Theory of Learning Flashcards
what is the theory of learning? (2)
- refers to how we learn from the environment (nature) and those around us (nurture)
- involves athletes learning new skills and improving performance by watching others, and then replicating those actions
theory of learning can also be known as…
social learning theory
observational learning
according to albert bandura, there are six key principles to the theory of learning
what are they?
D A R M M M
demonstration
attention
retention
motor production
motivation
matching performance
demonstration (2)
- a skilled performer (model) demonstrates the skill
- demonstration should be accurate, clear and relevant to the learner’s ability
attention (2)
- demonstration must be seen and heard, precise, and focus on teaching points and cues
- avoid overload for the learner
retention (3)
- performer must be able to retain information in memory and recall it
- importance of practice and mental rehearsal
- practices must be relevant, meaningful and/or realistic
motor production (3)
- allow time for physical practice of a skill
- graduated approach to practices to allow success
- performer must be able to carry out the task (shouldn’t be too difficult)
motivation (3)
- without motivation, performer will not pay attention, remember or practise skills
- importance of feedback (intrinsic and extrinsic) and reinforcement
- the more relevant to the skill, the more they increase motivation
matching performance
performer is able to successfully copy the movement / skill
what is the transfer of learning? (3)
- refers to the effect that learning one task has on the learning of another
- examines how prior experiences affects the acquisition of new skills
- learning or regularly performing a skill can affect, either positively or negatively, the learning of a second skill
how many types of transferring a skill are there?
list them
six
- positive transfer
- negative transfer
- zero transfer
- bilateral transfer
- proactive transfer
- retroactive transfer
positive transfer (2)
- when learning in one situation does enhance performance in another
- skills, knowledge or strategies learned in one context help improve performance in a different but similar situation
provide a sporting example wherein positive transfer would occur
e.g
a basketball player who learns to dribble may find it easier to dribble in football
negative transfer (2)
- when skills or knowledge learned in one situation interfere with or hinder performance ; makes learning the second skill more difficult
- the motor patterns or techniques in one skill contradict those in the other
how can negative transfer potentially be avoided?
by making sure the athlete is aware of the differences
provide a sporting example wherein negative transfer would occur
e.g
a badminton player moving to tennis ; a firmer wrist is required
zero transfer (2)
- when learning one skill has no effect on another skill
- the skills do not share common elements
provide a sporting example wherein zero transfer would occur
e.g
a swimmer moving to sprinting in athletics
a bowler in cricket moving to a long-range football pass
bilateral transfer
- when a skill that is learnt on one side of the body can be transferred to the other side
provide a sporting example wherein bilateral transfer would occur
e.g
a footballer learning to pass with their left foot when they have previously learnt it on their left
proactive transfer (2)
- when a previously learnt skill influences the way a new skill is learnt
- can either have a positive, negative or zero effect on the new skill
retro-active transfer
- when learning a new skill influences a previously learnt skill
how can a coach ensure successful transfer takes place? (8)
- provide clear demonstrations of the skill
- progressive skill development (breaking down complex skills)
- over exaggeration of the similarities and differences
- feedback and reflection
- variety of practice
- develop psychological readiness
- use of technology (to track progress)
- use positive reinforcement
