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J2 - Med Surg > Unit 2 - Immunity & Infection > Flashcards

Unit 2 - Immunity & Infection Flashcards

1
Q

What are immune system functions ?

A
  • Defense
  • Homeostasis
  • Surveillance
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2
Q

What is Surveillance ?

A

Mutations in the body are recognized and destroyed

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3
Q

Homeostasis ?

A

Damaged cell substances are digested and removed - brings body back to balance

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4
Q

Defense ?

A

Protects against microorganisms and prevents infection by attacking foreign antigens and pathogens

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5
Q

Factors that alter immune response ?

A
  • Age
  • Pre-existing conditions
  • Heredity/Genetics
  • Stressors (physical, psychological,emotional)
  • Nutrition
  • Medical Therapies
  • Enviornment
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6
Q

How does age alter immune response ?

A
  • To young (under 6yrs) = underdeveloped immune system

- To old = failing immune system

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7
Q

What are the 4 types of Normal Immune Response ?

A
  • Active Normal
  • Active Artificial
  • Passive Natural
  • Passive Artificial
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8
Q

What type of Immune Response occurs from “Natural contact with antigen through clinical infection (E.g., recovery from chickenpox, measles, mumps, etc.)”

A

Active Natural

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9
Q

What type of Immune Response occurs via “immunizations with the antigen (e.g., immunizations with live or killed vaccines)” ?

A

Active Artificial

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10
Q

What type of Immune Response occurs via “Transplacental and colostrum transfer from mother to child (e.g., maternal immunoglobulins in neonate)”
- Mom to baby via placenta, breastfeeding, etc.

A

Passive Natural

  • Temporary: Typically 3 months
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11
Q

What type of Immune Response occurs via “Injection of serum from immune human (e.g., injection of human gamma globulin)

A

Passive Artificial

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12
Q

What are central (primary) lymphoid organs ?

A
  • Thymus gland (NOT thyroid)

- Bone Marrow

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13
Q

Which gland is important in the differentiation and maturation of T lymphocytes ?

A

Thymus gland

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14
Q

What blood components are produced by the Bone Marrow ?

A
  • Red blood cells
  • White blood cells
  • Platelets
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15
Q

How does the Thymus gland evolve with age ?

A

Larger in children & shrinks with age

  • As it starts shrinking, it starts loosing effectiveness. - Turns into fatty tissue
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16
Q

Primary immune response is evident when ?

A

4 to 8 days after initial exposure to the antigen

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17
Q

B lymphocytes = what type of immunity ?

A

Humoral immunity

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18
Q

T lymphocytes = what type of immunity ?

A

Cell mediated immunity

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19
Q

____ lymphocytes compose 70% to 80% of circulating lymphocytes ?

A

T lymphocytes

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20
Q

What cells are responsible for immunity to intracellular viruses, tumor cells, and fungi ?

A

T lymphocytes

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21
Q

Cells involved in Humoral immunity ?

A

B Lymphocytes

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22
Q

Cells involved in Cell-Mediated Immunity ?

A

T lymphocytes & macrophages

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23
Q

Examples of Humoral Immunity ?

A
  • Anaphylactic shock
  • Atopic diseases
  • Transfusion reaction
  • Bacterial infections
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24
Q

Examples of Cell-Mediated Immunity ?

A
  • TB
  • Fungal infections
  • Contact dermatitis
  • Graft rejection
  • Destruction of cancer cells
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25
Q

Humoral Immunity protects against ?

A
  • Bacteria
  • Viruses (extracellular)
  • Respiratory & Gastrointestinal pathogens
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26
Q

Cell-Mediated Immunity protects against ?

A
  • Fungus
  • Viruses (Intracellular)
  • Chronic infectious agents
  • Tumor cells
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27
Q

What are Cytokines main function ?

A

Act as messengers between cell types

AKA: messengers

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28
Q

IgG, IgA, IgM, IgD, IgE are what ?

A

Different kinds/classifications of antibodies

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29
Q

Aging causes a __________ in cell-mediated immunity ?

A

Decrease

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30
Q

What are the 4 types of Hypersensitivity Reactions ?

A

Type 1: Immediate (anaphylactic) reactions(IgE)
Type 2: Cytotoxic reaction (IgG & IgM)
Type 3: Immune complex-mediated reaction
Type 4: Delayed hypersensitivity reaction (sensitized T cells)

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31
Q

Hypersensitivity Reactions Types 1 - 3 are what type of Immunity ?

A

Humoral Immunity

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32
Q

Hypersensitivity Reaction Type 4 is what type of Immunity ?

A

Cell-Mediated Immunity

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33
Q

Hypersensitivity Reaction, Type 1 = ?

A

Immediate (anaphylactic) reactions (IgE)

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34
Q

Hypersensitivity Reaction, Type 2 = ?

A

Cytotoxic reaction (IgG & IgM)

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35
Q

Hypersensitivity Reaction, Type 3 = ?

A

Immune complex-mediated reaction

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36
Q

Hypersensitivity Reaction, Type 4 = ?

A

Delayed hypersensitivity reaction

sensitized T cells

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37
Q

What are examples of Type 1: immediate (anaphylactic) reactions (IgE) ?

A
  • Hay fever
  • Allergic Asthma/Reactive Airway
  • Atopic Reactions
  • Anaphylaxis
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38
Q

What are 2 types of Type 1 Anaphylactic Reactions ?

A
  • Local Reaction (less severe)

- Systemic Reaction (Severe)

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39
Q

What type of Anaphylactic reaction causes watery eyes, rhinorrhea, and nasal congestion ?

A

Local (Anaphylactic) reaction

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40
Q

Local (Anaphylactic) reactions can be treated where ?

A

At home

41
Q

Local (Anaphylactic) reactions cause what Neurological symptoms ?

A
  • Tingling sensation

- Itchiness

42
Q

Wheel-flare, flushing, and itching present with what type of Anaphylactic reaction ?

A

Local reaction

43
Q

Systemic (Anaphylactic) reactions are sever and can be __________________ ?

A

Life-threatening

44
Q

What are initial symptoms of a systemic (Anaphylactic) reaction ?

A

Edema & itching at the site of the exposure to the antigen

45
Q

Pruritus, angioedema, and urticaria are skin symptoms associated with which type of Anaphylactic reaction ?

A

Systemic Reaction

46
Q

Hoarseness, stridor, and respiratory arrest are Respiratory symptoms associated with which type of Anaphylactic reaction ?

A

Systemic Reaction

47
Q

Neurological symptoms such as Parathesia, headache, dizziness, and a feeling of impending doom are symptoms associated with what type of Anaphylactic reaction ?

A

Systemic Reaction

48
Q

Hypotension, Arrhythmia, tachycardia, and circulatory shutdown are cardiovascular symptoms associated with which type of Anaphylactic reaction ?

A

Systemic Reaction

49
Q

What type of treatment measure can cause anaphylactic shock in individuals ?

A

Contrast Dye

50
Q

Contrast dye shares the same components as _____________ ?

A

Shell fish

51
Q

If an individual is allergic to shell fish, what treatment measure should they avoid ?

A

Contrast Dye

52
Q

Examples of insect venoms that can cause anaphylactic shock ?

A
  • Wasps
  • Ants
  • Hornets
53
Q

Examples of Animal Serums that can cause anaphylactic shock ?

A
  • Rabies

- Snack venom

54
Q

What drug therapy is Necessary for Anaphylaxis ?

A

EPINEPHRINE !

55
Q

______________ such as Benadryl, are used for longer-term control of Anaphylaxis ?

A

Antihistamie

56
Q

Other Dug therapy’s used for Anaphylaxis ?

A
  • Corticosteroids (Prednisone, hydrocortisone)
  • Vasopressors (dopamine, dobutamine, levophed)
  • Inhaled Beta-Adrenergic Agonists (Alupent, albuterol)
57
Q

Examples of Type 1: Atopic Reactions ?

A
  • Allergic rhinitis (Hay fever) (Year-round vs. seasonal)
  • Asthma
  • Atopic Dermatitis (Systemic)
  • Urticaria (hives)
  • Angioedema
58
Q

All Type 1: Atopic Reactions have elevated what ?

A

IgE levels

59
Q

Treatment for Type 1: Atopic Reactions is focused on what ?

A

Eliminating or decreasing exposure to the antigens and controlling histamine release

60
Q

________________ are localized lesions similar to urticaria (hives) but involve deeper layers of tissue ?

A

Angioedema

61
Q

Examples of tissues affected by angioedema ?

A
  • Eyelids
  • Lips
  • Tongue
  • Larynx
  • Hands
  • Feet
  • GI Tract
  • Genitalia
62
Q

urticaria can develop _________ and last _________ to _________ ?

A
  • Rapidly

- Minutes to Hours

63
Q

What are type II Reactions ?

A

Cytotoxic and Cytolytic Reactions

64
Q

Examples of Type II: Cytotoxic and Cytolytic Reactions?

A
  • Autoimmune hemolytic anemia
  • Hemolytic transfusion reactions
  • Goodpasture’s syndrome
65
Q

Goodpasture’s syndrome is what type of Hypersensitivity Reaction ?

A

Type II : Cytotoxic and Cytolytic Reactions

66
Q

What are Type III Hypersensitivity Reactions ?

A

Immune Complex-Mediated

67
Q

Type:______ ( ) Hypersensitivity Reactions occur when small antigen-antibody complexes to small to be removed by the phagocyte system deposit in the tissue or blood vessels ?

A

Type: III (Immune Complex-Mediated)

68
Q

Examples of Type III : Immune Complex-Mediated ?

A

Autoimmune Disorders:

  • Systemic lupus erythematous (SLE)
  • Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA)
  • Type 1 Diabetes
69
Q

What are Type IV (4) Hypersensitivity Reactions called ?

A

Delayed Hypersensitivity Reactions

70
Q

How long does it take for a Type IV: Delayed Hypersensitivity Reactions to occur ?

A

24-48 hours for a response to occur

71
Q

Examples of Type IV: Delayed Hypersensitivity Reactions ?

A
  • Contact Dermatitis
  • Hyper Sensitivity Reactions to Bacterial, fungal, and viral infections (Tuberculosis)
  • Transplant Reactions
72
Q

Typically how long does it take for a reaction to occur from Skin tests ?

A

5-10 minutes

73
Q

If Anaphylaxis occurs as a result of a skin test, what should be done ?

A
  • Remove extract
  • Apply anti-inflammatory cream
  • Apply tourniquet
  • Get SQ epinephrine ready !
74
Q

What area of the body should you assess first, if an anaphylactic reaction occurred from a scratch test ?

A

Assess arm site first ! looking for any local reaction

75
Q

Latex Allergy is caused by what type of Hypersensitivity Reaction ?

A

Type I

76
Q

Define Autoimmunity ?

A

An immune response against its self. immune cells that normally are tolerant to self-antigens are activated

77
Q

Autoimmunity : Theories of Causation ?

A
  • Genetic Susceptibility
  • Initiation of autoreactivity (Infections like strep/drugs)
  • Age/Gender
78
Q

Examples of Systemic Autoimmune Diseases ?

A
  • Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE)
  • Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA)
  • Type I Diabetes Mellitus
  • Addison’s Disease
79
Q

Examples of Organ-Specific Autoimmune Diseases ?

A
  • Multiple Sclerosis (MS)
  • Myasthnia Gravis
  • Rheumatic Fever
80
Q

______________ is the separation of blood components with the removal of one or more of the components ?

A

Apheresis

81
Q

__________ can be a treatment option for those with Autoimmune Diseases ?

A

Apheresis

82
Q

Plasmapheresis ?

A
  • Removal of plasma with components causing or thought to cause disease
  • Replaced with saline or albumin
  • Plasma Exchange= More accurate description*
83
Q

How is Plasmapheresis used to treat autoimmune diseases ?

A

removes substances in plasma… such as (antibodies, antigen-antibody complexes, inflammatory mediators)

84
Q

Most common side effects of Plasmapheresis ?

A
  • Hypotension

- Citrate toxicity

85
Q

What are immunodeficiency disorders ? (definition)

A

The immune system does not protect the body

86
Q

What are the two types of immunodeficiency disorders ?

A

Primary & Secondary

87
Q

What constitutes Primary immunodeficiency disorders ?

A

Improperly developed or absent (immune system…?)

  • More of a genetic bases
88
Q

what defines a secondary Immunodeficiency Disorder ?

A

Deficiency is caused by illness or treatment

  • Ex: AIDS, Lupus, Type 1 Diabetes
89
Q

what is a localized infection ?

A

Limited to a small area

90
Q

What is a Disseminated Infection ?

A

Spread to areas beyond the initial site.

  • Ex: Cut on foot spreads to lower leg
91
Q

What is a Systemic Infection ?

A

Spread throughout the body

92
Q

What types of things are infections caused by ?

A
  • Bacteria
  • Viruses
  • Fungi
  • Protozoa
  • Prions
93
Q

What are Emerging Infections ?

A

Infectious diseases who’s incidence has increased in the past 20 years

  • Ex: SARS, West Nile, Ebola, Covid-19, AIDS(?)
94
Q

_________________ organisms, are organisms that change that decrease the ability of a drug to treat diseases ?

A

Antibiotic-resistant organisms

95
Q

What are important points to mention when engaging in patient and caregiver teaching In regards to Decreasing the Risk Of Antibiotic-Resistant Infections ?

A
  • Do not take antibiotics to prevent illness
  • Wash hands frequently
  • Take antibiotics as prescribed & finish them !
  • Do not request an antibiotic for a cold or flu
  • Do not take left over antibiotics
96
Q

Antibiotics loose _____________ over time ?

A

Effectiveness

97
Q

Health Care Associated Infections are also known as what ?

A

“Nosocomial infections”

98
Q

Suspicion of disease/infection in older adults should begin with what ?

A

Changes in cognition or ADL’s

  • May not have change in fever, pain, or labs
99
Q

When a patient is experiencing reactions to a treatment (Ex: IV antibiotic), what should the nurse do first ?

A

Discontinue the antibiotic infusion !

** First step = get rid of the offending problem**

J2 - Med Surg (16 decks)

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