Unit 2 - Immunity & Infection Flashcards
(99 cards)
1
Q
What are immune system functions ?
A
- Defense
- Homeostasis
- Surveillance
2
Q
What is Surveillance ?
A
Mutations in the body are recognized and destroyed
3
Q
Homeostasis ?
A
Damaged cell substances are digested and removed - brings body back to balance
4
Q
Defense ?
A
Protects against microorganisms and prevents infection by attacking foreign antigens and pathogens
5
Q
Factors that alter immune response ?
A
- Age
- Pre-existing conditions
- Heredity/Genetics
- Stressors (physical, psychological,emotional)
- Nutrition
- Medical Therapies
- Enviornment
6
Q
How does age alter immune response ?
A
- To young (under 6yrs) = underdeveloped immune system
- To old = failing immune system
7
Q
What are the 4 types of Normal Immune Response ?
A
- Active Normal
- Active Artificial
- Passive Natural
- Passive Artificial
8
Q
What type of Immune Response occurs from “Natural contact with antigen through clinical infection (E.g., recovery from chickenpox, measles, mumps, etc.)”
A
Active Natural
9
Q
What type of Immune Response occurs via “immunizations with the antigen (e.g., immunizations with live or killed vaccines)” ?
A
Active Artificial
10
Q
What type of Immune Response occurs via “Transplacental and colostrum transfer from mother to child (e.g., maternal immunoglobulins in neonate)”
- Mom to baby via placenta, breastfeeding, etc.
A
Passive Natural
- Temporary: Typically 3 months
11
Q
What type of Immune Response occurs via “Injection of serum from immune human (e.g., injection of human gamma globulin)
A
Passive Artificial
12
Q
What are central (primary) lymphoid organs ?
A
- Thymus gland (NOT thyroid)
- Bone Marrow
13
Q
Which gland is important in the differentiation and maturation of T lymphocytes ?
A
Thymus gland
14
Q
What blood components are produced by the Bone Marrow ?
A
- Red blood cells
- White blood cells
- Platelets
15
Q
How does the Thymus gland evolve with age ?
A
Larger in children & shrinks with age
- As it starts shrinking, it starts loosing effectiveness. - Turns into fatty tissue
16
Q
Primary immune response is evident when ?
A
4 to 8 days after initial exposure to the antigen
17
Q
B lymphocytes = what type of immunity ?
A
Humoral immunity
18
Q
T lymphocytes = what type of immunity ?
A
Cell mediated immunity
19
Q
____ lymphocytes compose 70% to 80% of circulating lymphocytes ?
A
T lymphocytes
20
Q
What cells are responsible for immunity to intracellular viruses, tumor cells, and fungi ?
A
T lymphocytes
21
Q
Cells involved in Humoral immunity ?
A
B Lymphocytes
22
Q
Cells involved in Cell-Mediated Immunity ?
A
T lymphocytes & macrophages
23
Q
Examples of Humoral Immunity ?
A
- Anaphylactic shock
- Atopic diseases
- Transfusion reaction
- Bacterial infections
24
Q
Examples of Cell-Mediated Immunity ?
A
- TB
- Fungal infections
- Contact dermatitis
- Graft rejection
- Destruction of cancer cells
25
Humoral Immunity protects against ?
- Bacteria
- Viruses (extracellular)
- Respiratory & Gastrointestinal pathogens
26
Cell-Mediated Immunity protects against ?
- Fungus
- Viruses (Intracellular)
- Chronic infectious agents
- Tumor cells
27
What are Cytokines main function ?
Act as messengers between cell types
AKA: messengers
28
IgG, IgA, IgM, IgD, IgE are what ?
Different kinds/classifications of antibodies
29
Aging causes a __________ in cell-mediated immunity ?
Decrease
30
What are the 4 types of Hypersensitivity Reactions ?
Type 1: Immediate (anaphylactic) reactions(IgE)
Type 2: Cytotoxic reaction (IgG & IgM)
Type 3: Immune complex-mediated reaction
Type 4: Delayed hypersensitivity reaction (sensitized T cells)
31
Hypersensitivity Reactions Types 1 - 3 are what type of Immunity ?
Humoral Immunity
32
Hypersensitivity Reaction Type 4 is what type of Immunity ?
Cell-Mediated Immunity
33
Hypersensitivity Reaction, Type 1 = ?
Immediate (anaphylactic) reactions (IgE)
34
Hypersensitivity Reaction, Type 2 = ?
Cytotoxic reaction (IgG & IgM)
35
Hypersensitivity Reaction, Type 3 = ?
Immune complex-mediated reaction
36
Hypersensitivity Reaction, Type 4 = ?
Delayed hypersensitivity reaction
| sensitized T cells
37
What are examples of Type 1: immediate (anaphylactic) reactions (IgE) ?
- Hay fever
- Allergic Asthma/Reactive Airway
- Atopic Reactions
- Anaphylaxis
38
What are 2 types of Type 1 Anaphylactic Reactions ?
- Local Reaction (less severe)
| - Systemic Reaction (Severe)
39
What type of Anaphylactic reaction causes watery eyes, rhinorrhea, and nasal congestion ?
Local (Anaphylactic) reaction
40
Local (Anaphylactic) reactions can be treated where ?
At home
41
Local (Anaphylactic) reactions cause what Neurological symptoms ?
- Tingling sensation
| - Itchiness
42
Wheel-flare, flushing, and itching present with what type of Anaphylactic reaction ?
Local reaction
43
Systemic (Anaphylactic) reactions are sever and can be __________________ ?
Life-threatening
44
What are initial symptoms of a systemic (Anaphylactic) reaction ?
Edema & itching at the site of the exposure to the antigen
45
Pruritus, angioedema, and urticaria are skin symptoms associated with which type of Anaphylactic reaction ?
Systemic Reaction
46
Hoarseness, stridor, and respiratory arrest are Respiratory symptoms associated with which type of Anaphylactic reaction ?
Systemic Reaction
47
Neurological symptoms such as Parathesia, headache, dizziness, and a feeling of impending doom are symptoms associated with what type of Anaphylactic reaction ?
Systemic Reaction
48
Hypotension, Arrhythmia, tachycardia, and circulatory shutdown are cardiovascular symptoms associated with which type of Anaphylactic reaction ?
Systemic Reaction
49
What type of treatment measure can cause anaphylactic shock in individuals ?
Contrast Dye
50
Contrast dye shares the same components as _____________ ?
Shell fish
51
If an individual is allergic to shell fish, what treatment measure should they avoid ?
Contrast Dye
52
Examples of insect venoms that can cause anaphylactic shock ?
- Wasps
- Ants
- Hornets
53
Examples of Animal Serums that can cause anaphylactic shock ?
- Rabies
| - Snack venom
54
What drug therapy is Necessary for Anaphylaxis ?
EPINEPHRINE !
55
______________ such as Benadryl, are used for longer-term control of Anaphylaxis ?
Antihistamie
56
Other Dug therapy's used for Anaphylaxis ?
- Corticosteroids (Prednisone, hydrocortisone)
- Vasopressors (dopamine, dobutamine, levophed)
- Inhaled Beta-Adrenergic Agonists (Alupent, albuterol)
57
Examples of Type 1: Atopic Reactions ?
- Allergic rhinitis (Hay fever) (Year-round vs. seasonal)
- Asthma
- Atopic Dermatitis (Systemic)
- Urticaria (hives)
- Angioedema
58
All Type 1: Atopic Reactions have elevated what ?
IgE levels
59
Treatment for Type 1: Atopic Reactions is focused on what ?
Eliminating or decreasing exposure to the antigens and controlling histamine release
60
________________ are localized lesions similar to urticaria (hives) but involve deeper layers of tissue ?
Angioedema
61
Examples of tissues affected by angioedema ?
- Eyelids
- Lips
- Tongue
- Larynx
- Hands
- Feet
- GI Tract
- Genitalia
62
urticaria can develop _________ and last _________ to _________ ?
- Rapidly
| - Minutes to Hours
63
What are type II Reactions ?
Cytotoxic and Cytolytic Reactions
64
Examples of Type II: Cytotoxic and Cytolytic Reactions?
- Autoimmune hemolytic anemia
- Hemolytic transfusion reactions
- Goodpasture's syndrome
65
Goodpasture's syndrome is what type of Hypersensitivity Reaction ?
Type II : Cytotoxic and Cytolytic Reactions
66
What are Type III Hypersensitivity Reactions ?
Immune Complex-Mediated
67
Type:______ ( ) Hypersensitivity Reactions occur when small antigen-antibody complexes to small to be removed by the phagocyte system deposit in the tissue or blood vessels ?
Type: III (Immune Complex-Mediated)
68
Examples of Type III : Immune Complex-Mediated ?
Autoimmune Disorders:
- Systemic lupus erythematous (SLE)
- Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA)
- Type 1 Diabetes
69
What are Type IV (4) Hypersensitivity Reactions called ?
Delayed Hypersensitivity Reactions
70
How long does it take for a Type IV: Delayed Hypersensitivity Reactions to occur ?
24-48 hours for a response to occur
71
Examples of Type IV: Delayed Hypersensitivity Reactions ?
- Contact Dermatitis
- Hyper Sensitivity Reactions to Bacterial, fungal, and viral infections (Tuberculosis)
- Transplant Reactions
72
Typically how long does it take for a reaction to occur from Skin tests ?
5-10 minutes
73
If Anaphylaxis occurs as a result of a skin test, what should be done ?
- Remove extract
- Apply anti-inflammatory cream
- Apply tourniquet
- Get SQ epinephrine ready !
74
What area of the body should you assess first, if an anaphylactic reaction occurred from a scratch test ?
Assess arm site first ! looking for any local reaction
75
Latex Allergy is caused by what type of Hypersensitivity Reaction ?
Type I
76
Define Autoimmunity ?
An immune response against its self. immune cells that normally are tolerant to self-antigens are activated
77
Autoimmunity : Theories of Causation ?
- Genetic Susceptibility
- Initiation of autoreactivity (Infections like strep/drugs)
- Age/Gender
78
Examples of Systemic Autoimmune Diseases ?
- Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE)
- Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA)
- Type I Diabetes Mellitus
- Addison's Disease
79
Examples of Organ-Specific Autoimmune Diseases ?
- Multiple Sclerosis (MS)
- Myasthnia Gravis
- Rheumatic Fever
80
______________ is the separation of blood components with the removal of one or more of the components ?
Apheresis
81
__________ can be a treatment option for those with Autoimmune Diseases ?
Apheresis
82
Plasmapheresis ?
- Removal of plasma with components causing or thought to cause disease
- Replaced with saline or albumin
* Plasma Exchange= More accurate description*
83
How is Plasmapheresis used to treat autoimmune diseases ?
removes substances in plasma... such as (antibodies, antigen-antibody complexes, inflammatory mediators)
84
Most common side effects of Plasmapheresis ?
- Hypotension
| - Citrate toxicity
85
What are immunodeficiency disorders ? (definition)
The immune system does not protect the body
86
What are the two types of immunodeficiency disorders ?
Primary & Secondary
87
What constitutes Primary immunodeficiency disorders ?
Improperly developed or absent (immune system...?)
- More of a genetic bases
88
what defines a secondary Immunodeficiency Disorder ?
Deficiency is caused by illness or treatment
- Ex: AIDS, Lupus, Type 1 Diabetes
89
what is a localized infection ?
Limited to a small area
90
What is a Disseminated Infection ?
Spread to areas beyond the initial site.
- Ex: Cut on foot spreads to lower leg
91
What is a Systemic Infection ?
Spread throughout the body
92
What types of things are infections caused by ?
- Bacteria
- Viruses
- Fungi
- Protozoa
- Prions
93
What are Emerging Infections ?
Infectious diseases who's incidence has increased in the past 20 years
- Ex: SARS, West Nile, Ebola, Covid-19, AIDS(?)
94
_________________ organisms, are organisms that change that decrease the ability of a drug to treat diseases ?
Antibiotic-resistant organisms
95
What are important points to mention when engaging in patient and caregiver teaching In regards to Decreasing the Risk Of Antibiotic-Resistant Infections ?
- Do not take antibiotics to prevent illness
- Wash hands frequently
- Take antibiotics as prescribed & finish them !
- Do not request an antibiotic for a cold or flu
- Do not take left over antibiotics
96
Antibiotics loose _____________ over time ?
Effectiveness
97
Health Care Associated Infections are also known as what ?
"Nosocomial infections"
98
Suspicion of disease/infection in older adults should begin with what ?
Changes in cognition or ADL's
* May not have change in fever, pain, or labs
99
When a patient is experiencing reactions to a treatment (Ex: IV antibiotic), what should the nurse do first ?
Discontinue the antibiotic infusion !
** First step = get rid of the offending problem**
