UNIT 2 - PART 1 Flashcards
1
Q
Gametes are?
A
sex cells
(sperm cells and egg cells)
2
Q
how many pairs of chromosomes are their for each parents that will be passed down to their offspring?
A
23 pairs
3
Q
formed by the union of the sperm cell and the egg cell; composed of 23 pairs of chromosomes contributed equally by the parents.
A
Zygote
4
Q
composed of long threadlike molecules known as deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA).
A
Chromosomes
5
Q
DNA means?
A
deoxyribonucleic acid
6
Q
contains the genes which is the basic unit of heredity
A
DNA
7
Q
Parts of Human Egg (Ovum)
A
Nucleus
Cytoplasm
Cortinal Granule
Corona Radiata (follicular cells)
Zona pellucida (jelly coat)
8
Q
Parts of Human Sperm (Spermatoza)
A
Tail/Flagellum
Axoneme
Mid-piece
Mitochondria
Centriole
Head
Nucleus
Acrosome
9
Q
Studies have shown that there are more than______human genetic disorder which either caused by recessive gene and dominant gene.
A
4000
10
Q
Examples of Genetic and Chromosomal Abnormalities
A
Down Syndrome
Inherited Diseases
Sex Chromosomal Abnormalities (Klinefelter’s Syndrome and Turner Syndrome)
11
Q
- Also known as Trisomy 21.
A
Down Syndrome
12
Q
Down Syndrome is the most common genetic abnormality during prenatal development which is caused by an extra chromosome on the _____ pair (there are 3 chromosomes instead of the usual 2).
A
21st
13
Q
Down Syndrome’s typical features include
A
flattened facial features
heart defects
mental retardation
14
Q
A number of illness can be inherited if one or both parents carry a _____ for the disease.
A
gene
15
Q
When a boy is born with an extra copy of the X chromosomes; also known as 47 or XXY.
A
Klinefelter’s Syndrome
16
Q
Klinefelter’s Syndrome
Symptoms:
A
Tall
Small genitals and breasts
17
Q
Chromosomal condition that affects the development in females; missing one of their X chromosomes.
A
Turner Syndrome
18
Q
Turner Syndrome
Symptoms:
A
Short stature
Low hairline
Brown spots
Elbow deformity
No menstruation
Widely spaced nipples
Shield-shaped thorax
Fold of skin
Poor breast development
Shortened metacarpal IV
Rudimentary ovaries
Constriction of aorta
19
Q
The twenty-third pair consists of ___________-.
A
sex chromosomes
20
Q
Two types of multiple births
A
Identical twins (monozygotic)
Fraternal twins (dizygotic)
21
Q
Stages of Prenatal Period
A
Germinal
Embryonic
Fetal
22
Q
(Stages of Prenatal Period)
First two weeks after conception
A
Germinal
23
Q
(Stages of Prenatal Period)
Third through eighth week
A
Embryonic
24
Q
(Stages of Prenatal Period)
From ninth week until birth
A
Fetal
25
* Cell division begins approximately ______ hours after conception.
24-36
26
3-4 days after fertilization
Morula
27
4-5 days after fertilization
Blastocyst
28
As cells multiply, they will separate into two distinctive masses, which are?
Placenta - outer cells
Embryo - inner cells
29
BLASTOCYST – GERM LAYERS
Endoderm
Mesoderm
Ectoderm
30
Mesoderm
* Middle layer
* Muscle and Skeletal System
31
Endoderm
* Inner layer
* Digestive and Respiratory System
32
Ectoderm
* Outer layer
* Skin and Nervous System
33
happens when the blastocyst arrives at the uterus and attached to the uterine wall.
* Implantation
34
* The mass of cells is now known as _______
embryo.
35
22 Days (after conception the neutral tube forms)
* Embryonic precursor to the central nervous system.
36
4th Week of Embryonic Stage
* Head begins to form quickly followed by the eyes, nose, ears, and mouth.
* The blood vessel that will become the heart starts to pulse.
37
5th Week of Embryonic Stage
* Buds that will form the arms and legs appear.
38
8th Week of Embryonic Stage
* Embryo has all of the basic organs and parts except the sex organs.
* weight = one gram, length = 1 inch
39
The stage where the mass of cells is now known as embryo.
Embryonic Stage
40
The stage from embryo to fetus.
Fetal Stage
41
The stage where the cell division begins approximately 24-36 hours after conception.
Germinal Stage
42
3rd Month
Sex organs appear
43
2nd Trimester
Heartbeat grows stronger and other body systems further develop.
44
28 Weeks
The brain starts to mature much faster.
45
substances or diseases that can cause birth defect.
Teratogen
46
Effects of Smoking
Low birth weight, weakened immune system, poor respiration, and neurological impairment.
47
Effects of Alcohol Use
Fetal alcohol syndrome, heart defects, body malfunctions, and mental retardation.
48
Effects of Illicit Psychoactive Drugs
Low birth weight and impairment
49
MATERNAL DISEASES AND CONDITIONS
Rubella or German Measles
Syphilis
Chicken Pox
Mother’s Age
Nutritional
Emotional State and Condition
50
DRUGS
Analgesic
Aspirin (large quantities)
Alcohol
Caffeine
Cocaine
Heroine, Marijuana, Nicotine
51
ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARDS
Radiation
Carbon monoxide
Mercury
Lead
52
MATERNAL DISEASE
* Herpes
* Rubella
* AIDS
53
KINDS OF BIRTH
* Natural Childbirth
* Caesarean Delivery (C-Section)
54
* Refer to vaginal labor and delivery with limited to no medical intervention.
NATURAL CHILDBIRTH
55
May be necessary for the safety of expectant mother and the baby, especially when one of these complications is present:
+ When the baby is not in the head-down position.
+ When the baby is too large to pass through the pelvis.
+ When the baby is in distress.
CAESAREAN CHILDBIRTH (C-SECTION)
56
* Begins with birth and ends when the infant is approximately two weeks old.
* Considered the shortest and also a hazardous period.
INFANCY
57
* The very first test given to the newborn, occurs in the delivery room right after the baby’s birth.
* Designed to quickly evaluate a newborn’s physical condition and to determine any immediate need for extra medical or emergency care.
THE APGAR TEST
58
THE APGAR TEST stands for?
Appearance (skin color)
Pulse
Grimace (reflex irritability)
Activity
Respiration
59
* Essential for a newborn's survival.
NEONATAL REFLEXES
60
List of Neonatal Reflexes
Moro Reflex
Sucking Lips
Rooting Reflex
Grasping Reflex (Palmar Grasp)
Stepping (Walking) Reflex
Tonic Neck Reflex
Babinski Reflex
61
o Outstretching of the arms and legs in response to a loud noise or sudden change in the environment.
o Birth to 4-6 months.
MORO REFLEX
62
o Occurs when an object touches the lips.
o Birth to 2-4 months.
SUCKING LIPS
63
o Turning of an infant’s head toward a stimulus such as a breast or hand.
o Birth to 3-4 months.
ROOTING REFLEX
64
o Vigorous grasping of an object that touches the palm.
GRASPING REFLEX (PALMAR GRASP)
65
o Moves legs when held upright with feet touching the floor.
o Birth to 2 months.
STEPPING (WALKING) REFLEX
66
o The arm on the side extends while the opposite arm bends at the elbow (fencing position)
o Birth-2 months to 4-6 months.
TONIC NECK REFLEX
67
o Outward projection of the big toe and fanning of the others when the sole of the foot is touched.
o Birth to 6-24 months.
BABINSKI REFLEX
68
require the coordination of the large muscle groups of the body, such as the arms, legs, and trunk.
* Gross Motor Development
69
concerned with the coordination of the smaller muscles of the body including hands and face.
* Fine Motor Development
70
GROSS MOTOR DEVELOPMENT
3 months
Raise their head and chest when lying on their stomach
71
GROSS MOTOR DEVELOPMENT
6 months
Roll from their stomach to their back
72
GROSS MOTOR DEVELOPMENT
Between 6-7 months
Sit without support
73
GROSS MOTOR DEVELOPMENT
Between 8-10 months
Crawl
74
GROSS MOTOR DEVELOPMENT
9 months
Pull themselves up to stand without support
75
GROSS MOTOR DEVELOPMENT
11 months
Stand-alone without assistance
76
FINE MOTOR DEVELOPMENT
3 months
Coordination of hands, grasps objects
77
FINE MOTOR DEVELOPMENT
8 months
Pincer grasp
78
FINE MOTOR DEVELOPMENT
11 months
Grasp a crayon and “draw”
79
TWO PRINCIPLES OF PHYSICAL/MOTOR DEVELOPMENT
Cephalocaudal Law
Proximodistal Law
80
Children’s muscle control develops from head-to-toe direction.
* Cephalocaudal Law
81
Children develop their motor skills from the center of their bodies outward.
* Proximodistal Law
82
BODY CHANGES
* Height and Weight
* Bones
* Teeth
* Muscle and Fat
83
process of synthesizing cartilage into bone.
o Ossification
84
o The ______ (soft spot on the skull) has closed in approximately 50% of all babies by the age of 18 months and in all babies by the age of 2 years.
fontanel
85
Teeth Development
o The average baby has four to six of the primary teeth by the age of 1 and 16 by the age of 2; the first tooth to erupt is the lower central incisors.
86
BETWEEN AGES 2 AND 3 YEARS
GROSS MOTOR DEVELOPMENT
* Stop using the awkward, wide-legged robot-like stance that is the hallmark of new walkers.
* Learn to walk, run, jump, and hop.
* Throwing and catching games with large balls.
* Push themselves around with their feet while sitting on a riding toy.
87
BETWEEN AGES 2 AND 3 YEARS
FINE MOTOR DEVELOPMENT
* Create things with their hands.
* Build towers out of blocks.
* Mold clay into rough shapes.
* Scribble with a crayon or pen.
* Insert objects into matching spaces.
* Show a preference for using one hand more often than the other.
88
BETWEEN AGES 3 TO 4 YEARS
GROSS MOTOR DEVELOPMENT
* Can climb up stairs.
* Can jump and hop higher.
* Hop on one foot for short periods of time.
* Catching and throwing abilities improve.
* Peddle and steer a tricycle.
* Kick a larger ball placed directly in front of their body.
89
BETWEEN AGES 3 TO 4 YEARS
FINE MOTOR DEVELOPMENT
* Gain independence in dressing and undressing themselves.
* Begin using scissors.
* Can use utensils when eating.
* Using crayons in a writing hold rather than just grasping.
* Use a twisting motion with their hands.
90
BETWEEN AGES 4 TO 5 YEARS
GROSS MOTOR DEVELOPMENT
* Go up and down the stairs alone in the adult fashion.
* Continue to run smooth out and increase in speed.
* Have more control when riding their tricycles or bicycles and can drive them faster.
91
BETWEEN AGES 5 TO 6-7 YEARS
GROSS MOTOR DEVELOPMENT
* Refine earlier skills.
* Jumping role, skating.
* Enjoy learning to play organized sports.
Children continue to refine and improve their gross motor skills through age 7 and beyond.
92
BETWEEN AGES 5 TO 6-7 YEARS
FINE MOTOR DEVELOPMENT
* Print letters and numbers.
* Create shapes.
* Use paints, pencils, and crayons with better control.
* Complete other self-care tasks.
93
* Most children are toilet trained by the age _____
5 or 6.
94
* Children normally master toilet training tasks in a specific developmental order.
1. Learn to notice the warning signals and react in time to master daytime defecation and then nighttime defecation.
2. Learn how to react to their bodies’ signals for daytime urination.
3. Nighttime urination (bed wetting) is the hardest for young children to control.
95
_______ children’s growth is slow and regular.
* School-age
95
______ children’s growth is slow and regular.
* School-age
96
a rapid increase in the individual's height and weight during puberty resulting from the simultaneous release of growth hormones, thyroid hormones, and androgens.
* “Adolescent growth spurt”
97
* Sex hormones regulate changes in _____ and _____ sexual characteristic.
primary and secondary
98
involved in reproduction, appear during birth.
Primary Sexual Characteristics
99
caused by hormones, appear during puberty.
Secondary Sexual Characteristics
100
* In girls, the ovaries begin to increase the production of _____ and other female hormones.
estrogen
101
* In boys, the testicles increase the production of ______.
testosterone
102
PUBERTY IN GIRLS
* Breast development is the main sign.
* Menarche usually follows within about two years.
* Before the first menstrual period, a girl will normally have:
o An increase in height
o An increase in hip size
o Clear or whitish vaginal secretion
o Pubic, armpit and leg hair growth
103
MENSTRUAL CYCLES
* Occur every month (28-32 days)
* May be irregular at first.
* Over time, periods become more regular.
104
OVARIAN CYCLE
Follicle-stimulating hormone
Luteinising hormone
105
stimulates the growth of ovarian follicles in the ovary before the release of an egg from one follicle at ovulation.
Follicle-stimulating hormone
106
controls the production of estrogen.
Luteinising hormone
107
UTERINE CYCLE
o Dysmenorrhea
o Amenorrhea
108
PUBERTY IN BOYS
* The first sign is the enlargement of both testicles. Afterward, boys will normally experience:
1. Faster growth, especially in height.
2. Hair growth in the face, under arms and pubic area.
3. Increase shoulder width.
4. Growth of the penis, scrotum, and testes
5. Nighttime ejaculation (nocturnal emissions or “wet dreams”).
6. Voice changes
