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Sports Methodology > Unit 2 Part 1 > Flashcards

Unit 2 Part 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Define adaptation (Meerson, 1981)

A

Adapting to life and work conditions, improving body function, and increasing resistance to environmental stress.

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2
Q

What is adaptation to training?

A

The body’s self-regulation to meet training demands through functional and physical changes.

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3
Q

Key outcomes of adaptation?

A

Better function, increased vitality, and improved resistance to stress.

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4
Q

Define the capacity of an individual in relation to training

A

The ability developed through training that determines the intensity of a stimulus.

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5
Q

What is the training threshold (adaptation threshold?

A

The minimum amount of work needed to produce improvements.

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6
Q

What is the tolerance threshold?

A

The maximum intensity a person can handle from a given stimulus.

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7
Q

What is stress equilibrium/homeostasis?

A

The body’s tension when a stimulus is applied, maintaining dynamic balance between maintenance and destructive processes (heterostasis).

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8
Q

What are the two possible outcomes of intense stress on the body?

A

Exhaustion or adaptation.

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9
Q

What is supercompensation in training?

A

The body’s enhanced ability after recovery, following stress from training.

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10
Q

How does the environment affect training?

A

It provides stimuli that provoke stress, triggering the body’s adaptation mechanisms.

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11
Q

What happens when the organism is in equilibrium and faces stress?

A

Stress triggers the response of adaptation mechanisms.

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12
Q

What are the two outcomes of the body’s adaptation to stress?

A

Recovery or overtraining.

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13
Q

What role does the environment play in stress and adaptation?

A

The environment introduces stress, leading the body to respond with adaptation mechanisms.

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14
Q

What is functional adaptation?

A

It occurs from the assimilation of progressive training stimuli.

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15
Q

What effect do weak stimuli have on adaptation?

A

They do not reach the adaptation threshold.

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16
Q

What effect do strong stimuli have on adaptation?

A

They reach the threshold, stimulating functions and producing adaptation after recovery.

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17
Q

What happens with very strong stimuli?

A

They produce adaptation unless repeated too often, which can lead to overtraining.

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18
Q

How can adaptation be ensured during training?

A

Through repetition, continuity, planning, periodization, and evaluation.

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19
Q

What is the concept of reversibility in training?

A

If training stops, the adaptations gained can be lost over time.

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20
Q

What are the five fundamental indicators for ensuring adaptation?

A

Repetition, continuity, reversibility, planning, and evaluation.

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21
Q

Why are repetition and continuity important in training?

A

Repeated actions are necessary to improve performance; isolated exercises do not produce lasting benefits.

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22
Q

What happens when training sessions are too far apart?

A

They fail to produce beneficial effects.

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23
Q

Why is the alternation between loads and recovery important?

A

It ensures the body maintains balance and avoids reverting to a basal state without proper frequency and intensity.

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24
Q

How long does it take to achieve metabolic adaptations?

A

2-3 days.

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25
What is the time frame for morphological changes?
4-6 weeks.
26
How long do regulatory structures take to adapt?
Months.
27
What are global adaptations?
These adaptations encompass overall changes that can take several months to develop.
28
What does reversibility mean in training?
All training effects are reversible; lack of stimuli leads to loss of adaptations.
29
How does capacity loss vary with detraining?
Endurance and strength-endurance have greater stability; maximum strength and velocity-strength experience rapid loss.
30
Why is planning important in training?
It ensures that the entire process is structured to achieve proposed training objectives
31
What is periodization in training?
Structuring training loads over time into large, medium, and small cycles to accommodate adaptation phases.
32
What are the three large training cycles?
Development period (preparatory), stabilizing period (competitive), and reduction period (transition).
33
34
What does reversibility in training imply?
All training effects are reversible; absence of stimuli leads to loss of adaptations.
35
How does capacity loss vary with detraining?
Endurance and strength-endurance show greater stability, while maximum strength and velocity-strength experience rapid loss.
36
Why is planning crucial in training?
It is essential for structuring the process to achieve the proposed training objectives.
37
What is periodization?
The structuring of training loads over time into large, medium, and small cycles to align with adaptation phases
38
What are the three large training cycles?
Development period (preparatory), stabilizing period (competitive), and reduction period (transition).
39
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40
What are mesocycles and microcycles in training?
Medium mesocycles are periods within the larger cycle, while small microcycles are shorter training segments within the mesocycles.
41
What are the periods of periodization?
They typically include phases like Preparation Period (PP) and Competitive Period (CP)
42
What is cyclization in a macrocycle?
It refers to the alternation between different training phases (e.g., PP and CP) throughout the overall training year.
43
What is cyclization in a mesocycle?
It involves varying training loads and focuses within a medium-term cycle to optimize adaptation.
44
What is cyclization in a microcycle?
It refers to the short-term variation of training loads and intensities within a weekly training plan.
45
What does "quantifiable" mean in the context of evaluation?
It refers to the ability to measure outcomes in numerical terms.
46
What does "recordable" imply in evaluation?
It means that data can be documented and tracked over time.
47
What is meant by "evaluatable"?
It signifies that the outcomes can be assessed and judged for effectiveness.
48
What does "rectifiable" indicate in evaluation?
It implies that identified issues can be corrected or improved upon.
49
How can adaptation in training be directed specifically?
Through specificity, specialization, and transfer.
50
What does specificity refer to in training?
Training effects are specific to the type of stimulus used, including muscle groups, energy systems, and movement types.
51
What is the goal of creating a large multilateral base in training?
To support all subsequent training loads effectively.
52
What are the three types of transfer effects?
Positive, negative, and neutral.
53
What is a positive transfer effect?
Exercises that cause adaptations favoring performance (e.g., core strength and medicine ball throwing).
54
What constitutes a negative transfer effect?
Exercises that detract from performance outcomes (e.g., lay-up basket and long jump).
55
What is a neutral transfer effect?
Exercises that neither improve nor worsen performance (e.g., cycling and archery).
56
What is important for the relationship between technique and physical condition?
Technique must be continuously adapted, and training should occur alongside physical training to avoid negative transfers.
57
How can improvement by transfer be evaluated?
By assessing exercise gains and the relationship between training level and untrained exercise gain.
58
What are general considerations on the transfer principle?
The transfer principle emphasizes the importance of how skills and adaptations from one activity can influence performance in another.
59
How can improvement by transfer be evaluated?
By assessing exercise gains and the relationship between training level and untrained exercise gain.
60
What does "exercise gain" refer to?
The measurable improvement in performance resulting from specific training stimuli.
61
What is the significance of the relationship between "Training Level" and "Untrained Exercise Gain"?
It indicates how training effects can enhance performance and adaptability in untrained exercises.
62
What are the key stress factors affecting adaptation?
Central Nervous System (CNS), general homeostatic mechanisms, and adaptation mechanisms.
63
What happens during acute activation in response to stress?
There is mobilization and improvement of the body's potential through energy and protein reserves.
64
How does stress impact the immune system?
It triggers the synthesis of enzymatic proteins and intensifies processes of reconstruction, transformation, and adaptation.
65
What is the General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS)?
It is the organism's adaptive and non-specific response to any cause that threatens biological equilibrium (Selye, 1952).
66
What is immediate or fast adaptation in sports?
It refers to the body's immediate reactions to a specific exercise, influenced by the intensity of stimulation and functional reserves
67
How are the reactions of immediate adaptation related to exercise?
The extent of these reactions is closely linked to the intensity of stimulation and the functional reserves of the body.
68
What defines long-term adaptation in sports?
It consists of permanent functional changes in structure and function resulting from the continued repetition of transitory changes.
69
How does long-term adaptation develop?
Through ongoing training that leads to lasting improvements in performance and physiological responses.
70
What does it mean for an athlete to be in high athletic shape status
The athlete is capable of achieving their best results in competition.
71
What level of performance does a high-status athlete exhibit?
The athlete works with high muscular performance.
72
How do motor qualities relate to competition for a high-status athlete?
Motor qualities are at or above the level required by the competition.
73
How does a high-status athlete handle tactical situations?
The athlete quickly resolves tactical situations
74
What is an important aspect of effectiveness for a high-status athlete?
They achieve a good evaluation or effectiveness in technical or tactical executions.
75
What is a key characteristic regarding symptoms of fatigue in high-performing athletes?
Symptoms of fatigue are late to appear
76
How do high-status athletes manage their energy after exertion?
They can quickly recover energy potentials consumed during the effort.
77
What level of coordination do high-performing athletes demonstrate?
They exhibit magnificent coordination in their motor actions
78
How do athletes in high shape status focus on their tasks?
They concentrate attention on assigned tasks and can self-evaluate effectively.
79
How do high-status athletes handle competition challenges?
They can overcome unexpected obstacles during competition.
80
What emotional skill do high-performing athletes possess?
They are able to control their emotional states effectively
81
What should be the primary objective of the training process?
The search for specific supercompensation.
82
What is supercompensation in athletic training?
It is the highest state of body shape resulting from the adaptation to specific responses to stress.
83
How is supercompensation related to the General Adaptation Syndrome?
It follows the appearance and overcoming of a stressful or fatiguing stimulus, as explained by the theory.
84
What does the process of adaptation involve in achieving supercompensation?
It involves physiological changes that enhance performance and recovery following training stress.
85
What is the aim of supercompensation?
To maximize training effects through load/recovery optimization.
86
What is positive supercompensation?
It occurs when a new stimulus is introduced during the supercompensation phase, enhancing performance.
87
What defines maximum positive supercompensation?
The new stimulus occurs before reaching maximum supercompensation, resulting in a faster rate of development.
88
What is accumulated positive supercompensation?
It follows a cessation of stimuli after a succession that previously led to negative supercompensation.
89
What characterizes negative supercompensation?
It occurs when a new stimulus is introduced too early in the recovery phase, potentially hindering progress.
90
What is null supercompensation?
It happens when training stimuli occur too far apart, leading to a lack of significant adaptation.
91
What factors determine sports performance for ages 8-14?
Sports physical skills, developmental skills and physical maturation, and anthropometric aspects.
92
What percentage of sports performance is attributed to sports physical skills?
40-50%.
93
What percentage of sports performance is attributed to developmental skills and physical maturation?
30-40%.
94
What percentage of sports performance is influenced by anthropometric aspects?
20%.
95
What are the two concepts related to the level of fitness in motion capability?
Motor capacity (quantitative) and motor efficiency (qualitative)
96
What does biological condition refer to in sports performance?
The biological aptitude level of an individual
97
What is meant by athletic shape?
The level of potential that an athlete possesses.
98
What is physical preparation?
The actions taken to reach a specific physical level.
99
What are basic motor skills?
Common skills that allow survival and serve as foundations for further motor learning, including displacement, jumps, turns, and manipulations.
100
What are the categories of motor skills?
Basic motor skills, motor skills coordinative capabilities, and special motor skills (sports skills).
101
How do basic motor skills relate to special motor skills?
Basic motor skills are the foundation for developing special motor skills through training and learning.
102
What are the main components of sports performance?
Conditionals, tactical components, coordinative components, external components, and constitutional components.
103
What are the conditional components of sports performance?
Endurance, strength, velocity, and mobility, along with their specific manifestations.
104
What are some examples of coordinative components?
Differentiation, coupling, orientation, balance, change, and rhythmization.
105
How do tactical components contribute to sports performance?
They involve strategic decision-making and planning during competition to optimize performance.
106

Sports Methodology (8 decks)

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