain can cause flooding which can damage homes, disrupt transport networks and drown people

-Recovering from flooding can cost millions of pounds

155
Q

What are the impacts of snow and ice?

A

-Snow and ice can cause injuries due to slipping and deaths due to cold

-Schools and businesses have to shut and disruption to travel can have economic impacts

156
Q

What are the impacts of droughts?

A

-Water supplies running low causes economic impacts like crop failures

-Rules to conserve water have to be introduced

157
Q

What are the impacts of thunderstorms?

A

-Heavy rain, strong winds and lightning can all occur during thunderstorms

-Lightning can cause fires which can damage property, and the environment and even kill people

158
Q

What are the impacts of heat waves?

A

-During ling periods of hot weather pollution builds up in the air - This can cause heat exhaustion and breathing difficulties which can kill people

-Disruption to transport from rails buckling or roads melting can have economic impacts

-BUT the tourism industry may benefit from better weather

159
Q

How is the UK weather changing?

A

-The UK’s 10 warmest years have occurred since 1990 and 1028 was the joint hottest summer on record

-Extreme cold has also become more frequent and December 2010 was the coldest month for over 100 years

160
Q

How is the rainfall in the UK changing?

A

-More rainfall records were broken between 2010 and 2014 than in any decade on record

-Major flooding events have become more frequent over the past 10 years - December 2015 was the wettest month ever recorded

Geography (8 decks)

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