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Geography > Unit 2 - Section A - Urban issues and challenges > Flashcards

Unit 2 - Section A - Urban issues and challenges Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the rate of urbanisation like in HICs?

A

-Rate of urbanisation is low
-Due to the fact most HICs have experienced urbanisation and many people leave urban areas for less crowded rural areas

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2
Q

What is rate of urbanisation like in LICs?

A

-Rate of urbanisation is high
-Due to the fact that LICs are less economically developed and only around 30% of the population live in urban areas

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3
Q

What is rate of urbanisation like in NEEs?

A

-Typically around 2%
-These are places where economic development is rapidly increasing and their urban population is around 50% however this number can vary

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4
Q

What is a push factor?

A

A factor that encourages people to leave and area

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5
Q

What is a pull factor?

A

A factor that encourages people to move to an area

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6
Q

What are some push factors for rural-urban migration?

A

Natural disasters - Cause properties and farmland to be damaged which is costly

Mechanised agricultural equipment - requires less workers meaning there are fewer available jobs

Desertification - Makes land unproductive so people can’t support themselves and farmers’ income is unstable

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7
Q

What are some pull factors that cause rural-urban migration?

A

-More job opportunities that are better paid

-Access to better healthcare and education opportunities

-Other family members may have moved to an urban area

-People anticipate a better quality of life

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8
Q

What is rural-urban migration?

A

The movement of people from the countryside to cities

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9
Q

What is urbanisation caused by?

A

-Rural to urban migration
-Natural increase

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10
Q

What are migrants typically like who migrate to urban areas?

A

-Young
-Wanting to either work or get an education
-Want to have a family

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11
Q

Define the term megacity

A

-Urban areas with more than 10 million residents
-By 2023 the number of megacities is suspected to increase to 43

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12
Q

What is urbanisation?

A

When more of the population move to urban areas

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13
Q

What are the 4 types of jobs?

A

Primary sector - Farmers and miners
Secondary sector - Factory jobs
Tertiary sector - Service jobs like doctors and teachers
Quaternary sector - Research jobs like scientists

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14
Q

What are the three world cities?

A

London, Tokyo and New York

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15
Q

What is a world city?

A

Cities which have a global influence. Most prominently due to their financial status and worldwide commercial power

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16
Q

Define the term millionaire city

A

A city with more than 1 million people. India and China have the most in the world

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17
Q

What is Mumbai?

A

-A megacity located in India
-Located on the west coast which means it has a port
-It has good trading links with Europe

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18
Q

Why is Mumbai so important nationally and internationally?

A

-Good trading links with Europe
-An economic hub for India contributing 10% of factory employment and 40% of India’s foreign trade
-Contains loads of transactional corperations like The State bank of India
-Biggest port and airport in the country
-Home to Bollywood
-Handles over 60% of India’s sea trade
-Main transport hub

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19
Q

What is a transactional cooperation?

A

Wordwide companies

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20
Q

Define the term slum

A

An illegal occupation of terrain in large cities where dwellers often have to live without and basic infrastructure such as water, sewage, electricity and garbage collection

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21
Q

Why is Mumbai growing?

A

-Natural increase around 5% each year
-Migration and people looking for work
-Economic opportunities

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22
Q

How is Mumbai growing?

A

The population is increasing by around 5% each year

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23
Q

What are the opportunities for development in Mumbai?

A

-Easier access to education than in rural areas
-More healthcare than in rural areas
-Alot of community spirit and support from neighbors especially in poorer areas like Dharavi
-Less chances of natural disasters
-Services such as water and electricity
-Tourism

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24
Q

Why do people migrate form rural-urban areas in Mumbai?

A

-Education and health services are much lower in rural areas
-Jobs in agriculture are harder to find due to droughts

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25
Q

What are the challenges caused by urban growth in Mumbai?

A

-Sanitation
-Managing squatter settlements
-Unemployment
-Crime rates
-Education
-Managing environmental issues

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26
Q

What are the ways that Mumbai can improve quality of life for the urban poor?

A

-Self help schemes - Incremental housing strategies

-Redevelopment schemes - The tower blocks scheme

-NGOs - SPARC and Reality tours

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27
Q

What are the advantages of the self help schemes?

A

-Since 2012 LaFarge (an NGO) have been supplying the slums of Mumbai with resources to let them redevelop them themselves

The advantage of this is that the community spirit is still kept in the slums and families aren’t split up and houses can be made stronger and in safe manner

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28
Q

What is the tower blocks scheme?

A

A redevelopment project for Mumbai

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29
Q

What are the benefits of the tower blocks scheme?

A

-Houses now have addresses meaning taxes can be collected and can be use to further redevelop the city

-Waste collection has now been implemented meaning that the streets are now cleaner and working conditions are better

-Sanitation - Clean water is now piped to every home and sewage pipes take away waste which reduces the chances of diseases like cholera

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30
Q

What are the disadvantages to the tower blocks scheme?

A

-It removes the squatters traditional way of life and may disrupt the sense of community

-Small accommodation may mean families are separated

-Some people have to now commute to work rather than working where they live

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31
Q

What are the three main NGO schemes put in place to help Mumbai redevelop?

A

-SPARCs toilet sanitation scheme

-Reality tours - tourist trip through Mumbai

-The Hamara foundation

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32
Q

What are the benefits of the SPARC scheme in Mumbai?

A

-Over 350 toilet blocks have been built with over 7000 toilets

-Separate toilets for men and women improving safety

-There is a small cost that people pay monthly to use the toilets and the money is used for more redevelopment schemes

-There are lights at nigh also improving safety

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33
Q

What are the disadvantages of the SPARC scheme in Mumbai?

A

-1 in 20 people still use the street as a toilet

-Hundreds of people still have to use the street as a toilet

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34
Q

What are the advantages of reality tours educational trip schemes in Mumbai?

A

-Tourists pay to be guided around the slums of Mumbai

-Raises awareness of the slums and raises funds for local community projects

-Tourists spend money whilst they’re there which helps boost the slums and city

-80% of profits are invested into the community

-The company provides a community center which provides children with an education

-15,000 tourists come each year

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35
Q

What are the disadvantages of the reality tours scheme in Mumbai?

A

Not enough children are educated

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36
Q

What are the advantages of the Hamara foundation scheme in Mumbai?

A

-It is a community based model which aims to provide an education for street children who have dropped out of school

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37
Q

What are the disadvantages of the Hamara foundation scheme in Mumbai?

A

Less than 0.2% of the 200,000 street children are being helped

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38
Q

What are the characteristics of formal employment?

A

-Large scale industry
-High level skill required
-Needs alot of capital to get started
-Often more than 100 workers
-Workers usually have protection and the working environment is safe
-There is a business tax

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39
Q

What are the characteristics of the informal employment?

A

-Small scale and may be located on street corners
-Mostly low level skill
-Little funding required
-Usually a few workers or self employment
-No protection for workers meaning long hours
-No business tax

40
Q

What are the characteristics of a Mumbai migrant?

A

-Average 1 migrant a minute
-70% of migrants are from a surrounding state
-Average age is 20-21
-64% of migrants are male
-Main reason for migration is work
-Natural increase occurs due to young people wanting to start a family

41
Q

Why is Birmingham so important?

A

-Transportation hub such as motorways like the M42, M5 and M6

-Fastest growing economy outside London and the south east

-The city has 5 universities

-Over 35 million people have visited
Birmingham in 2016 bringing in £35 billion to the economy

-Birmingham has an international airport and in 2015 there were 10 million passengers that used it

-Birmingham hosted the commonwealth games in 2022

42
Q

Why has Birmingham grown?

A

-Migration - Many people arrive to Birmingham looking for jobs
-The median age of migrants migrating to Birmingham are 32.6 years old (Economically active)

43
Q

What are the positive impacts of national and international migration into Birmingham?

A

-Most migrants are economically active and the median age is 32.6 meaning they will work
-Migrants may also use the transport systems like Birmingham’s tram system and spend money to boost the economy
-Makes Birmingham more multicultural and a more diverse city for example Chinatown, festivals and food. Birmingham is famous for the balti

44
Q

What are Birmingham’s opportunities created by urban change?

A

-Majority of Birmingham are economically active
-Birmingham has alot of recreation sites
-Birmingham is a multicultural city
-Birmingham has an extensive transport hub
-Employment
-Birmingham has more canals than Venice

45
Q

What are the challenges caused by urban growth in Birmingham?

A

-Global shift in manufacturing
-Air pollution
-Birmingham has high housing inequalities
-There is a health and education inequality
-May have to build on greenfield sites

46
Q

How can loss of industry be addressed in Birmingham?

A

-Birmingham lost 200,000 jobs mainly in the manufacturing sector and the unemployment rate was 20%
-The Longbridge regeneration plan aims to redevelop the derelict land

-A technology park with small business has been created
-A £70 million new town centre has been created
-New hotels and leisure have been created along with offices
-Residential developments have also been included along with a £66 million learning facility

47
Q

What are the advantages of the Longbridge regeneration scheme?

A

-Improved urban environment
-Derelict brownland sites have been developed
-New jobs in the building and construction industry have been created whilst it still is being developed
-New jobs in the quaternery and knowledge economy
-New park space and improved education facilities

48
Q

What are the disadvantages to the Longbridge redevelopment scheme?

A

-Increased traffic flow
-Higher property prices for the locals
-The new environment isn’t good for poorer people

49
Q

What schemes have been introduced to reduce housing poverty in Birmingham and why?

A

-Deprived areas tend to have poorer quality housing than other areas in Birmingham
-Moreover a loss of employment also means people can’t afford to buy new houses or redevelop

-So projects like the Longbridge development scheme have been implemented to build 200 homes
-And the Birmingham municipal housing is developing 400 homes which aims to develop affordable housing and even add solar panels

50
Q

How is Birmingham improving the air quality?

A

-An organisation called Trees for life holds tree planting events across the cities
-Since 2006 and 2021 100000 trees have been planted
-This helps reduce air pollution and helps fight against climate change

51
Q

What is the definition of sustainability?

A

Meeting the needs of the current generation by protecting the environment whilst making sure you meet the needs of future generations

52
Q

What ways is Birmingham becoming more sustainable?

A

-Conserving cultural, historical and environmental sites and buildings
-Canals have been cleaned up
-Providing green spaces
-A new mixed use development
-Clean air zones
-There is a new waste recovery centre
-The introduction of dual flush toilets

53
Q

What are the impacts of traffic congestion?

A

-Social
People may be late to work, miss appointments or become anxious and stressed

-Economic
Congestion causes expensive delays for buinesses and hauliers

-Environmental
Congestion increases exhaust emissions reducing local air quality and increases a city’s carbon footprint.

It also uses more fuel increases transportation cost

54
Q

What is a carrot measure?

A

A measure that gives incentives for changing to more sustainable actions

55
Q

What is a stick measure?

A

Measures that discourage or prohibit non sustainable actions

56
Q

What are some carrot measures put in place to make transport more sustainable in Birmingham?

A

-Improving the canals
-Establishing a park and ride scheme in Longbrige
-Birmingham connected has been implemented
-Birmingham has lately implemented a metro system

57
Q

What are the stick measures used to make transport more sustainable in Birmingham?

A

-Establishing a clean air zone

-Restricting car parks in city centres

58
Q

Define rural-urban fringe

A

The area on the edge of an urban area where land uses are often mixed with rural and urban. This is at risk of urban sprawl

59
Q

Define urban sprawl

A

The spread or growth of an urban area into rural-urban fringe

60
Q

Define a commuter settlement

A

Towns around a larger city where people commute to the city to work. Examples near Birmingham are Bromsgrove and Warwick

61
Q

What are the demands for the rural-urban fringes near Birmingham?

A

-Transport links like HS2
-Suburbs and commuter settlements
-Edge of town developments - leisure and retail such as the NEC
-Farm building functions where workshops are used instead of farms for leisure for example Hatton and Umberslade

62
Q

Why are commuter settlements growing?

A

-Bigger houses and more space
-Less air and noise pollution
-Good for families as it is safe
-Good quality education
-Where doctors and teachers live (jobs in the tertiary sector)

63
Q

What are the disadvantages of commuter settlements growing?

A

-Houses are too expensive
-Not good for teenagers as everyone there is very similar
-Lack of good public transport
-High demand for housing and education
-Squeezing too many houses on one property to minimise space (Infilling)
-Lack of diversity in population

64
Q

What are the advantages of the growth of commuter settlements?

A

-Close to parks which provides a good quality of life
-Limited air and noise pollution
-They have local services like doctors, chemists, dentists, churches, restaurants and more
-Some like Dorridge have local train stations

65
Q

Why are rural-urban fringes seeing an increase in development?

A

-Good accessibility to roads like the A34
-Greenfield sites are cheaper to build on
-We need more housing as there is a shortage of homes due to migration and a high life expectancy

66
Q

How is sanitation a problem caused by urban growth in Mumbai?

A

On average there are around 4000 cases of thyroid and diphtheria each day in Mumbai. And on average there is only 1 toilet per 1450 people. This means the average life expectancy is under 60 years old

67
Q

How is managing squatter settlements an issue caused by urban growth in Mumbai?

A

They are overcrowded. For example Dharavi is the biggest slum in Asia with over 600000 people living in 2 square kilometres meaning it is very cramped. Also people illegally hook themselves up to electricity which is dangerous. Also many people have to work in the informal sector rather than the formal sector due to lack of job opportunities

68
Q

How is unemployment an issue caused by urban growth in Mumbai?

A

In Mumbai there is a shortage of skilled engineers and technicians forcing many people to work in the informal sector which is low pay and dangerous

69
Q

How are crime rates a problem caused by urban growth in Mumbai?

A

Crime rates are really high in Mumbai with nearly 1/3 of the population being victims of crime and it has the third highest crime rate of all Indian cities

70
Q

How is education a problem caused by urban growth in Mumbai?

A

Many schools are overcrowding due to high demand for education yet a small amount of schools. There is a high dropout rate at 42% in slums and 10.7% not in slums

71
Q

How is managing environmental issues a problem caused by urban growth in Mumbai?

A

In 2020 Mumbai had the 6th highest levels of air pollution in India. Moreover Mumbai has high levels of traffic congestion which increases air pollution. 3500 people die on Mumbai’s railways by hanging out of windows and travelling on roofs if necessary

72
Q

What are the negative impacts caused by national and international migration into Birmingham?

A

-There is a lack of housing in Birmingham which can be caused by migrants buying houses and starting families which will also increase house prices
-Traffic congestion may increase and 61% of all journeys in Birmingham are by car which contributes to air pollution aswell

73
Q

How is the majority of Birmingham being economically active an opportunity created by urban change?

A

They can work and help boost the economy

74
Q

How is Birmingham having a lot of recreation sites an opportunity created by urban change?

A

Birmingham has alot of recreation sites like the Birmingham hippodrome(the most vised theatre in the U.K) , the Bullring and Brindley place which not only increase people’s quality of life but also helps give money back to Birmingham further boosting the economy

75
Q

How is Birmingham being a multicultural city an opportunity created by urban change?

A

Birmingham is a multicultural city and is famous for the invention of the balti. This not only gives Birmingham more recognition but also makes Birmingham more diverse by letting the population of Birmingham celebrate festivals , try new food and new culture

76
Q

How is Birmingham having an extensive transport hub an opportunity created by urban change?

A

Birmingham has an extensive transport hub including a tram system, and a park and ride system at Longbridge. The small charge can be sued to further improve the system. The scheme also encourages people to travel by bus or train which reduces traffic congestion and air pollution

77
Q

How is employment an opportunity created by urban change?

A

Birmingham has alot of employment opportunities caused by redevelopment as people can work for the trams and trains or in shopping centres

78
Q

How is Birmingham having more canals than Venice an opportunity created by urban change?

A

Birmingham has more canals than Venice encouraging people to walk and cycle rather than drive increasing people’s quality of life and reducing air pollution and congestion and Eastside city park is a redeveloped park which has the same benefits

79
Q

How is the global shift in manufacturing a problem caused by urban growth?

A

-Global shift in manufacturing caused 1/10 people being unemployed in Birmingham.

-Also, it caused for there to be lots of derelict land which is unattractive and expensive to build on. Business rates also decrease causing the council to get less money

80
Q

How is air pollution a problem caused by urban growth?

A

Air pollution increases due to many people commuting to work by car. Air pollution causes there to be a lower life expectancy

81
Q

How is Birmingham having high housing inequalities a problem caused by urban growth?

A

-Birmingham has high housing inequalities as there isn’t enough housing available and the housing available tends to not be good quality or expensive

82
Q

How is Birmingham having a health and education inequality a problem caused by urban growth?

A

There is a health and education inequality especially considering in Aston it is difficult to get a good education and there are little healthcare services and high deprivation

83
Q

How is building on greenfield sites a problem caused by urban growth?

A

If we have to build on greenfield sites it will remove nature and create a more unnatural environment which isn’t good to look at

84
Q

How is conserving historical buildings making Birmingham more sustainable?

A

The Birmingham library uses rainwater to flush toilets and has a rooftop garden to improve biodiversity

85
Q

How is cleaning up canals making Birmingham more sustainable?

A

Canals have been cleaned up to encourage people to walk and cycle along them improving quality of life

86
Q

How is providing green spaces making Birmingham more sustainable?

A

The opening of Eastside city park in 2013 encourages wildlife in the city and for people to go outside which improves quality of life

87
Q

How is providing a mixed use development making Birmingham more sustainable?

A

A mix use development where people can live,work,shop and enjoy leisure encourages a sense of community

88
Q

How is implementing clean air zones making Birmingham more sustainable?

A

Clean air zones encourage people to stop travelling by car and the money can be used to help develop the city

89
Q

How is a new waste recovery centre making Birmingham more sustainable?

A

There is a waste recovery centre which burns waste to generate electricity (2.3 tonnes every hour). All waste is collected curb side and residents produce 550,000 tonnes of waste every year

90
Q

How is introducing dual flush toilets making Birmingham more sustainable?

A

The introduction of dual flush toilets which collect rainwater for gardens and water metres encourage people to use less water

91
Q

How does improving the canals make transport in Birmingham more sustainable?

A

It encourages people to walk or cycle which also improves their quality of life

92
Q

How does establishing a park and ride scheme make transport more sustainable in Birmingham?

A

-Establishing a park and ride scheme in Longbrige for a cheap price and have train, tram or bus stops nearby to encourage people to use public transport rather than their cars

93
Q

How does Birmingham connected make transport in Birmingham more sustainable?

A

Birmingham connected has been implemented to make the bus, trains and trams run at convenient timing for the public further encouraging them to use public transport

94
Q

How does Birmingham implementing a metro make transport more sustainable in Birmingham?

A

Birmingham has lately implemented a metro system to encourage people to use public transport. This creates more job opportunities and also reduced congestion and air pollution

95
Q

How does establishing clean air zones in Birmingham make transport more sustainable?

A

Establishing a clean air zone where you have to pay a charge depending on your vehicle encouraging people to not use them and reducing congestion and air pollution

96
Q

How does restricting car parks in the city centre make transport more sustainable in Birmingham?

A

Restricting car parks in city centres to encourage people to use public transport to get into city centres

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