Unit 2 - Immunity & Infection Flashcards
What are immune system functions ?
- Defense
- Homeostasis
- Surveillance
What is Surveillance ?
Mutations in the body are recognized and destroyed
Homeostasis ?
Damaged cell substances are digested and removed - brings body back to balance
Defense ?
Protects against microorganisms and prevents infection by attacking foreign antigens and pathogens
Factors that alter immune response ?
- Age
- Pre-existing conditions
- Heredity/Genetics
- Stressors (physical, psychological,emotional)
- Nutrition
- Medical Therapies
- Enviornment
How does age alter immune response ?
- To young (under 6yrs) = underdeveloped immune system
- To old = failing immune system
What are the 4 types of Normal Immune Response ?
- Active Normal
- Active Artificial
- Passive Natural
- Passive Artificial
What type of Immune Response occurs from “Natural contact with antigen through clinical infection (E.g., recovery from chickenpox, measles, mumps, etc.)”
Active Natural
What type of Immune Response occurs via “immunizations with the antigen (e.g., immunizations with live or killed vaccines)” ?
Active Artificial
What type of Immune Response occurs via “Transplacental and colostrum transfer from mother to child (e.g., maternal immunoglobulins in neonate)”
- Mom to baby via placenta, breastfeeding, etc.
Passive Natural
- Temporary: Typically 3 months
What type of Immune Response occurs via “Injection of serum from immune human (e.g., injection of human gamma globulin)
Passive Artificial
What are central (primary) lymphoid organs ?
- Thymus gland (NOT thyroid)
- Bone Marrow
Which gland is important in the differentiation and maturation of T lymphocytes ?
Thymus gland
What blood components are produced by the Bone Marrow ?
- Red blood cells
- White blood cells
- Platelets
How does the Thymus gland evolve with age ?
Larger in children & shrinks with age
- As it starts shrinking, it starts loosing effectiveness. - Turns into fatty tissue
Primary immune response is evident when ?
4 to 8 days after initial exposure to the antigen
B lymphocytes = what type of immunity ?
Humoral immunity
T lymphocytes = what type of immunity ?
Cell mediated immunity
____ lymphocytes compose 70% to 80% of circulating lymphocytes ?
T lymphocytes
What cells are responsible for immunity to intracellular viruses, tumor cells, and fungi ?
T lymphocytes
Cells involved in Humoral immunity ?
B Lymphocytes
Cells involved in Cell-Mediated Immunity ?
T lymphocytes & macrophages
Examples of Humoral Immunity ?
- Anaphylactic shock
- Atopic diseases
- Transfusion reaction
- Bacterial infections
Examples of Cell-Mediated Immunity ?
- TB
- Fungal infections
- Contact dermatitis
- Graft rejection
- Destruction of cancer cells
Humoral Immunity protects against ?
- Bacteria
- Viruses (extracellular)
- Respiratory & Gastrointestinal pathogens
Cell-Mediated Immunity protects against ?
- Fungus
- Viruses (Intracellular)
- Chronic infectious agents
- Tumor cells
What are Cytokines main function ?
Act as messengers between cell types
AKA: messengers
IgG, IgA, IgM, IgD, IgE are what ?
Different kinds/classifications of antibodies
Aging causes a __________ in cell-mediated immunity ?
Decrease
What are the 4 types of Hypersensitivity Reactions ?
Type 1: Immediate (anaphylactic) reactions(IgE)
Type 2: Cytotoxic reaction (IgG & IgM)
Type 3: Immune complex-mediated reaction
Type 4: Delayed hypersensitivity reaction (sensitized T cells)
Hypersensitivity Reactions Types 1 - 3 are what type of Immunity ?
Humoral Immunity
Hypersensitivity Reaction Type 4 is what type of Immunity ?
Cell-Mediated Immunity
Hypersensitivity Reaction, Type 1 = ?
Immediate (anaphylactic) reactions (IgE)
Hypersensitivity Reaction, Type 2 = ?
Cytotoxic reaction (IgG & IgM)
Hypersensitivity Reaction, Type 3 = ?
Immune complex-mediated reaction
Hypersensitivity Reaction, Type 4 = ?
Delayed hypersensitivity reaction
sensitized T cells
What are examples of Type 1: immediate (anaphylactic) reactions (IgE) ?
- Hay fever
- Allergic Asthma/Reactive Airway
- Atopic Reactions
- Anaphylaxis
What are 2 types of Type 1 Anaphylactic Reactions ?
- Local Reaction (less severe)
- Systemic Reaction (Severe)
What type of Anaphylactic reaction causes watery eyes, rhinorrhea, and nasal congestion ?
Local (Anaphylactic) reaction
Local (Anaphylactic) reactions can be treated where ?
At home
Local (Anaphylactic) reactions cause what Neurological symptoms ?
- Tingling sensation
- Itchiness
Wheel-flare, flushing, and itching present with what type of Anaphylactic reaction ?
Local reaction
Systemic (Anaphylactic) reactions are sever and can be __________________ ?
Life-threatening
What are initial symptoms of a systemic (Anaphylactic) reaction ?
Edema & itching at the site of the exposure to the antigen
Pruritus, angioedema, and urticaria are skin symptoms associated with which type of Anaphylactic reaction ?
Systemic Reaction
Hoarseness, stridor, and respiratory arrest are Respiratory symptoms associated with which type of Anaphylactic reaction ?
Systemic Reaction
Neurological symptoms such as Parathesia, headache, dizziness, and a feeling of impending doom are symptoms associated with what type of Anaphylactic reaction ?
Systemic Reaction
Hypotension, Arrhythmia, tachycardia, and circulatory shutdown are cardiovascular symptoms associated with which type of Anaphylactic reaction ?
Systemic Reaction
What type of treatment measure can cause anaphylactic shock in individuals ?
Contrast Dye
Contrast dye shares the same components as _____________ ?
Shell fish
If an individual is allergic to shell fish, what treatment measure should they avoid ?
Contrast Dye
Examples of insect venoms that can cause anaphylactic shock ?
- Wasps
- Ants
- Hornets
Examples of Animal Serums that can cause anaphylactic shock ?
- Rabies
- Snack venom
What drug therapy is Necessary for Anaphylaxis ?
EPINEPHRINE !
______________ such as Benadryl, are used for longer-term control of Anaphylaxis ?
Antihistamie
Other Dug therapy’s used for Anaphylaxis ?
- Corticosteroids (Prednisone, hydrocortisone)
- Vasopressors (dopamine, dobutamine, levophed)
- Inhaled Beta-Adrenergic Agonists (Alupent, albuterol)
Examples of Type 1: Atopic Reactions ?
- Allergic rhinitis (Hay fever) (Year-round vs. seasonal)
- Asthma
- Atopic Dermatitis (Systemic)
- Urticaria (hives)
- Angioedema
All Type 1: Atopic Reactions have elevated what ?
IgE levels
Treatment for Type 1: Atopic Reactions is focused on what ?
Eliminating or decreasing exposure to the antigens and controlling histamine release
________________ are localized lesions similar to urticaria (hives) but involve deeper layers of tissue ?
Angioedema
Examples of tissues affected by angioedema ?
- Eyelids
- Lips
- Tongue
- Larynx
- Hands
- Feet
- GI Tract
- Genitalia
urticaria can develop _________ and last _________ to _________ ?
- Rapidly
- Minutes to Hours
What are type II Reactions ?
Cytotoxic and Cytolytic Reactions
Examples of Type II: Cytotoxic and Cytolytic Reactions?
- Autoimmune hemolytic anemia
- Hemolytic transfusion reactions
- Goodpasture’s syndrome
Goodpasture’s syndrome is what type of Hypersensitivity Reaction ?
Type II : Cytotoxic and Cytolytic Reactions
What are Type III Hypersensitivity Reactions ?
Immune Complex-Mediated
Type:______ ( ) Hypersensitivity Reactions occur when small antigen-antibody complexes to small to be removed by the phagocyte system deposit in the tissue or blood vessels ?
Type: III (Immune Complex-Mediated)
Examples of Type III : Immune Complex-Mediated ?
Autoimmune Disorders:
- Systemic lupus erythematous (SLE)
- Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA)
- Type 1 Diabetes
What are Type IV (4) Hypersensitivity Reactions called ?
Delayed Hypersensitivity Reactions
How long does it take for a Type IV: Delayed Hypersensitivity Reactions to occur ?
24-48 hours for a response to occur
Examples of Type IV: Delayed Hypersensitivity Reactions ?
- Contact Dermatitis
- Hyper Sensitivity Reactions to Bacterial, fungal, and viral infections (Tuberculosis)
- Transplant Reactions
Typically how long does it take for a reaction to occur from Skin tests ?
5-10 minutes
If Anaphylaxis occurs as a result of a skin test, what should be done ?
- Remove extract
- Apply anti-inflammatory cream
- Apply tourniquet
- Get SQ epinephrine ready !
What area of the body should you assess first, if an anaphylactic reaction occurred from a scratch test ?
Assess arm site first ! looking for any local reaction
Latex Allergy is caused by what type of Hypersensitivity Reaction ?
Type I
Define Autoimmunity ?
An immune response against its self. immune cells that normally are tolerant to self-antigens are activated
Autoimmunity : Theories of Causation ?
- Genetic Susceptibility
- Initiation of autoreactivity (Infections like strep/drugs)
- Age/Gender
Examples of Systemic Autoimmune Diseases ?
- Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE)
- Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA)
- Type I Diabetes Mellitus
- Addison’s Disease
Examples of Organ-Specific Autoimmune Diseases ?
- Multiple Sclerosis (MS)
- Myasthnia Gravis
- Rheumatic Fever
______________ is the separation of blood components with the removal of one or more of the components ?
Apheresis
__________ can be a treatment option for those with Autoimmune Diseases ?
Apheresis
Plasmapheresis ?
- Removal of plasma with components causing or thought to cause disease
- Replaced with saline or albumin
- Plasma Exchange= More accurate description*
How is Plasmapheresis used to treat autoimmune diseases ?
removes substances in plasma… such as (antibodies, antigen-antibody complexes, inflammatory mediators)
Most common side effects of Plasmapheresis ?
- Hypotension
- Citrate toxicity
What are immunodeficiency disorders ? (definition)
The immune system does not protect the body
What are the two types of immunodeficiency disorders ?
Primary & Secondary
What constitutes Primary immunodeficiency disorders ?
Improperly developed or absent (immune system…?)
- More of a genetic bases
what defines a secondary Immunodeficiency Disorder ?
Deficiency is caused by illness or treatment
- Ex: AIDS, Lupus, Type 1 Diabetes
what is a localized infection ?
Limited to a small area
What is a Disseminated Infection ?
Spread to areas beyond the initial site.
- Ex: Cut on foot spreads to lower leg
What is a Systemic Infection ?
Spread throughout the body
What types of things are infections caused by ?
- Bacteria
- Viruses
- Fungi
- Protozoa
- Prions
What are Emerging Infections ?
Infectious diseases who’s incidence has increased in the past 20 years
- Ex: SARS, West Nile, Ebola, Covid-19, AIDS(?)
_________________ organisms, are organisms that change that decrease the ability of a drug to treat diseases ?
Antibiotic-resistant organisms
What are important points to mention when engaging in patient and caregiver teaching In regards to Decreasing the Risk Of Antibiotic-Resistant Infections ?
- Do not take antibiotics to prevent illness
- Wash hands frequently
- Take antibiotics as prescribed & finish them !
- Do not request an antibiotic for a cold or flu
- Do not take left over antibiotics
Antibiotics loose _____________ over time ?
Effectiveness
Health Care Associated Infections are also known as what ?
“Nosocomial infections”
Suspicion of disease/infection in older adults should begin with what ?
Changes in cognition or ADL’s
- May not have change in fever, pain, or labs
When a patient is experiencing reactions to a treatment (Ex: IV antibiotic), what should the nurse do first ?
Discontinue the antibiotic infusion !
** First step = get rid of the offending problem**