UNIT 2: Musculoskeletal System Flashcards
define ossification
the process of laying down new bone material by cells called osteoblasts
which two skeletons can the bones be divided into?
axial
appendicular
AXIAL SKELETON: FUNCTIONS (3)
- protection
- shape
- red blood cell production
AXIAL SKELETON: BONES (4)
- cranium
- thoracic cage
- vertebral column
- pelvis
provide a sporting example wherein the axial skeleton is utilised
heading the ball in football
APPENDICULAR SKELETON: FUNCTIONS (2)
- movement
- muscle attachment
what is cartilage?
a flexible connective tissue found in various parts of the body
list the three different types of cartilage within the body
hyaline
smooth; covers joints
elastic
flexible
fibrocartilage
tough
ARTICULATION OF BONES at the:
shoulder
elbow
hip
knee
ankle
wrist
shoulder
scapula, humerus
elbow
humerus, radius, ulna
hip
femur, pelvis
knee
femur, tibia
ankle
tibia, fibula, talus
wrist
radius, carpals
list the five types of bones
- long bone
- short bone
- irregular bone
- flat bone
- sesamoid
long bones
sporting example:
provide support, leverage, and facilitate movement
- running, basketball
short bones
sporting example:
provide stability and support with limited motion; designed to absorb shock
gymnastics (landings, flips, handstand)
irregular bones
sporting example:
perform specific functions, such as protection and muscle attachment
- wrestling
flat bones
sporting example:
protect internal organs; large surface area for muscle attachment; blood cell production
- boxing
sesamoid bones
sporting example:
embedded with tendons; protect tendons from stress and wear
- basketball, football
what are skeletal muscles sometimes known as? (2)
striated muscles
voluntary muscles
how many muscles does the quadricep have?
what are they?
four
rectus femoris
vastus intermedius
vastus lateralis
vastus medialis
how many muscles does the hamstring have?
what are they?
three
- bicep femoris
- semitendinosus
- semimembranosus
how many muscles does the calf have?
what are they?
two
- gastrocnemius
- soleus
what is meant by ‘antagonistic muscle action’? (2)
- as one muscle contracts (shortens), the other relaxes (lengthens)
- the muscle directly responsible for the movement is the agonist
there are seven antagonistic muscle pairs you need to know
what are they?
biceps with triceps
quadriceps with hamstrings
hip flexors with glutes
abdominals with erector spinae
gastrocnemius + soleus with tibialis anterior
deltoids with latissimus dorsi
trapezius + rhomboids with pectorals
define what a synergist is
example:
a muscle that assists the agonist in performing the movement
in a bicep curl
brachialis and brachioradialis act as synergists
define what a fixator is
example:
a muscle that stabilises the origin of the prime mover so that it can work efficiently
in a push up
rotator cuff muscles stabilise the shoulder joint
is the agonist always the muscle that is shortening?
no, because some movements are required to be controlled in a smooth manner
and so in this case, the agonist will lengthen at some point
list the three types of joint overall
- fibrous
- cartilaginous
- synovial
fibrous joints (3)
examples:
- allow no movement; fixed joint
- no joint cavity
- bones are held together by fibrous, connective tissue
cranium, pelvic girdle
cartilaginous joints (2)
example:
- allow a small amount of movement
- bones are separated by cartilage
vertebrae
synovial joints (2)
- allow for movement in one or more direction
- fluid filled cavity
how many types of synovial joint are there?
list them
six
- ball and socket
- hinge
- pivot
- condyloid
- gliding
- saddle
ball and socket joint
examples:
- movement in all directions
hip, shoulder
hinge joint
examples:
- movement in only one direction
knee, elbow, ankle
pivot joint
example:
- allows only rotational movement
neck
gliding joint
examples:
- only slight movement in every direction between two surfaces
metacarpals, metatarsals
saddle joint
examples:
- one bone’s surface is a concave in one direction and convex in the other
- allows for all ranges of movement (except rotation)
between carpals and metacarpals, between tarsals and metatarsals, thumb
