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J2 - Med Surg > Exam 3 - CAD, Inflammatory and Structural Heart Disorders, & Vascular Disorders > Flashcards

Exam 3 - CAD, Inflammatory and Structural Heart Disorders, & Vascular Disorders Flashcards

1
Q

What is the most common type of CVD ?

A

CAD

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2
Q

Coronary Artery Disease is also known as what ?

A

Athersclerosis

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3
Q

What is Athersclerosis ?

A

Hardening of the arteries

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4
Q

Athersclerosis can occur in any _________ in the body ?

A

artery

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5
Q

CAD can be what ?

A
  • Asymptomatic
  • Stable angina
  • Unstable angina and MI (Acute Coronary Syndrome)
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6
Q

What is the Earliest stage of CAD/Athersclerosis ?

A

Fatty streaks

Earliest lesions, potentially reversible

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7
Q

What is the 2nd stage of CAD/Athersclerosis ?

A

Fibrous plaque

(The fatty streak is covered by collagen, forming a fibrous plaque that appears grayish or whitish.
Results = Narrowing of the vessel lumen)

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8
Q

What stage of CAD/Atherosclerosis is defined as: Continued inflammation which can result in plaque instability, ulceration, and rupture ?

A

Complicated Lesion (3rd stage)

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9
Q

What is the term for when The body forms new vessel connections to bypass blockages ?

A

Collateral circulation

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10
Q

When occlusion of the coronary arteries occurs slowly over a long period, the chance that adequate collateral circulation will develop is __________ ?

A

greater !

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11
Q

What are Non-modifiable risk factors for CAD ?

A
  • Age
  • Gender (> in men until age 65, then an increase in deaths of women)
  • Ethnicity
  • Family History
  • Genetics
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12
Q

What are Modifiable (try to manage these risks) risk factors for CAD ?

A
  • Elevated serum lipids
  • Hypertension
  • Tobacco use
  • Physical inactivity
  • Obesity
  • Diabetes
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13
Q

What is the #1 side effect of the drug Niacin ?

A

Flushing/Reddining of the face

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14
Q

What is a Drug that decreases cholesterol absorption ?

A

Ezetimibe (Zetia)

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15
Q

What drugs increase Lipoprotein removal ?

A

Bile acid sequestrates

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16
Q

What are dugs that restrict lipoprotein production ?

A

Statins & Niacin

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17
Q

Whats an example of Antiplatelet therapy ?

A

Low dose aspirin. (decreases thrombus formation)

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18
Q

What type of Angina is Reversible (temporary) myocardial ischemia ?

A

Chronic Stable Angina

*NOT an MI, they just aren’t getting good perfusion to the heart, causing chest pain

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19
Q

What is Chronic Stable Angina characterized by ?

A

Intermittent chest pain (pressure/squeezing) that occurs over a long period with the SAME PATTERN OF ONSET, DURATION, AND INTENSITY OF SYMPTOMS

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20
Q

What type of Angina is usually caused by something ?

A

Chronic Stable Angina

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21
Q

What is an ST depression very indicative of ?

A

Ischemia being present

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22
Q

What are precipitating factors of Chronic Stable Angina ?

A
  • physical activity
  • strong emotions
  • temperature extremes
  • cigarette smoking
  • sexual activity (extra physical activity)
  • stimulants
  • circadian rhythm pattern
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23
Q

What type /classifications of people may not present with the typical symptoms of angina or MI ?

A

Women & Older adults

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24
Q

In regards to angina or MI’s, women and Older adults may present with what ?

A
  • Dyspnea
  • Fatigue
  • N/V
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25
Q

What type of Ischemia occurs in the absence of any subjective symptoms ?

A

Silent Ischemia

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26
Q

What type of ischemia is associated with diabetic neuropathy ?

A

Silent Ischemia

damaged nerves can’t alert to pain

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27
Q

How is Silent Ischemia confirmed ?

A

confirmed by ECG changes

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28
Q

Nitroglycerin should NOT be taken when a pt. is taking meds for what ?

A

Meds for Erectile Dysfunction

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29
Q

Why should you not take Nitroglycerin if you are taking meds for erectile dysfunction ?

A

The combination of both will Tank the BP !

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30
Q

Total cholesterol should be under what # ?

A

under 200

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31
Q

After cardiac cath’s what do you need to monitor for ?

A

signs of re-occulusion

Ex: - chest pain

  - ST elevation
  - etc.,
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32
Q

in regard to cardiac catheterizations and stents being placed…there is a need for what for a few months to a year or more due to risk of restenosis ?

A

Need for:

- Aspirin (ASA) & Plavix

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33
Q

What are acute interventions for Anginal attacks ?

A
  • Administration of supplemental oxygen
  • Assess VS & PoX
  • 12-lead ECG
  • Auscultation of heart sounds
  • Prompt relief with Sublingual Nitro
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34
Q

In regards to an Acute Anginal Attack, how many Nitro can you take and how far apart ?

A

can take a total of 3 Nitro, 5min apart

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35
Q

If your having an Acute anginal attack, take 1 Nitro, and have no relief of symptoms or the symptoms worsen, what is the likely cause ?

A

Likely Acute Coronary Syndrome

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36
Q

What Syndrome develops when ischemia is prolonged and is not immediately reversible ?

A

Acute Coronary Syndrome (ACS)

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37
Q

What does ACS encompass ?

A
  • Unstable angina
  • Non-ST-segment-elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI)
  • ST-segment-elevation MI (STEMI)
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38
Q

What do NSTEMIs have ?

A
  • ST elevation
    &
  • Positive cardiac enzymes !
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39
Q

What type of STEMI requires prompt treatment ?

A

NSTEMI !

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40
Q

What medical condition is defined as –> An infection of the inner layer of the heart that usually affects the cardiac valves ?

A

Infective Endocarditis

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41
Q

In what kind of medical condition does Vegetation (fibrin, leukocytes, platelets, and microbes) adhere to the valve or endocardium, and can embolize into circulation ?

A

Infective Endocarditis

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42
Q 
Clinical manifestations such as:
- Nonspecific
- fever in 90% of patients
- chills 
- weakness
- fatigue
- arthralgia (joint pain)
Are present with what type of medical condition ?
A

Infective Endocarditis

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43
Q

additional Vascular/Respiratory manifestations such as:
- Splinter hemorrhages in nail beds (black longitudinal streaks)
- Petechiae
- Osler’s nodes on fingers or toes (painful red lesions)
- Janeway’s lesions on palms or soles
- Roth’s spots (hemorrhagic retinal lesions)
- Murmurs in most patients
Are seen with what medical condition ?

A

Infective Endocarditis

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44
Q

What medical condition is seen in up to 80% of patients with aortic valve endocarditis ?

A

HF

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45
Q

With Infective Endocarditis, what should you screen patients for a history of ?

A
  • Recent dental, urologic, surgical, or gynecologic procedures
  • Recent cardiac catheterization or surgery
  • Intravascular device placement
  • Renal dialysis
  • Skin, respiratory, or urinary tract infection
  • History of previous Infective Endocarditis
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46
Q

Pt’s with a history of Infective Endocarditis are more at risk for what ?

A

Re-occurence

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47
Q

Patients with Infective Endocarditis may need what in terms of collaborative care ?

A

May need open-heart surgery to replace the valve all together

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48
Q

In terms of Collaborative Care for Infective Endocarditis, Prophylactic antibiotic treatment may be needed for patients having what ?

A
  • Certain dental procedures (especially if the pt has a replacement heart valve or valve disease)
  • Respiratory tract incisions
  • GI wound infections
  • Congenital heart disease or heart transplant
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49
Q

What type of treatment is there for Infective Endocarditis ?

A

Antibiotics many times IV

Sometimes for 4-6 weeks
(Intensive treatment plan !)

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50
Q

What is Acute Pericarditis ?

A

Inflammation of the pericardial sac (pericardium)

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51
Q

Acute Pericarditis results from what ?

A
  • Virus (coxsackie B virus)
  • Bacteria
  • Trauma
  • Radiation therapy
  • MI
    etc. ,
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52
Q

What is the most common Virus that causes Acute Pericarditis ?

A

Coxsackie B virus

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53
Q

What are clinical manifestations of Acute Pericarditis ?

A
  • Severe sharp chest pain
  • pleuritic chest pain (worse with inspiration) and when lying down
  • Relieved by sitting up and leaning forward
  • Pericardial friction rub (heard best at the L sternal boarder w/ pt. leaning forward)
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54
Q

What relieves Acute Pericarditis ?

A

Relieved by sitting up and leaning forward

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55
Q

What does Pericardial friction rub sound like ?

A

Scratching/grating high pitched sound

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56
Q

What are complications of Acute Pericarditis ?

A
  • Pericardial effusion

- Cardiac Tamponade

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57
Q

What are types of Diagnostic studies used for Acute Pericarditis ?

A
  • ECG (to rule out MI)
  • Echo
  • WBC
  • CRP
  • May have elevated troponin
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58
Q

When treating Acute Pericarditis, what medication(s) will give the best pain relief ?

A

**NSAIDS

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59
Q

What are s/s of Cardiac Tamponade ?

A
  • Muffled heart sounds
  • Tachypnea
  • Tachycardia
  • May need pericardiocentesis
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60
Q

Rheumatic Fever and Rheumatic Heart Disease are complications from what ?

A

Group A streptococcal pharyngitis

Type III Hypersensitivity

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61
Q

What are clinical manifestations of Rheumatic Fever and Rheumatic Heart Disease ?

A
  • Carditis
  • Arthritis
  • Sydenhams’s chorea (involuntary movements)
  • Erythema marginatum (red lesions on skin. On the trunk of the pt’s body or limbs)
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62
Q

What is the Tx for Rheumatic Fever and Rheumatic Heart Disease ?

A
  • Antibiotics to prevent spread

- Anti-inflammatories

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63
Q

What happens if Rheumatic Fever (or strep throat) isn’t taken care of right away ?

A

Leads to Rheumatic Heart Disease (which is a life long disease)

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64
Q

__________ is where the Valve orifice is restricted ?

A

Stenosis

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65
Q

With _________ forward blood flow is impeded ?

A

Stenosis

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66
Q

______________ results in the incomplete closure of valve leaflets ?

A

Regurgitation

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67
Q

_____________ results in the backward flow of blood ?

A

Regurgitation

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68
Q

S1 is the closure of the __________ and ___________ valves ?

A

Tricuspid and Mitral valves

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69
Q

Which one, S1 or S2 is the beginning of systole ?

A

S1

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70
Q

S2 is the closure of the __________ and __________ valves ?

A

aortic and pulmonic valves

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71
Q

True or False: Mitral Valve Prolapse has an unknown cause ?

A

True

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72
Q

If a pt. has a Hx of a murmur(s) and is reporting new onset chest pain, dizziness, SOB, etc., what is the likely cause ?

A

Pt. may not have enough cardiac output. –> Could lead to an MI, Stroke, etc., so notify the MD !

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73
Q

Porcine valves are also known as what ?

A

Biologic valves

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74
Q

What type of valve(s) usually only lasts on average 10 years ?

A

Porcine valves

75
Q

With what type of valve(s) are anticoagulants not needed ?

A

Porcine valves

76
Q

Individuals older than 65yrs might benefit more from what type of valve(s) ?

A

Porcine valves

  • Because they don’t carry the risks that Mechanical valves have, with having to take Coumadin and the risks that come along with that
77
Q

What type of valve(s) would be appropriate for women of childbearing age ?

A

Porcine Valves

  • because Anticoagulants are not needed ! *
78
Q

What type of valve(s) typically last longer than 10yrs ?

A

Mechanical valves !

79
Q

What class of drugs are required for Mechanical valve(s) ?

A

Anticoagulants !

80
Q

In regards to Mechanical valves, what is the Anticoagulant of choice ?

A

Coumadin

81
Q

With Mechanical Valve(s) why do you need to take Coumadin ?

A

Need to take Coumadin to reach a therapeutic INR of 2.5 to 3.5

  • Need frequent monitoring for this *
82
Q

Why are Mechanical Valve(s) better for young individuals ?

A

Because of their durability !

83
Q

Which type of valves take more maintenance ?

A

Mechanical Valves

84
Q

Aortic Stenosis is associated with what type of Murmur ?

A

Systolic Murmur - S1

85
Q

Mitral regurgitation is associated with what type of murmur ?

A

Systolic murmur- S1

  • blood comes back into the R atrium from the ventricle
86
Q

Mitral stenosis is associated with what type of Murmur ?

A

Diastolic Murmur - S2

  • blood backs up into the L atrium and lungs
87
Q

Aortic regurgitation is associated with what type of Murmur ?

A

Diastolic Murmur - S2

  • blood flows back into the L ventricle from the aortic arch
88
Q

_______________ is a group of diseases that affects the structural and functional ability of the myocardium ?

A

Cardiomyopathy (CMP)

89
Q

What stage of Cardiomyopathy is the etiology of the disease unknown (idiopathic) ?

A

Primary Cardiomyopathy

90
Q

What stage of Cardiomyopathy is secondary to another known cause ?

A

Secondary Cardiomyopathy

91
Q

What can Cardiomyopathy lead to ?

A

Cardiomegaly and HF

92
Q

What is the leading cause for heart transplantation ?

A

Cardiomyopathy

93
Q

What is the most common type of cardiomyopathy (CMP) ?

A

Dilated Cardiomyopathy

94
Q

What are causes of Dilated Cardiomyopathy ?

A
  • Genetics (increase in middle-aged A.A. men)
  • Infectious myocarditis
  • Autoimmune process
  • Alochol
  • Pregnancy
  • CAD
95
Q

What are Sx of Dilated Cardiomyopathy ?

A
  • HF sx
  • Murmur
  • Dysrhythmias
96
Q

Aortic Aneurysms fall under what type of Disorders ?

A

Vascular Disorders

97
Q

What type of aneurysm is defined as outpouchings or dilations of the arterial wall ?

A

Aortic aneurysm

98
Q

Most Aortic aneurysms occur where ?

A

Below the renal arteries

99
Q

True or False: The Growth rate for an aneurysm is unpredictable ?

A

True

100
Q

The larger the aneurysm, the greater the risk for what ?

A

Rupture !

101
Q

What is the largest artery in the body ?

A

Aorta

102
Q

The ________ is an essential vessel to perfuse the rest of the body ?

A

Aorta

103
Q

True or False: the Aorta is very very long ?

A

True

104
Q

What would a rupture lower in the aorta be called ?

A

Abdominal aortic aneurysm (AKA: Triple A (AAA) )

105
Q

3/4 of Aortic aneurysms are what type ?

A

AAA (Abdominal Aortic Aneurysms

106
Q

True or False: Thoracic aorta aneurysms are often asymptomatic ?

A

True

107
Q

What is the most common manifestation of Thoracic aorta aneurysms ?

A
  • Deep defuse chest pain

- Pain may extend to the interscapular area

108
Q

Where on the Aorta, do ascending aorta/aortic arch aneurysms happen ?

A

These type of aneurysms happen very high up on the Aorta, at the beginning of the Aorta

109
Q

What are some s/s of an ascending aorta/aortic arch aneurysm ?

A
  • Angina
  • Horseness
  • If the aneurysm is pressing on the Superior Vena Cava, some s/s would include…
    - Decreased venous return…. Which would present as ——-> - Distended neck veins
    - Edema of Head and Arms
110
Q

True or False: AAA are often asymptomatic, unless you have a rupture or there is leaking of the aorta ?

A

True

111
Q

Individuals with AAA are often asymptomatic, so how are they generally detected?

A

Frequently detected on physical exam, when the pt. is examined for an unrelated problem.
(i.e., CT scan, Abdominal x-ray)

112
Q

AAA may mimic what ?

A

Pain assocaited with abdominal or back disorders

113
Q

**Severe, new onset back pain is a red flag for what ?

A

Possible ruptured AAA !

114
Q

What is a s/s of a rupture ?

A

immediate Bruising on the back/flank over the kidneys, may be black and blue or red

115
Q

What will a rupture into the thoracic or abdominal cavity result in ?

A
  • Massive Hemorrhage !

* most do not survive long enough to get to the hospital*

116
Q

Those pt’s who do make it to the hospital with a ruptured thoracic or abdominal aneurysm, would be initially treated for what ?

A

Hypovolemic shock !

  • because there loosing sooooo much volume !
117
Q

What are initial VS and symptoms that we would see in someone coming in with Hypovolemic shock, from a ruptured thoracic or abdominal aneurysm ?

A
  • HUGE decrease in BP
  • Increased HR
  • Pale clay skin (b/c we’ve lost our perfusion)
  • Low urine output
  • decreased LOC (and falling)
  • Abdominal pain and tenderness (in addition to back pain)
118
Q

A pt. who made it to the hospital with a ruptured aneurysm would need immediate what ?

A

IMMEDIATE surgical repair !

  • time is of the essence… they will bleed out quickly !
119
Q

What diagnostic study is the most accurate to determine/diagnose Aortic aneurysms ?

A

CT scan

120
Q

Small aneurysms are considered what size ?

A

< 4cm

121
Q

If aneurysms are small (< 4cm) what type of treatment is given ?

A

Conservative Therapy Used !

  • Risk factor modification
  • Decrease BP
  • Annually monitoring via ultrasound, MRI, or CT scan
122
Q

In regards to aneurysms, what is the threshold for repair ?

A

5.5cm

> 5cm for women with AAA

123
Q

Surgical interventions for aneurysms may occur earlier, before reaching 5.5cm under what circumstances ?

A
  • Younger, low-risk patients
  • Rapidly expanding aneurysm
  • Symptomatic pt’s
  • High rupture risk
124
Q

Surgical repair of aneurysms are often what type of repair (what is it called)?

A

Open Aneurysm Repair (OAR)

  • OAR’s have very large incisions
125
Q

What is the mortality rate for ruptured AAA ?

A

90% mortality rate

126
Q

Surgical repairs of aneurysms can be completed in what time frame ?

A

30-45 minutes

127
Q

If surgical repair of an aneurysm requires “cross-clamping”, where must they be applied ?

A

above the renal arteries

128
Q

In regards to aneurysms, post-op renal complications increase significantly when ?

A

When the repair is able the renal arteries

129
Q

Why do we want to **Monitor renal status after an Aortic aneurysm ?

A

If its above kidney level it can be really taxing on our kidneys and it can trigger the individual into an AKI

130
Q

To **monitor renal staus post-op of an Aortic aneurysm repair, what labs should be considered ?

A
  • Creatinine
  • BUN
  • Hightened levels of either of these, means the kidneys are struggling
131
Q

What is a Normal Creatinine range ?

A

0.6 - 1.3

132
Q

What is a normal BUN range ?

A

6 - 20

133
Q

With Aortic Aneurysm Repairs, why do we want to monitor pulses distally to graft, post-op ?

A

To check for occlusion

  • Pre-op: mark/document pedal pulse sites before surgery
134
Q

Why do we want to monitor fluid status post-op for a pt. who just had an Aortic Aneurysm Repair ?

A

Don’t want pt. to become Hypovolemic

135
Q

What do we want to make sure the patient is back to post-op of an Aortic aneurysm repair (or any surgery for that matter) ?

A

Back to Baseline !

136
Q

What medical problem is defined as a Tear in the intimal lining which allows blood to “track between the intima and media” ?

A

Aortic Dissection

137
Q

True or False: Aortic Dissections may rupture = death ?

A

True !

138
Q

With what medical problem is the pain characterized as…

  • Sudden
  • Severe pain in the anterior part of the chest, or intrascapular pain radiating down the spine to the abdomen or legs.
  • Described as “sharp” and “worst ever”
A

Aortic Dissection

139
Q

Aortic Dissections may mimic that of what ?

A

an MI

140
Q

True or False: With Aortic Dissections (and aneurysms) hey need to be repaired immediately ?

A

True !

141
Q

What disease, Involves progressive narrowing and degeneration of arteries of the neck, abdomen, and extremities ?

A

Peripheral Arterial Disease (PAD)

142
Q

What is the leading cause of Peripheral Arterial Disease (PAD) in the majority of cases ?

A

Atherosclerosis

143
Q

PAD typically present when (age range) ?

A

Between ages 60s to 80s

  • May see it develop a little bit earlier in patients with diabetes
144
Q

True or False: PAD is largely undiagnosed ?

A

True

145
Q

What are Risk Factors for PAD ?

A
  • Cigarette smoking
  • Hyperlipidemia
  • Hypertension
  • DM
146
Q

What is a Classic Symptom of PAD ?

A

Intermittent claudication

147
Q

What is Intermittent claudication ?

A
  • Ischemic muscle ache or pain that is precipitated by a constant level of exercise
  • Resolves within 10 minutes or less with rest
  • Reproducible
148
Q

_____________ is defined as, Numbness or tingling in the toes or feet ?

A

Paresthesia

149
Q

With Paresthesia, injuries often go ____________ by the patient ?

A

Unnoticed

150
Q

What does Paresthesia produce ?

A

Loss of pressure and deep pain sensation

151
Q

What are the below points, Clinical Manifestations of ?

  • Thin, shiny, and taught skin
  • Loss of hair on the lower legs
  • Diminished or absent pedal, popliteal, or femoral pulses
  • Pallor of foot with leg elevation
  • Reactive hyperemia of foot with dependent position
A

PAD

152
Q

The muscle aches and pain associated with Intermittent Claudication are due to what ?

A

Build up of lactic acid while exercising

153
Q

What are Severe Clinical Manifestations of PAD ?

A
  • Pain
  • Pallor
  • Pulselessness
  • Paresthesia (numbness & tingling)
  • Paralysis
  • Poikilothermia
154
Q

What is poikilothermic ?

A

Loss of temperature regulation

Temperature varies with the temperature of surrounding

155
Q

What are possible interventions if a pt. is showing clinical manifestations such as…
- pain
- pallor
-pulselesness
- parathesia
- poikilothermia
… that may indicate an embolism, thrombus, to trauma ?

A
  • Put a pt. on heparin drip to help dissolve the clot immediately, and then we would transition them to warfarin
  • Possible removal of the thrombus in surgery, if it is an immediate need
  • Might have/get TPA on board (TPA = clot buster)
  • Amputation may be needed, if the clot isn’t dealt with immediately
156
Q

Nonhealing arterial ulcers and gangrene are the most serious complications of what disease ?

A

arterial disease

157
Q

Atrophy of the skin and underlying muscles is the general definition of a complication of what disease ?

A

arterial disease

158
Q

A complication of arterial disease may be _____________ , if blood flow is not adequately restored, or if severe infection occurs ?

A

Amputation

159
Q
  • decreased or absent pulses
  • usually no edema, unless in dependent position for a long time
  • loss of hair on the feet/legs
  • wound rounded; black or pink
  • skin thin, shiny, and cool
    ….are s/s complications of what disease ?
A

complications of arterial disease

160
Q

What type of drug is TPA ?

A

Clot Busting drug !!!

161
Q

When you can’t feel a pulse, what should be your next step ?

A

Using a Doppler ! - allows you to hear the pulse !

Formal definition: Uses sound waves to determine if blood is flowing through a blood vessel

162
Q

What type of diagnostic test is a “medical imaging technique that is used to visualize the inside, or lumen, of blood vessels and organs of the body” ?

A

Angiography

163
Q

in regards to PAD, what type of diagnostic test “uses high-frequency ultrasound to visualize the anatomy and blood flow in the legs” ?

A

Duplex imaging

164
Q

what type of diagnostic test “compares the ratio of the blood pressure in the lower legs to the blood pressure in the arms ?

A

Ankle Brachial Index (ABIs)

165
Q

What risk factor modifications should be made for patients with PAD or who are susceptible to PAD ?

A
  • Smoking cessation (including not using nicotine products long-term)
  • Decreasing hyperlipidemia
  • lowering/mainting BP <140/90
  • Diabetes control (A1C <7)
166
Q

What kind of drug therapy would be provided for patients with PAD ?

A
  • Anti-platelet therapy (aspirin & clopidogrel (placix) )
  • ACE inhibitors
167
Q

What is an example of a drug prescribed for the treatment of Intermittent Claudication ?

A
  • Pentoxifylline (Trental)
  • increases erythrocyte flexibility
  • decreases blood viscosity
  • Cilostazol (Pletal)
  • increase vasodilation
  • increase walking distance
168
Q

What is the first line treatment for patients with PAD ?

A

Exercise program !

169
Q

Walking is the most effective exercise for individuals with ________________ ?

A

Claudication

170
Q

What are some recommendations for walking in patients with PAD experiencing claudication ?

A
  • walk 30-60 minutes daily

- if pain results… stop, rest, and then start again

171
Q

What are patient teaching points we should give for someone with PAD ?

A
  • exercise/walk till claudication occurs , then rest and walk a little further
  • Inspect feet daily
  • void crossing the legs
  • Avoid exposure to cold of extremities
  • Never apply direct heat to the feet
  • Avoid tobacco and caffeine (caffeine = vasoconstrictor)
  • Elevate feet at rest (but above the level of the heart)
172
Q

What medical condition is defined as “Episodic vasospastic disorder of small cutaneous arteries (finger/toes) ?

A

Raynaud’s Phenomenon

173
Q

How long does Raynaud’s phenomenon typically last for ?

A

Lasts for a few minutes to hours & then resolves on its own !

174
Q

Can Raynaud’s phenomenon be painful ?

A

Yes

175
Q

Raynaud’s phenomenon is most common in who (gender) ?

A

Women (15-40yrs old)

176
Q

What characteristic is associated with Raynaud’s Phenomenon ?

A

Vasospasm-induced color changes of the fingers, toes, ears and nose (white/blue/red)

177
Q

Venous stasis ulcers affect ____________ circulation ?

A

venous circulation

178
Q

True or False: Venous stasis ulcers can be chronic ?

A

True

179
Q

Venous Stasis Ulcers are caused by what ?

A

Venous insufficiency

180
Q

True or False: pulses are present with venous stasis ulcers ?

A

True

181
Q

True or False: There is Edema with venous stasis ulcers but not PAD ?

A

True !

182
Q

How does the skin appear in patients with Venous Stasis Ulcers ?

A

Skin…

  • warm
  • thick
  • hardened
183
Q

Venous Stasis Ulcers, produce a staining on the skin that results in what type of color ?

A

Brownish color/look on the skin

184
Q

What kind of drainage is present with venous stasis ulcers ?

A

Large drainage with yellow/red wounds

J2 - Med Surg (16 decks)

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