Methods of Guidance, Practice + Reinforcement Flashcards
how many methods of guidance are there within a level pe?
four
list the four methods of guidance
- visual
- verbal
- manual
- mechanical
define visual guidance
link this method of guidance to the stages of learning
involves demonstrating or showing the correct performance of a skill
especially helpful for cognitive learners (able to create a mental image)
list the advantages (7) and disadvantages (5) of visual guidance
advantages
- allows for clear understanding
- keeps learners engaged
- immediate reinforcement
- aid towards observational learning
- large groups of people (time-effective)
- helps performer build a clear mental image
- aids the use of verbal guidance
disadvantages
- not sufficient for complex skills
- dependence on observation (reliance)
- demonstrations can be inaccurate
- demonstration must be by someone of a similar ability
- coach needs to be experienced
define verbal guidance
link this method of guidance to the stages of learning
involves providing instructions, explanations, or cues to help learners understand
cognitive, associative and autonomous
list the advantages (4) and disadvantages (7) of verbal feedback
advantages
- can be combined with visual
- clarity and explanation
- flexibility of feedback (real-time and can be adjusted based on the learner’s progress)
- positive reinforcement
disadvantages
- overload of information
- difficult for kinaesthetic learners
- limited application
- key terminology can be difficult to understand
- difficult to explain complex instructions / skills
- not effective in isolation
- coaches must be well experienced
define manual guidance
link this method of guidance to the stages of learning
involves physically assisting or guiding the learner through a movement or skill to help them understand correct body position and mechanics
cognitive learner
list the advantages (4) and disadvantages (4) of manual guidance
advantages
- hands on learning
- increased confidence (may feel more secure)
- safety (can reduce the risk of injury)
- initial building of kinaesthetic feel ensures correct technique
disadvantages
- inhibiting natural movement
- limited application for complex skills
- over dependence / over reliant
- performer may not become independent
define mechanical guidance
link this method of guidance to the stages of learning
involves using equipment or devices to assist the learner
cognitive learner
list the advantages (4) and disadvantages (3) of mechanical guidance
advantages
- safety when learning dangerous skills
- skill development (can learn with less fear)
- consistent support
- confidence and motivation
disadvantages
- dependence on equipment
- limited realism (may not replicate exact conditions)
- inability to carry out kinaesthetic feel
how many methods / types of practice are there?
list them
nine
- mental practice / rehearsal
- fixed practice
- variable practice
- massed practice
- distributed practice
- whole practice
- part practice
- progressive part practice
- whole part whole practice
describe some of the benefits of mental practice (3)
cognitive benefit
- thinking about strategies and tactics can help the learner to make the correct decision
neuromuscular practice
- causes muscular neurons to fire as if the muscle is actually active
confidence
- can improve as performer imagines successful performance
define reinforcement
when the athlete exhibits desired performance, the coach should reinforce this behaviour so that the athlete learns from the experience and will replicate the performance in the future
define behaviourism
operant conditioning is achieved via reward or punishment, which affects further actions
there are three parts you need to remember when it comes to operant conditioning.
what are they?
- positive reinforcement
- negative reinforcement
- punishment
positive reinforcement
where something will be added to reward the desired performance
this can either be tangible (trophies, medals) or intangible (praise)
provide sporting examples wherein positive reinforcement is in effect
a coach praises a footballer tracking back
a player gets extra playing time for consistently performing well in training
negative reinforcement
involves removing an unpleasant stimulus when the desired behaviour is performed
provide sporting examples wherein negative reinforcement is in effect
a footballer no longer has to do extra fitness drills after improving their endurance
a coach will stop shouting
punishment
involves adding unpleasant consequences or removing a reward to discourage undesirable behaviour
provide sporting examples wherein punishment is in effect
a player may be:
sent off for a reckless tackle
fined
miss a game
a basketball player is benched for repeatedly ignoring team tactics
define what drive reduction theory is (2)
- an athlete’s drive / motivation will impact on the successful completion of the task
- behaviour occurs in response to the drive; when the goal is achieved, drive / motivation will be reduced
why would there be a greater motivation (i.e. a drive) within an individual initially? (3)
- they are motivated to achieve goals / solve problems
- they have a drive to achieve effective / competent performance
- goal directed behaviour; they practice in order to achieve success
provide a sporting example wherein drive reduction theory is in effect
- a striker who has scored 15 goals but needs 5 more will experience increased motivation
- the heightened drive can push them to train harder and focus more in matches
- when the goal has been achieved, the striker may experience a decrease in drive / motivation
