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A Level PE > Respiratory System > Flashcards

Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

the alveoli: FEATURES (5)

A
  • walls are moist which helps the gases diffuse better
  • supplied with blood capillaries to ensure the efficient exchange of gases within the bloodstream
  • large surface area which allows for a large amount of gases to be diffused
  • thin walls (one-cell thick)
  • elastic fibres which allow them to expand and deflate during inhalation and exhalation
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2
Q

mechanics of breathing: inhalation (4)

A
  • diaphragm contracts and flattens
  • intercostal muscles contract to pull the ribs up and out
  • lungs expand; thoracic cavity increases in size
  • pressure in the thoracic cavity decreases, causing us to suck in air
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3
Q

mechanics of breathing: exhalation (4)

A
  • diaphragm relaxes and returns to its dome shape
  • intercostal muscles relax to bring the ribs back in and down
  • thoracic cavity decreases in size
  • pressure in the thoracic cavity increases, causing us to push air out
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4
Q

state the additional respiratory muscles used during inspiration (3)

A
  • scalene
  • sternocleidomastoid
  • pectoralis minor
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5
Q

state the additional respiratory muscles used during exhalation (2)

A
  • abdominals
  • internal intercostals
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6
Q

define tidal volume

A

volume of air breathed in or out per breath

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7
Q

what is the average value of tidal volume at rest?

A

0.5 L

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8
Q

define inspiratory reserve volume

A

volume of air that can be forcibly inspired after a normal breath

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9
Q

define expiratory reserve volume

A

the volume of air forcibly exhaled after a normal breath

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9
Q

what is the average value of inspiratory reserve volume at rest?

A

3.1 L

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10
Q

define residual volume

A

the volume of air that remains in the lungs after maximum expiration

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11
Q

what is the average value of residual volume at rest?

A

1.2 L

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12
Q

define vital capacity

A

volume of air forcibly expired after maximum inspiration in one breath

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13
Q

what is the average value of vital capacity at rest?

A

4.8 L

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14
Q

define minute ventilation

A

volume of air breathed in or out per minute

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15
Q

what is the average value of minute ventilation at rest?

A

6 L

16
Q

define total lung capacity

A

vital capacity + residual volume

17
Q

what is the average value of total lung capacity at rest?

A

6 L

18
Q

how is minute ventilation calculated?

A

tidal volume x frequency = minute ventilation

19
Q

what is a spirometer trace for?

A

a test to measure how much air we breathe, how much we inhale and exhale out of our lungs, and how fast we can blow out air

20
Q

respiratory control centre (RCC) (2)

A
  • the nervous system can increase or decrease the rate, depth and rhythm of breathing
  • located within the medulla oblongata
21
Q

how many ventilation centres does the RCC have?

A

TWO
- inspiratory
- expiratory

22
Q

name the receptors used by the expiratory centre

A

stretch receptors

  • prevent over inflation of the lungs
  • if the lungs start to become excessively stretched, they send impulses to induce expiration
23
Q

name the nerve used to induce inspiration

A

phrenic nerve

24
Q

name the nerve used to induce expiration

A

intercostal nerve

25
Q

draw out the RCC

A
26
Q

gaseous exchange at the lungs

A

external respiration

27
Q

gaseous exchange at the tissues (2)

A

internal respiration

  • where oxygen enters the muscle tissue and carbon dioxide enters the blood stream
  • this is part of the systemic circuit
28
Q

list the four causes of dissociation of oxygen from haemoglobin

A
  • an increase in blood and muscle temperature
  • a decrease in the partial pressure of oxygen in the muscle
  • an increase in the partial pressure of carbon dioxide, increasing the CO2 diffusion gradient
  • an increase in acidity caused by more carbon dioxide in the blood and H+ ions
29
Q

what does the term saturation of oxygen with haemoglobin mean?

A

refers to the percentage of haemoglobin molecules in the blood that are bound with oxygen

30
Q

how does the saturation of oxyhaemoglobin work within different parts of the body? (2)

A

in the lungs
- when blood passes through the lungs, oxygen molecules bind to haemoglobin
- this results in high oxygen saturation levels (typically around 95-100%)

in the tissues
- some oxygen is dissociated from haemoglobin to meet cellular demands
- this reduces oxygen saturation in the blood

31
Q

EXAM STYLE Q:
‘identify/outline what happens to the oxyhaemoglobin dissociation curve during exercise AND explain the causes of this shift’ (5)

A
  • a shift to the right occurs, known as the bohr shift/effect
  • because during exercise there is a low partial pressure of oxygen in the tissues but a high partial pressure in the blood
  • there is also a high partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the tissues but a low partial pressure in the blood
  • therefore, more oxygen will dissociate from haemoglobin to restore equilibrium
  • other causes include: increased blood and muscle temperature, increased acidity (CO2, H ions)
32
Q

define what A-VO2 DIFF is

A

the difference between oxygen content of arteriole blood arriving at the muscles and venous blood leaving the muscles

33
Q

explain the A-VO2 DIFF during rest (2)

A

a low difference of O2 content between arterioles and veins

because there is a lower demand for oxygen at the working muscles, meaning not as much needs to be diffused in

34
Q

explain the A-VO2 DIFF during exercise (2)

A

a high difference in O2 content between arterioles and veins

because there is a high demand for oxygen at the working muscles (due to low partial pressure there), and so more needs to be diffused in

35
Q

what are the benefits of increasing A-VO2 DIFF for a sports performer?

A

increasing A-VO2 DIFF enhances their ability to extract and utilise oxygen

36
Q

how can a performer increase their A-VO2 DIFF? (4)

A

increase aerobic training
increases mitochondria count

increase red blood cell count
improves haemoglobin levels

improve myoglobin count
more storage and release of oxygen

increase muscle capillary density
stimulates the growth of new capillaries in the muscles ; increases surface area for oxygen exchange

37
Q

fick’s equation

A

Q x A-VO2 DIFF = VO2 MAX

A Level PE (6 decks)

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