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A Level PE > UNIT 2: Musculoskeletal System > Flashcards

UNIT 2: Musculoskeletal System Flashcards

1
Q

define ossification

A

the process of laying down new bone material by cells called osteoblasts

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2
Q

which two skeletons can the bones be divided into?

A

axial
appendicular

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3
Q

AXIAL SKELETON: FUNCTIONS (3)

A
  • protection
  • shape
  • red blood cell production
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4
Q

AXIAL SKELETON: BONES (4)

A
  • cranium
  • thoracic cage
  • vertebral column
  • pelvis
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5
Q

provide a sporting example wherein the axial skeleton is utilised

A

heading the ball in football

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6
Q

APPENDICULAR SKELETON: FUNCTIONS (2)

A
  • movement
  • muscle attachment
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7
Q

what is cartilage?

A

a flexible connective tissue found in various parts of the body

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8
Q

list the three different types of cartilage within the body

A

hyaline
smooth; covers joints

elastic
flexible

fibrocartilage
tough

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9
Q

ARTICULATION OF BONES at the:

shoulder
elbow
hip
knee
ankle
wrist

A

shoulder
scapula, humerus

elbow
humerus, radius, ulna

hip
femur, pelvis

knee
femur, tibia

ankle
tibia, fibula, talus

wrist
radius, carpals

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10
Q

list the five types of bones

A
  • long bone
  • short bone
  • irregular bone
  • flat bone
  • sesamoid
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11
Q

long bones

sporting example:

A

provide support, leverage, and facilitate movement

  • running, basketball
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12
Q

short bones

sporting example:

A

provide stability and support with limited motion; designed to absorb shock

gymnastics (landings, flips, handstand)

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13
Q

irregular bones

sporting example:

A

perform specific functions, such as protection and muscle attachment

  • wrestling
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14
Q

flat bones

sporting example:

A

protect internal organs; large surface area for muscle attachment; blood cell production

  • boxing
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15
Q

sesamoid bones

sporting example:

A

embedded with tendons; protect tendons from stress and wear

  • basketball, football
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16
Q

what are skeletal muscles sometimes known as? (2)

A

striated muscles
voluntary muscles

17
Q

how many muscles does the quadricep have?

what are they?

A

four

recurs femoris
vastus intermedius
vastus lateralis
vastus medialis

18
Q

how many muscles does the hamstring have?

what are they?

A

three

  • bicep femoris
  • semitendinosus
  • semimembranosus
19
Q

how many muscles does the calf have?

what are they?

A

two

  • gastrocnemius
  • soleus
20
Q

what is meant by ‘antagonistic muscle action’? (2)

A
  • as one muscle contracts (shortens), the other relaxes (lengthens)
  • the muscle directly responsible for the movement is the agonist
21
Q

there are seven antagonistic muscle pairs you need to know

what are they?

A

biceps with triceps

quadriceps with hamstrings

hip flexors with glutes

abdominals with erector spinae

gastrocnemius + soleus with tibialis anterior

deltoids with latissimus dorsi

trapezius + rhomboids with pectorals

22
Q

define what a synergist is

example:

A

a muscle that assists the agonist in performing the movement

in a bicep curl
brachialis and brachioradialis act as synergists

23
Q

define what a fixator is

example:

A

a muscle that stabilises the origin of the prime mover so that it can work efficiently

in a push up
rotator cuff muscles stabilise the shoulder joint

24
Q

is the agonist always the muscle that is shortening?

A

no, because some movements are required to be controlled in a smooth manner

and so in this case, the agonist will lengthen at some point

25
Q

list the three types of joint overall

A
  • fibrous
  • cartilaginous
  • synovial
26
Q

fibrous joints (3)

examples:

A
  • allow no movement; fixed joint
  • no joint cavity
  • bones are held together by fibrous, connective tissue

cranium, pelvic girdle

27
Q

cartilaginous joints (2)

example:

A
  • allow a small amount of movement
  • bones are separated by cartilage

vertebrae

28
Q

synovial joints (2)

A
  • allow for movement in one or more direction
  • fluid filled cavity
29
Q

how many types of synovial joint are there?

list them

A

six

  • ball and socket
  • hinge
  • pivot
  • condyloid
  • gliding
  • saddle
30
Q

ball and socket joint

examples:

A
  • movement in all directions

hip, shoulder

31
Q

hinge joint

examples:

A
  • movement in only one direction

knee, elbow, ankle

32
Q

pivot joint

example:

A
  • allows only rotational movement

neck

33
Q

gliding joint

examples:

A
  • only slight movement in every direction between two surfaces

metacarpals, metatarsals

34
Q

saddle joint

examples:

A
  • one bone’s surface is a concave in one direction and convex in the other
  • allows for all ranges of movement (except rotation)

between carpals and metacarpals, between tarsals and metatarsals, thumb

A Level PE (13 decks)

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