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2 - THE CHILD AND ADOLESCENT LEARNING PRINCIPLE > UNIT 2 - PART 1 > Flashcards

UNIT 2 - PART 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Gametes are?

A

sex cells
(sperm cells and egg cells)

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2
Q

how many pairs of chromosomes are their for each parents that will be passed down to their offspring?

A

23 pairs

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3
Q

formed by the union of the sperm cell and the egg cell; composed of 23 pairs of chromosomes contributed equally by the parents.

A

Zygote

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4
Q

composed of long threadlike molecules known as deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA).

A

Chromosomes

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5
Q

DNA means?

A

deoxyribonucleic acid

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6
Q

contains the genes which is the basic unit of heredity

A

DNA

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7
Q

Parts of Human Egg (Ovum)

A

Nucleus
Cytoplasm
Cortinal Granule
Corona Radiata (follicular cells)
Zona pellucida (jelly coat)

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8
Q

Parts of Human Sperm (Spermatoza)

A

Tail/Flagellum
Axoneme
Mid-piece
Mitochondria
Centriole
Head
Nucleus
Acrosome

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9
Q

Studies have shown that there are more than______human genetic disorder which either caused by recessive gene and dominant gene.

A

4000

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10
Q

Examples of Genetic and Chromosomal Abnormalities

A

Down Syndrome
Inherited Diseases
Sex Chromosomal Abnormalities (Klinefelter’s Syndrome and Turner Syndrome)

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11
Q
  • Also known as Trisomy 21.
A

Down Syndrome

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12
Q

Down Syndrome is the most common genetic abnormality during prenatal development which is caused by an extra chromosome on the _____ pair (there are 3 chromosomes instead of the usual 2).

A

21st

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13
Q

Down Syndrome’s typical features include

A

flattened facial features
heart defects
mental retardation

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14
Q

A number of illness can be inherited if one or both parents carry a _____ for the disease.

A

gene

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15
Q

When a boy is born with an extra copy of the X chromosomes; also known as 47 or XXY.

A

Klinefelter’s Syndrome

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16
Q

Klinefelter’s Syndrome

Symptoms:

A

Tall
Small genitals and breasts

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17
Q

Chromosomal condition that affects the development in females; missing one of their X chromosomes.

A

Turner Syndrome

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18
Q

Turner Syndrome

Symptoms:

A

Short stature
Low hairline
Brown spots
Elbow deformity
No menstruation
Widely spaced nipples
Shield-shaped thorax
Fold of skin
Poor breast development
Shortened metacarpal IV
Rudimentary ovaries
Constriction of aorta

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19
Q

The twenty-third pair consists of ___________-.

A

sex chromosomes

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20
Q

Two types of multiple births

A

Identical twins (monozygotic)
Fraternal twins (dizygotic)

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21
Q

Stages of Prenatal Period

A

Germinal
Embryonic
Fetal

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22
Q

(Stages of Prenatal Period)

First two weeks after conception

A

Germinal

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23
Q

(Stages of Prenatal Period)

Third through eighth week

A

Embryonic

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24
Q

(Stages of Prenatal Period)

From ninth week until birth

A

Fetal

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25
Q
  • Cell division begins approximately ______ hours after conception.
A

24-36

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26
Q

3-4 days after fertilization

A

Morula

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27
Q

4-5 days after fertilization

A

Blastocyst

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28
Q

As cells multiply, they will separate into two distinctive masses, which are?

A

Placenta - outer cells
Embryo - inner cells

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29
Q

BLASTOCYST – GERM LAYERS

A

Endoderm
Mesoderm
Ectoderm

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30
Q

Mesoderm

A
  • Middle layer
  • Muscle and Skeletal System
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31
Q

Endoderm

A
  • Inner layer
  • Digestive and Respiratory System
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32
Q

Ectoderm

A
  • Outer layer
  • Skin and Nervous System
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33
Q

happens when the blastocyst arrives at the uterus and attached to the uterine wall.

A
  • Implantation
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34
Q
  • The mass of cells is now known as _______
A

embryo.

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35
Q

22 Days (after conception the neutral tube forms)

A
  • Embryonic precursor to the central nervous system.
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36
Q

4th Week of Embryonic Stage

A
  • Head begins to form quickly followed by the eyes, nose, ears, and mouth.
  • The blood vessel that will become the heart starts to pulse.
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37
Q

5th Week of Embryonic Stage

A
  • Buds that will form the arms and legs appear.
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38
Q

8th Week of Embryonic Stage

A
  • Embryo has all of the basic organs and parts except the sex organs.
  • weight = one gram, length = 1 inch
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39
Q

The stage where the mass of cells is now known as embryo.

A

Embryonic Stage

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40
Q

The stage from embryo to fetus.

A

Fetal Stage

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41
Q

The stage where the cell division begins approximately 24-36 hours after conception.

A

Germinal Stage

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42
Q

3rd Month

A

Sex organs appear

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43
Q

2nd Trimester

A

Heartbeat grows stronger and other body systems further develop.

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44
Q

28 Weeks

A

The brain starts to mature much faster.

45
Q

substances or diseases that can cause birth defect.

A

Teratogen

46
Q

Effects of Smoking

A

Low birth weight, weakened immune system, poor respiration, and neurological impairment.

47
Q

Effects of Alcohol Use

A

Fetal alcohol syndrome, heart defects, body malfunctions, and mental retardation.

48
Q

Effects of Illicit Psychoactive Drugs

A

Low birth weight and impairment

49
Q

MATERNAL DISEASES AND CONDITIONS

A

Rubella or German Measles
Syphilis
Chicken Pox
Mother’s Age
Nutritional
Emotional State and Condition

50
Q

DRUGS

A

Analgesic
Aspirin (large quantities)
Alcohol
Caffeine
Cocaine
Heroine, Marijuana, Nicotine

51
Q

ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARDS

A

Radiation
Carbon monoxide
Mercury
Lead

52
Q

MATERNAL DISEASE

A
  • Herpes
  • Rubella
  • AIDS
53
Q

KINDS OF BIRTH

A
  • Natural Childbirth
  • Caesarean Delivery (C-Section)
54
Q
  • Refer to vaginal labor and delivery with limited to no medical intervention.
A

NATURAL CHILDBIRTH

55
Q

May be necessary for the safety of expectant mother and the baby, especially when one of these complications is present:

+ When the baby is not in the head-down position.
+ When the baby is too large to pass through the pelvis.
+ When the baby is in distress.

A

CAESAREAN CHILDBIRTH (C-SECTION)

56
Q
  • Begins with birth and ends when the infant is approximately two weeks old.
  • Considered the shortest and also a hazardous period.
A

INFANCY

57
Q
  • The very first test given to the newborn, occurs in the delivery room right after the baby’s birth.
  • Designed to quickly evaluate a newborn’s physical condition and to determine any immediate need for extra medical or emergency care.
A

THE APGAR TEST

58
Q

THE APGAR TEST stands for?

A

Appearance (skin color)
Pulse
Grimace (reflex irritability)
Activity
Respiration

59
Q
  • Essential for a newborn’s survival.
A

NEONATAL REFLEXES

60
Q

List of Neonatal Reflexes

A

Moro Reflex
Sucking Lips
Rooting Reflex
Grasping Reflex (Palmar Grasp)
Stepping (Walking) Reflex
Tonic Neck Reflex
Babinski Reflex

61
Q

o Outstretching of the arms and legs in response to a loud noise or sudden change in the environment.
o Birth to 4-6 months.

A

 MORO REFLEX

62
Q

o Occurs when an object touches the lips.
o Birth to 2-4 months.

A

 SUCKING LIPS

63
Q

o Turning of an infant’s head toward a stimulus such as a breast or hand.
o Birth to 3-4 months.

A

 ROOTING REFLEX

64
Q

o Vigorous grasping of an object that touches the palm.

A

 GRASPING REFLEX (PALMAR GRASP)

65
Q

o Moves legs when held upright with feet touching the floor.
o Birth to 2 months.

A

 STEPPING (WALKING) REFLEX

66
Q

o The arm on the side extends while the opposite arm bends at the elbow (fencing position)
o Birth-2 months to 4-6 months.

A

 TONIC NECK REFLEX

67
Q

o Outward projection of the big toe and fanning of the others when the sole of the foot is touched.
o Birth to 6-24 months.

A

 BABINSKI REFLEX

68
Q

require the coordination of the large muscle groups of the body, such as the arms, legs, and trunk.

A
  • Gross Motor Development
69
Q

concerned with the coordination of the smaller muscles of the body including hands and face.

A
  • Fine Motor Development
70
Q

GROSS MOTOR DEVELOPMENT

3 months

A

Raise their head and chest when lying on their stomach

71
Q

GROSS MOTOR DEVELOPMENT

6 months

A

Roll from their stomach to their back

72
Q

GROSS MOTOR DEVELOPMENT

Between 6-7 months

A

Sit without support

73
Q

GROSS MOTOR DEVELOPMENT

Between 8-10 months

A

Crawl

74
Q

GROSS MOTOR DEVELOPMENT

9 months

A

Pull themselves up to stand without support

75
Q

GROSS MOTOR DEVELOPMENT

11 months

A

Stand-alone without assistance

76
Q

FINE MOTOR DEVELOPMENT

3 months

A

Coordination of hands, grasps objects

77
Q

FINE MOTOR DEVELOPMENT

8 months

A

Pincer grasp

78
Q

FINE MOTOR DEVELOPMENT

11 months

A

Grasp a crayon and “draw”

79
Q

TWO PRINCIPLES OF PHYSICAL/MOTOR DEVELOPMENT

A

Cephalocaudal Law
Proximodistal Law

80
Q

Children’s muscle control develops from head-to-toe direction.

A
  • Cephalocaudal Law
81
Q

Children develop their motor skills from the center of their bodies outward.

A
  • Proximodistal Law
82
Q

BODY CHANGES

A
  • Height and Weight
  • Bones
  • Teeth
  • Muscle and Fat
83
Q

process of synthesizing cartilage into bone.

A

o Ossification

84
Q

o The ______ (soft spot on the skull) has closed in approximately 50% of all babies by the age of 18 months and in all babies by the age of 2 years.

A

fontanel

85
Q

Teeth Development

A

o The average baby has four to six of the primary teeth by the age of 1 and 16 by the age of 2; the first tooth to erupt is the lower central incisors.

86
Q

BETWEEN AGES 2 AND 3 YEARS
GROSS MOTOR DEVELOPMENT

A
  • Stop using the awkward, wide-legged robot-like stance that is the hallmark of new walkers.
  • Learn to walk, run, jump, and hop.
  • Throwing and catching games with large balls.
  • Push themselves around with their feet while sitting on a riding toy.
87
Q

BETWEEN AGES 2 AND 3 YEARS
FINE MOTOR DEVELOPMENT

A
  • Create things with their hands.
  • Build towers out of blocks.
  • Mold clay into rough shapes.
  • Scribble with a crayon or pen.
  • Insert objects into matching spaces.
  • Show a preference for using one hand more often than the other.
88
Q

BETWEEN AGES 3 TO 4 YEARS
GROSS MOTOR DEVELOPMENT

A
  • Can climb up stairs.
  • Can jump and hop higher.
  • Hop on one foot for short periods of time.
  • Catching and throwing abilities improve.
  • Peddle and steer a tricycle.
  • Kick a larger ball placed directly in front of their body.
89
Q

BETWEEN AGES 3 TO 4 YEARS
FINE MOTOR DEVELOPMENT

A
  • Gain independence in dressing and undressing themselves.
  • Begin using scissors.
  • Can use utensils when eating.
  • Using crayons in a writing hold rather than just grasping.
  • Use a twisting motion with their hands.
90
Q

BETWEEN AGES 4 TO 5 YEARS
GROSS MOTOR DEVELOPMENT

A
  • Go up and down the stairs alone in the adult fashion.
  • Continue to run smooth out and increase in speed.
  • Have more control when riding their tricycles or bicycles and can drive them faster.
91
Q

BETWEEN AGES 5 TO 6-7 YEARS
GROSS MOTOR DEVELOPMENT

A
  • Refine earlier skills.
  • Jumping role, skating.
  • Enjoy learning to play organized sports.

Children continue to refine and improve their gross motor skills through age 7 and beyond.

92
Q

BETWEEN AGES 5 TO 6-7 YEARS
FINE MOTOR DEVELOPMENT

A
  • Print letters and numbers.
  • Create shapes.
  • Use paints, pencils, and crayons with better control.
  • Complete other self-care tasks.
93
Q
  • Most children are toilet trained by the age _____
A

5 or 6.

94
Q
  • Children normally master toilet training tasks in a specific developmental order.
A
  1. Learn to notice the warning signals and react in time to master daytime defecation and then nighttime defecation.
  2. Learn how to react to their bodies’ signals for daytime urination.
  3. Nighttime urination (bed wetting) is the hardest for young children to control.
95
Q

_______ children’s growth is slow and regular.

A
  • School-age
95
Q

______ children’s growth is slow and regular.

A
  • School-age
96
Q

a rapid increase in the individual’s height and weight during puberty resulting from the simultaneous release of growth hormones, thyroid hormones, and androgens.

A
  • “Adolescent growth spurt”
97
Q
  • Sex hormones regulate changes in _____ and _____ sexual characteristic.
A

primary and secondary

98
Q

involved in reproduction, appear during birth.

A

Primary Sexual Characteristics

99
Q

caused by hormones, appear during puberty.

A

Secondary Sexual Characteristics

100
Q
  • In girls, the ovaries begin to increase the production of _____ and other female hormones.
A

estrogen

101
Q
  • In boys, the testicles increase the production of ______.
A

testosterone

102
Q

PUBERTY IN GIRLS

A
  • Breast development is the main sign.
  • Menarche usually follows within about two years.
  • Before the first menstrual period, a girl will normally have:
    o An increase in height
    o An increase in hip size
    o Clear or whitish vaginal secretion
    o Pubic, armpit and leg hair growth
103
Q

MENSTRUAL CYCLES

A
  • Occur every month (28-32 days)
  • May be irregular at first.
  • Over time, periods become more regular.
104
Q

 OVARIAN CYCLE

A

Follicle-stimulating hormone
Luteinising hormone

105
Q

stimulates the growth of ovarian follicles in the ovary before the release of an egg from one follicle at ovulation.

A

Follicle-stimulating hormone

106
Q

controls the production of estrogen.

A

Luteinising hormone

107
Q

 UTERINE CYCLE

A

o Dysmenorrhea
o Amenorrhea

108
Q

PUBERTY IN BOYS

A
  • The first sign is the enlargement of both testicles. Afterward, boys will normally experience:
    1. Faster growth, especially in height.
    2. Hair growth in the face, under arms and pubic area.
    3. Increase shoulder width.
    4. Growth of the penis, scrotum, and testes
    5. Nighttime ejaculation (nocturnal emissions or “wet dreams”).
    6. Voice changes

2 - THE CHILD AND ADOLESCENT LEARNING PRINCIPLE (8 decks)

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