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U.S. History > Unit 2: Immigration > Flashcards

Unit 2: Immigration Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a push factor?

A

…

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2
Q

What are some “push” factors in other countries that made people immigrate to America?

A

Persecution in old country
-Irish potato famine; Russia-massacre of Jews; Russia Revolution
Overpopulation in old country
-no jobs

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3
Q

What is a pull factor?

A

…

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4
Q

What were some pull factors in other countries that made people immigrate to America?

A 
Economic conditions in the US
 -in need of workers for jobs
 -owning land- "Homestead Act"
Immigrant letters
 -wrote home to families in old country to convince to move here
  --"Image of America"
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5
Q

Where was the “Old Immigration”?

A

Northern and Western Europe

  • Ireland, Germany, England, France
  • peaked in 1860s
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6
Q

Where was the “New Immigration”?

A

Southern and Eastern Europe

  • Italy, Poland, Russia, and Hungary
  • peaked in 1910
  • arrived in Ellis Island- NYC
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7
Q

Where did China and Japan come?

A

Came through “Angel Island”

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8
Q

What was traveling in the ocean like?

A

Long journey- sometimes lasting weeks

  • steerage
  • -terrible conditions
    • –no privacy, limited toilet facilities, poor food
  • -tickets were cheap
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9
Q

Arrival at Ellis Island–

A
  • Physical exam
    • -incurable sent back to homeland
  • Documentation/literacy exam
  • 2-3 hours average; though some spent weeks
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10
Q

Immigrants settlement–

A

Many settled where ethnic communities were already established

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11
Q

Immigrants on the East coast–

A

Big cities expanded; also traveled other places

-Buffalo, Chicago, Toledo, and Cleveland

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12
Q

What kind of immigrants lived in Northern Toledo?

A

Polish Town

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13
Q

What kind of immigrants lived in Southern Toledo?

A

Irish

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14
Q

What are Ghettos?

A

An area in big cities where one ethnic or racial group dominates

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15
Q

What is an ethnic community?

A

Same language and traditions

-Chinatown, Little Italy; Irish and German neighborhoods

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16
Q

What is the steerage?

A

The large open area beneath ship’s deck

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17
Q

Where did immigrants living in urban areas live?

A

Tenements

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18
Q

What is a tenement?

A

Low-cost apartment buildings designed to house many families as an owner could pack in

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19
Q

What were tenements named as?

A

“Slums” -dirty and run-down

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20
Q

What other living conditions did people have to deal with in urban areas?

A
  • open sewers- rats spread disease
  • pollution- soot from coal-fired boilers
  • poor ventilation
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21
Q

What were some dangers to look out for in the urban areas?

A

Fire
-even the small fire could quickly consume entire building
Diseases
-cholera, malaria, tuberculosis thrived

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22
Q

What was The Great Chicago Fire of 1871?

A
  • ended in 18,000 buildings burned
  • 250 dead; 100,000 homeless
  • property damages over $200 million (= to 2 billion today)
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23
Q

Diseases–

A
  • epidemics swept through big cities
  • children especially vulnerable
    • -NYC tenements: 6 out of 10 babies died before 1st birthday
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24
Q

What did scientists believe would help people’s hygiene?

A

-believed lack of ventilation and clean water help to spread disease

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25
Q

1879 NY-law–

A

-Required every room to have an outside window

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26
Q

“Dumbbell Tenement”–

A

-Each building narrowed in the middle and gaps on either side formed air shafts

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27
Q

What did some cities build?

A

-reservoirs or waterworks to collect clean water far from the city and filter out impurities

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28
Q

1901 NYC-law–

A

-required hallway bathrooms replace backyard outhouses

29
Q

How old was Jacob Riis when he immigrated to the US?

A

21 from Denmark

30
Q

What was Jacob Riis profession?

A

-A reporter for New York Tribune

31
Q

Jacob Riis had lived in poverty and wanted to ________________.

A

-expose tenements

32
Q

Like Lewis Hine, what did Jacob do?

A

-he was a photographer

33
Q

Jacob’s work helped to expose what?

A

-the horrors of tenement life

34
Q

What did Jacob hope?

A

-he hoped to generate public support for reforms

35
Q

What was the result of Jacob’s work?

A

-NY state passing the nation’s first meaningful laws to improve tenements

36
Q

What were some reasons for coming to America?

A 
To escape
 -religious
 -political or social persecution 
New opportunities 
 -jobs
 -owning land
37
Q

What is the “melting pot” stand for?

A
  • Metaphor used to describe the different ethnicities to become a new community
    • losing the identity of the native land- “cultural assimilation”
    • a phrase often used to describe this period of immigration
38
Q

What does “tossed salad” in reference to?

A
  • different cultures mix, but stay the same

- celebrate differences and ethnicities

39
Q

What is the Nativist movement?

A

it was a group of ant-foreigners that wanted to preserve “American Identity”

40
Q

What did the anti-foreigners believe in?

A

Manifest Destiny

41
Q

What is Manifest Destiny?

A

the idea that U.S. has to expand democracy and American way of life

42
Q

Racial superiority–

A

W.A.S.P.

-white, anglo, saxon, protestant

43
Q

What were Chinese Immigrants first admired for?

A

their work ethic, but soon seen as competition for jobs- turned into racial reasons

44
Q

How many Chinese Immigrants come to the U.S.?

A

25 million came; they helped to build the Transcontinental railroad

45
Q

Labor unions did what to the Chinese Immigrants?

A

Fought hard to exclude them but Chinese would still except lower wages

46
Q

Americans felt that the Chinese Immigrants were “_____________” of being Americans.

A

not worthy

47
Q

What did the Chinese Exclusion Act do?

A

prevented Chinese laborers form entering the country

48
Q

Who funded the Chinese Exclusion Act?

A

AFL- Gompers

49
Q

How many times was the Chinese Exclusion Act renewed before it became permanent?

A 
two times (in 1892 and in 1902)
   -not appealed until 1943
50
Q

What was it like for Japanese Immigrants coming to the U.S.?

A
  • racial tensions similar to Chinese

- San Fran school board ruled that all Japan and Korean children attend separate schools

51
Q

What did the Japanese government do after San Fran made this policy?

A

condemned the voice because it violated an 1894 treaty giving Japanese right to enter US freely

52
Q

Because of this controversy between the Japenese and Americans, what happened?

A

it threatened to become an international crisis

53
Q

What was President Theodore Roosevelt’s compromise with the Japanese government?

A

The Gentleman’s Agreement 1907

54
Q

What was the Gentleman’s Agreement?

A

Not an official government document, but called for San Fran to end school policy and for Japan to stop issuing passports to laborers

55
Q

Did the Gentleman’s Agreement make everyone happy?

A

No, Anti-Japanese feelings continues through WWII

internment camps

56
Q

Who was part of the Immigration Restriction League?

A

anti-Catholics and Europeans

57
Q

What did the Immigration Restriction League request?

A

wanted stricter literacy tests

  • MUST be able to read/write in English
  • vetoed by three presidents
58
Q

What reforms were made to help the needy?

A

The Social Gospel Movement

59
Q

What was the Social Gospel Movement?

A
  • tried to apply the teachings of Jesus directly to society
  • focused on gospel ideals of charity and justice-especially seeking labor unions
  • instead of blaming immigrants for problems they tried to prevent the cause of the problems
60
Q

Many middle-class were shocked by poor __________ and __________ conditions.

A

working and living

61
Q

What did the middle-class want for the needy?

A

felt that prosperous Americans should help the less fortunate; thousands joined groups to help society

62
Q

What is the Settlement Movement?

A

social workers moving to live in the same neighborhoods as the poor to help them in the best possible way

63
Q

What was built in the middle of poor neighborhoods?

A

“community centers” that offered social services

64
Q

What did Jane Adams do in Chicago?

A

built a “Hull House”

65
Q

what did neighbors attend in the community center?

A

cultural events, classes; child-care centers, playgrounds, summer camps for children; health care clinics

66
Q

What was launched that later became the formation of many reforms?

A

investigations of city economic, political and social conditions

67
Q

What did the Settlement Movement effect?

A

places around the country had settlement houses built

68
Q

How many settlement houses were built by 1910?

A

400

U.S. History (11 decks)

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